Standard Specification For Fiber-Reinforced Concrete1
Designation: C 1116/C 1116M – 06Standard Specification forFiber-Reinforced Concrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1116/C 1116M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers all forms of fiber-reinforcedconcrete that are delivered to a purchaser with the ingredientsuniformly mixed, and that can be sampled and tested at thepoint of delivery. It does not cover the placement, consolidation, curing, or protection of the fiber-reinforced concrete afterdelivery to the purchaser.1.2 Certain sections of this specification are also applicableto fiber-reinforced concrete intended for shotcreting by thedry-mix process when sampling and testing of concrete ispossible only at the point of placement. In this case, thesections dealing with batching plant, mixing equipment, mixing and delivery, and measurement of workability and aircontent, are not applicable.1.3 This specification does not cover thin-section glassfiber-reinforced concrete manufactured by the spray-up processthat is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee C27.40.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.5 The following precautionary statement pertains only tothe test method portion, Sections 15 and 18, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards: 21This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.42 on Fiber-Reinforced Concrete.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2006. Published January 2007. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 1116 – 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.A 820/A 820M Specification for Steel Fibers for FiberReinforced ConcreteC 31/C 31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC 39/C 39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete SpecimensC 42/C 42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing DrilledCores and Sawed Beams of ConcreteC 94/C 94M Specification for Ready-Mixed ConcreteC 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and ConcreteAggregatesC 138/C 138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight),Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of ConcreteC 143/C 143M Test Method for Slump of HydraulicCement ConcreteC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed ConcreteC 173/C 173M Test Method for Air Content of FreshlyMixed Concrete by the Volumetric MethodC 192/C 192M Practice for Making and Curing ConcreteTest Specimens in the LaboratoryC 231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly MixedConcrete by the Pressure MethodC 387 Specification for Packaged, Dry, Combined Materialsfor Mortar and ConcreteC 567 Test Method for Determining Density of StructuralLightweight ConcreteC 666/C 666M Test Method for Resistance of Concrete toRapid Freezing and ThawingC 684 Test Method for Making, Accelerated Curing, andTesting Concrete Compression Test SpecimensC 685/C 685M Specification for Concrete Made by Volumetric Batching and Continuous MixingC 887 Specification for Packaged, Dry, Combined Materialsfor Surface Bonding MortarC 995 Test Method for Time of Flow of Fiber-ReinforcedConcrete Through Inverted Slump ConeC 1077 Practice for Laboratories Testing Concrete and Concrete Aggregates for Use in Construction and Criteria forLaboratory EvaluationC 1140 Practice for Preparing and Testing Specimens fromShotcrete Test Panels*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Feb 27 12:11:40 EST 2007Downloaded/printed byAdheesh R Telang () pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
C 1116/C 1116M – 06C 1385/C 1385M Practice for Sampling Materials for ShotcreteC 1399 Test Method for Obtaining Average ResidualStrength of Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteC 1436 Specification for Materials for ShotcreteC 1480 Specification for Packaged, Pre-Blended, Dry,Combined Materials for Use in Wet or Dry ShotcreteApplicationC 1550 Test Method for Flexural Toughness of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (Using Centrally Loaded Round Panel)C 1602/C 1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used inthe Production of Hydraulic Cement ConcreteC 1604/C 1604M Test Method for Obtaining and TestingDrilled Cores of ShotcreteC 1609/C 1609M Test Method for Flexural Performance ofFiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam With Third-PointLoading)2.2 ACI Standards and Reports:211.1 Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete3211.2 Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Structural Lightweight Concrete3506.2 Specification for Materials, Proportioning and Application of Shotcrete33. Terminology3.1 Terminology used in this specification is defined inTerminology C 125.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 manufacturer—the contractor, subcontractor, supplier,or producer who furnishes the fiber-reinforced concrete.3.2.2 purchaser—the owner or representative thereof.4. Classification4.1 This specification classifies fiber-reinforced concrete bythe material type of the fiber incorporated. The performance ofa fiber-reinforced concrete depends strongly upon the susceptibility of the fibers to physical damage during the mixing orshotcreting process, their chemical compatibility with thenormally alkaline environment within cement paste, and theirresistance to service conditions encountered within uncrackedconcrete or as a consequence of cracking, involving, forexample, carbon dioxide, chlorides, or sulfates in solution withwater and oxygen or ultraviolet light in the atmosphere. Themagnitude of improvements in the mechanical properties of theconcrete imparted by fibers also reflects the material characteristics of the fiber type with fibers having a high modulus ofelasticity and tensile strength being more effective on anequivalent volume basis than fibers of low modulus andstrength.4.1.1 Type I Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete—Containsstainless steel, alloy steel, or carbon steel fibers.NOTE 1—Steel fibers are not easily damaged by the mixing or shotcreting processes and uncoated steel fibers are chemically compatible with thenormally alkaline environment within cement paste. Concrete may be3Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.aci-int.org.detrimental to some coatings, such as zinc. Carbon steel fibers will rustunder conditions that cause rusting of conventional steel, for example, inthe near-surface portion of concrete subject to carbonation.4.1.2 Type II Glass Fiber-Reinforced Concrete—Containsalkali-resistant glass fibers.NOTE 2—Glass fibers in concrete subjected to wetting, humid atmosphere, or contact with moist ground have the potential to react with thealkalies present in cement paste thereby weakening the fibers. They alsotend to become embrittled