THEORY OF TRANSLATION
ZOYA PROSHINATHEORY OF TRANSLATION(ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN)3d edition, revisedVladivostokFar Eastern University Press2008
ББК 81.2-923П 78Рецензенты:В.П.Кочетков, канд. филол. наук, профессор;Элизабет Стэнсиу (языковой редактор), магистр гум. наук, волонтер КорпусамираП 78Прошина З.Г.ТЕОРИЯ ПЕРЕВОДА (с английского языка на русский и с русского языкана английский): Уч. на англ. яз. – Владивосток: Изд-во Дальневост. ун-та, 2008(3-е изд., перераб.), 2002 (2-е изд., испр. и перераб.), 1999 (1-е изд.)ISBN 5-7444-0957-2Учебник по теории перевода предназначен для студентов переводческихотделений. Созданный на основе типовой программы по переводу, он раскрывает такиеразделы, как общая и частная теория перевода; последняя основывается насопоставлении английского и русского языков.Может быть рекомендован студентам, преподавателям, переводчикам-практикам ивсем тем, кто интересуется вопросами изучения иностранных языков и перевода.4602000000П 180(03)-99ББК 81.2-923(С) огоуниверситета2008ISBN 5-7444-0957-22
CONTENTSПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ6PART I. GENERAL ISSUES OF TRANSLATION7CHAPTER 1. WHAT IS TRANSLATION?§ 1. TRANSLATION STUDIES . 7§ 2. SEMIOTIC APPROACH . 8§ 3. COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH . 9§ 4. DIALECTICS OF TRANSLATION . 11§ 5. TRANSLATION INVARIANT . 12§ 6. UNIT OF TRANSLATION . 13CHAPTER 2. TYPES OF TRANSLATION§ 1. CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA . 14§ 2. MACHINE TRANSLATION . 15§ 3. TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING . 17§ 4. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION . 21CHAPTER 3. EVALUATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSLATION§ 1. ADEQUATE AND EQUIVALENT TRANSLATION . 21§ 2. LITERAL TRANSLATION . 23§ 3. FREE TRANSLATION . 25§ 4. THE CONCEPT OF ‘UNTRANSLATABILITY’ . 26CHAPTER 4. TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE§ 1. TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE . 28§ 2. PRAGMATIC LEVEL . 29§ 3. SITUATIONAL LEVEL . 30§ 4. SEMANTIC PARAPHRASE . 30§ 5. TRANSFORMATIONAL EQUIVALENCE . 31§ 6. LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL EQUIVALENCE . 32§ 7. THE LEVELS OF EQUIVALENCE HIERARCHY . 32CHAPTER 5. WAYS OF ACHIEVING EQUIVALENCE§ 1. TYPES OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES . 33§ 2. TRANSLATION TRANSCRIPTION . 34§ 3. TRANSLITERATION . 36§ 4. CАLQUE TRANSLATION . 39§ 5. GRAMMAR TRANSFORMATIONS. 40§ 6. LEXICAL TRANSFORMATIONS . 41§ 7. COMPLEX TRANSFORMATIONS . 44CHAPTER 6. TRANSLATION MODELS§ 1. TRANSLATION PROCESS . 46§ 2. SITUATIONAL MODEL OF TRANSLATION . 47§ 3. TRANSFORMATIONAL MODEL OF TRANSLATION . 49§ 4. SEMANTIC MODEL OF TRANSLATION . 50§ 5. PSYCHOLINGUISTIC MODEL OF TRANSLATION . 5171421283346PART III. GRAMMAR PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION 52CHAPTER 1. FORMAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOURCE TEXT AND TARGET TEXTCHAPTER 2. TRANSLATING FINITE VERB FORMS§1. TRANSLATING TENSE AND ASPECT FORMS . 55§2. TRANSLATING PASSIVE VOICE FORMS . 57§3. TRANSLATING THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD FORMS. 60CHAPTER 3. TRANSLATING NON-FINITE VERB FORMS§1. TRANSLATING THE INFINITIVE . 62§2. TRANSLATING THE GERUND . 65§3. TRANSLATING THE PARTICIPLE . 66§4. TRANSLATING ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTIONS . 69CHAPTER 4. TRANSLATING CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS§1. TYPES OF CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS . 73§2. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH CAUSAL VERBS . 73353546273
§3. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE VERBS TO HAVE, TO GET . 74§4. CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH NON-CAUSAL VERBS . 76CHAPTER 5. TRANSLATING PRONOUNS77§1. TRANSLATING PERSONAL PRONOUNS . 77§2. TRANSLATING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS . 80§3. TRANSLATING RELATIVE PRONOUNS . 81§4. TRANSLATING THE PRONOUN ONE . 82§5. TRANSLATING THE PRONOUNS КАЖДЫЙ / ВСЕ . 83§6. TRANSLATING PARTITIVE PRONOUNS SOME / ANY . 84§7. TRANSLATING DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS . 85CHAPTER 6. TRANSLATING THE ARTICLE87§1. TRANSLATING THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE . 87§2. TRANSLATING THE DEFINITE ARTICLE . 89§3. TRANSLATING THE ZERO ARTICLE . 90CHAPTER 7. TRANSLATING ATTRIBUTIVE CLUSTERS92§1. FEATURES OF THE ATTRIBUTIVE PHRASE . 92§2. TRANSLATING THE ATTRIBUTIVE CLUSTER. . 93CHAPTER 8. SYNTACTIC CHANGES IN TRANSLATION96§1. COMMUNICATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN SENTENCE . 96§2. WORD ORDER CHANGE DUE TO THE FUNCTIONAL SENTENCE PERSPECTIVE . 98§3. SENTENCE PARTITIONING AND INTEGRATION. 99CHAPTER 9. DIFFERENCE IN ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN PUNCTUATION101§1. PRINCIPLES OF PUNCTUATION IN ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN . 101§2. DIFFERENCES IN COMMA USAGE . 102§3. USING THE DASH. 105§4. USING QUOTATION MARKS . 105§5. USING THE COLON AND SEMICOLON . 106§6. USING THE ELLIPSES . 107PART IV. SEMANTIC PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION 109CHAPTER 1. WORD CHOICE IN TRANSLATION§1. TYPES OF TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS . 109§2. INTERACTION OF WORD SEMANTIC STRUCTURES . 110§3. WORD CONNOTATION IN TRANSLATION . 111§4. INTRALINGUISTIC MEANING . 113§5. CONTEXUALLY-BOUND WORDS . 114CHAPTER 2. TRANSLATING REALIA§1. CULTURE-BOUND AND EQUIVALENT-LACKING WORDS . 116§2. TYPES OF CULTURE-BOUND WORDS . 117§3. WAYS OF TRANSLATING CULTURE-BOUND WORDS . 118§4. TRANSLATING PEOPLE’S NAMES . 120§5. TRANSLATING GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS . 123§6. TRANSLATING PUBLISHED EDITIONS. 124§7. TRANSLATING ERGONYMS . 125CHAPTER 3. TRANSLATING TERMS§1. TRANSLATION FACTORS. 125§2. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE . 128§3. TERMS IN FICTION AND MAGAZINES . 130CHAPTER 4. TRANSLATOR’S FALSE FRIENDSCHAPTER 5. PHRASEOLOGICAL AND METAPHORICAL TRANSLATION§1. METAPHOR AND THE PHRASEOLOGICAL UNIT. 135§2. INTERLINGUAL METAPHORIC TRANSFORMATIONS . 136§3. WAYS OF TRANSLATING IDIOMS . 137§4. CHALLENGES IN TRANSLATING IDIOMS . 139CHAPTER 6. METONYMICAL TRANSLATION§1. DEFINITIONS . 141§2. LEXICAL METONYMIC TRANSFORMATION . 143§3. PREDICATE TRANSLATION . 143§4. SYNTACTIC METONYMIC TRANSFORMATIONS . 145CHAPTER 7. ANTONYMIC TRANSLATION§1. DEFINITION . 147§2. CONVERSIVE TRANSFORMATION . 1474109116125132135141147
§3. SHIFTING NEGATIVE MODALITY . 148§4. REASONS FOR ANTONYMIC TRANSLATION . 149CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENCES IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH WORD COMBINABILITY150§1. REASONS FOR DIFFERENCES IN WORD COMBINABILITY . 150§2. TRANSLATION OF ADVERBIAL VERBS . 152§3. TRANSLATING CONDENSED SYNONYMS . 154CHAPTER 9. TRANSLATING NEW COINAGES: DIFFERENCES IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH WORD BUILDING155§1. COMPOUNDS . 155§2. CONVERSION. 157§3. AFFIXATION . 159§4. ABBREVIATION. 161PART V. PRAGMATIC PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION 165CHAPTER 1. TRANSLATION PRAGMATICS§1. CONCEPT OF PRAGMATICS . 