by hydration products penetrating the fiberbundles and filling the interstitial spaces between the individual glassfilaments. Both mechanisms cause reductions in strength, toughness, andimpact resistance with age. The alkali-resistant (AR) types of glass fiberdeveloped for use with cement are more resistant to alkalies than theE-glass and other types not marketed specifically for use in cement, andshould be used in conjunction with established techniques for suppressingthe alkali-silica reaction, for example, use of a low-alkali cement or amineral admixture, or both. However, even the use of AR-glass fibers doesnot prevent deterioration in glass fiber-reinforced concrete exposed tomoisture for a long period of time, but only slows the rate at which itoccurs.Glass fibers can be damaged by conventional concrete mixing processesemploying coarse aggregate, but have been used in shotcrete and in othercementitious matrices such as mechanically mixed masonry mortar (seeSpecification C 887) and thin-section glass fiber-reinforced concreteprepared by the spray-up process (under the jurisdiction of ASTMSubcommittee C27.40).4.1.3 Type III Synthetic Fiber-Reinforced Concrete—Contains synthetic fibers for which documentary evidence canbe produced confirming their long-term resistance to deterioration when in contact with the moisture and alkalies present incement paste or the substances present in air-entraining andchemical admixtures (see Note 3 and 4.2).NOTE 3—Fibers composed of some polymers may deteriorate when incontact with moisture, alkalies, or some of the ingredients of chemicaladmixtures. Fibers such as polyolefins (polypropylene and polyethylene),nylon, and carbon have been shown to be durable in concrete.4.2 When the purchaser chooses to permit the use of fibersother than those complying with the classifications in 4.1, forexample: natural fibers, metallic fibers other than steel, carbonfibers, and so forth, the producer shall show evidence satisfactory to the purchaser that the type of fiber proposed for usedoes not react adversely with the concrete matrix, including theconstituents of any admixtures present, or with the surroundingenvironment in the cracked matrix, causing deterioration inmechanical properties with age under the exposure conditionsanticipated in the application.5. Basis of Purchase5.1 The basis of purchase for fiber-reinforced concrete shallbe in accordance with the Basis of Purchase Sections ofSpecification C 94/C 94M.6. Ordering Information6.1 In the absence of designated applicable general specifications, the purchaser shall specify the following:6.1.1 Type of fiber-reinforced concrete required. See Section 4.6.1.2 Type of cement at the purchaser’s option, otherwisethe cement shall be Type 1 meeting the requirements ofSpecification C 150;2Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Feb 27 12:11:40 EST 2007Downloaded/printed byAdheesh R Telang () pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
C 1116/C 1116M – 066.1.3 Designated size, or sizes, of coarse aggregates;6.1.4 Slump or time of flow required at the point of delivery,or when appropriate the point of placement, subject to thetolerances hereinafter specified;6.1.4.1 Slump shall be specified when it is anticipated to be2 in. [50 mm] or more, and time of flow shall be specified whenslump is anticipated to be less than 2 in. [50 mm]. Slump ortime of flow shall not be specified for shotcrete placed by thedry process.NOTE 4—The time of flow of fiber-reinforced concrete through aninverted slump cone, determined in accordance with Test Method C 995,is a better indicator than slump (Test Method C 143/C 143M) of theappropriate level of workability for fiber-reinforced concrete placed byvibration because such concrete can exhibit very low slump due to thepresence of fibers and still be easily consolidated. Mixtures with a time offlow of 8 to 15 s are readily consolidated by vibration. Consolidationbecomes more difficult with increase in time of flow, and is extremelydifficult even when using internal vibration if the time of flow exceeds 30s. Mixtures with a time of flow less than 8 s should be evaluated in termsof slump because the time of flow is too short to determine withsatisfactory precision, or may not be determinable because the fiberreinforced concrete flows freely through the inverted cone.6.1.5 Air content when air-entrainment is required, based onthe air content of samples taken at the point of discharge, orwhen appropriate the point of placement, subject to thetolerances hereinafter specified;NOTE 5—In selecting the specified air content, the purchaser shouldconsider the exposure conditions to which the concrete will be subjected.Air contents less than shown in Table 1 may not produce adequatedurability. Air contents higher than the levels shown may reduce strengthwithout contributing further to freeze-thaw resistance.6.1.6 When structural lightweight concrete is specified, thepurchaser shall specify the density as freshly mixed density,equilibrium density, or oven-dry density.NOTE 6—The freshly mixed density of lightweight concrete, that is theonly density determinable at the time of delivery, is always higher than theequilibrium density or oven-dry density. Definitions of, and methods fordetermining or calculating freshly mixed, equilibrium, and oven-drydensities of lightweight concrete are covered in Test Methods C 138/C 138M and C 567.6.1.7 If desired, any of the optional requirements of Table 2of Specification C 1602/C 1602M.6.1.8 One of the following Options A, B, or C, shall be usedas the basis for determining the proportions of the fiberreinforced concrete of the quality required.6.2 Option A:6.2.1 When the purchaser assumes responsibility for mixture proportioning, the following parameters shall also bespecified by the purchaser:6.2.1.1 The cement content in pounds per cubic yard [orkil
Designation: C 1116/C 1116M – 06 Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1116/C 1116M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e .
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Doleisch, Gasser, Hauser / Interactive Feature Speci cation for F C Visualization of Complex Simulation Data Figure 1: Flexible Feature Speci cation: simulation data of a catalytic converter is shown, two features have been speci ed based on our feature de nition language, using the different views for interaction and visualization.
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Fiber damage, changes in the fiber wall structure, reduced single softwood kraft fiber strength and fiber deformations (curl, kinks and dislocations) all affected the fiber network properties. Mechanical treatment at the end of kraft cooking conditions resulted in fiber damage such that single fiber strength was reduced.