165§2. TEXT PRAGMATICS. 166§3. AUTHOR’S COMMUNICATIVE INTENTION . 168§4. COMMUNICATIVE EFFECT UPON THE RECEPTOR . 172§5. TRANSLATOR’S IMPACT . 175CHAPTER 2. SPEECH FUNCTIONS AND TRANSLATION§1. LANGUAGE AND SPEECH FUNCTIONS . 176§2. INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION AND MODALITY IN TRANSLATION. . 177§3. EXPRESSIVE FUNCTION IN TRANSLATION . 183§4. PHATIC FUNCTION IN TRANSLATION . 187§5. CONATIVE FUNCTION IN TRANSLATION . 191CHAPTER 3. FUNCTIONAL STYLES AND TRANSLATION§1. FUNCTIONAL STYLE, REGISTER: DEFINITION . 194§2. TRANSLATING SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL STYLE . 195§3. TRANSLATING BUREAUCRATIC STYLE . 199§4. TRANSLATING JOURNALISTIC (PUBLICISTIC) STYLE . 203CHAPTER 4. RENDERING STYLISTIC DEVICES IN TRANSLATION§1. TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS AND SIMILES . 208§2. TRANSLATION OF EPITHETS . 211§3. TRANSLATION OF PERIPHRASE . 212§4. TRANSLATION OF PUNS . 214§5. TRANSLATION OF ALLUSIONS AND QUOTATIONS. 217CHAPTER 5. TRANSLATION NORMS AND QUALITY CONTROL OF A TRANSLATION§1. NORMS OF TRANSLATION . 218§2. QUALITY CONTROL OF THE TRANSLATION. . 222CHAPTER 6. TRANSLATION ETIQUETTE§1. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, ETIQUETTE, AND PROTOCOL . 226§2. CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT . 227§3. PROTOCOL CEREMONIES . 229APPENDIX 1.165176194208217226232RUSSIAN-ENGLISH TRANSLITERATION CHART232APPENDIX 2.233RUSSIAN-ENGLISH-CHINESE TRANSLITERATION CHART2335
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕВ настоящее время теоретические вопросы перевода привлекаютвнимание не только профессиональных переводчиков, лингвистов, но и всехтех, кто по роду своей деятельности вынужден общаться на �ературапосопоставлению русского и английского языков не вполне отвечаетпотребностям общества, во-первых, в связи с малочисленностью еетиражирования; во-вторых, в связи с тем, что, как правило, в ней делаетсяупор либо на чисто теоретические моменты перевода, либо на какие-то,достаточно ограниченные, аспекты переводческой деятельности и, в-третьих,в ней совсем не отражена специфика перевода с английского и русскогоязыков как языков-посредников в странах Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона.В данном учебнике сделана попытка отразить последние два момента.Учебник построен в соответствии с программой по курсу «Теорияперевода» и состоит из пяти частей. Часть I соответствует курсу «Введение вобщую теорию перевода» и дает знакомство с общими понятиями и основнойтерминологией переводоведения. Часть II представляет краткий экскурс висторию перевода. Часть III раскрывает грамматические проблемы переводас английского языка на русский и с русского на английский. В части IVизлагаются семантические проблемы перевода с указанных языков, и часть �вода,особенностями употребления английского и русского языков.Данный учебник построен на материале лекций, читаемых авторомстудентам переводческого отделения ДВГУ, поэтому в нем в определенноймере компилируются взгляды известных теоретиков перевода, что неизбежнопри составлении такого жанра как учебник.6
PART I. GENERAL ISSUES OF TRANSLATIONCHAPTER 1. What Is Translation?§ 1. TRANSLATION STUDIESThe second half of the 20th century has seen the in-depth study of translation,which is sometimes called Theory of Translation, Science of Translation,Translation Linguistics, or even Translatology.It has been claimed abroad that translation studies began in 1972 withHolmes’s paper presented at the Third International Congress of AppliedLinguistics, “The Name and Nature of Translation Studies”.1 However,unfortunately, European and American scholars seemed to have been unaware ofthe achievements of the Russian school of translation studies. Works by V.Komissarov, A. Shveitser, A. Fedorov and many others confirmed the status oftranslation studies as a discipline of its own even in the 1950s.2The main concern of translation theory is to determine appropriate translationmethods for the widest possible range of texts3 and to give insight into thetranslation process, into the relations between thought and language, culture andspeech.There are several aspects of this branch of linguistics: General theory of translation, whose object is general notions typical oftranslation from any language
translation studies as a discipline of its own even in the 1950s.2 The main concern of translation theory is to determine appropriate translation methods for the widest possible range of texts3 and to give insight into the translation process, int
The importance of Translation theory in translation Many theorists' views have been put forward, towards the importance of Translation theory in translation process. Translation theory does not give a direct solution to the translator; instead, it shows the roadmap of translation process. Theoretical recommendations are, always,
Accepted translation 74 Constraints on literal translation 75 Natural translation 75 Re-creative translation 76 Literary translation 77 The sub-text 77 The notion of theKno-equivalent1 word - 78 The role of context 80 8 The Other Translation Procedures 81 Transference 81 Naturalisation 82 Cultural equivalent 82 Functional equivalent 83
translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation. From 116 data of passive voice in I Am Number Four novel, there is 1 or 0.9% datum belongs to word-for-word translation, there are 46 or 39.6% data belong to literal translation, there is 1 or 0.9% datum belongs to faithful translation, there are 6 or
In early 1980s, Nida's translation theory has spread and gain popularity in China, which plays an important role in learning about the western translation theories for many translators in China and has a profound effect on the China's translation theory research. Despite the doubts on his theory, it is certain that Nida's translation .
4. Nida's Translation Theory of Functional Equivalence. Eugene Nida's translation theory has been consideredas a tremendous influence on the translation studies in both western countries and Asian countries, especially in ChinaIt is . undeniable that Nida's translation theory has a great influence in China, and has brought fresh air
Introducing Translation Studies ‘Introducing Translation Studies is among the few very best textbooks on translation studies that brings together translation theory and practice. In the book, Munday has done a superb job in presenting the myriad of up-to-date translation theories in a File Size: 1MB
Chapter 11. Teaching about Translation describes the evolution, the syllabus and the possible translation procedure for a course in 'principles and methods of translation', alias 'translation theory, translation studies, translatology et al.'. Chapter 12.
Bible Translation Theory: History This thesis begins with an essential history of Bible translation theory, and it is important to highlight this discussion as (1) an essential history (it is selective not exhaustive) and (2) a history of translation theory (rather than practice). Any survey of the history of translation is
