The Carbon Cycle - Lehigh University

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The Carbon CycleOverview of the Carbon CycleThe movement of carbon from one area to another is the basis for the carbon cycle.Carbon is important for all life on Earth. All living things are made up of carbon.Carbon is produced by both natural and human-made (anthropogenic) sources.Carbon CyclePage 1

Nature’s Carbon SourcesCarbon is found in theatmosphere mostly as carbondioxide. Animal and plantrespiration place carbon intothe atmosphere. When youexhale, you are placing carbondioxide into the atmosphere.Carbon is found in the lithospherein the form of carbonate rocks.Carbonate rocks came fromancient marine plankton that sunkto the bottom of the oceanhundreds of millions of years agothat were then exposed to heatand pressure.Carbon is also found in fossil fuels,such as petroleum (crude oil), coal,and natural gas.Carbon is found in thebiosphere stored in plants andtrees. Plants use carbon dioxidefrom the atmosphere to makethe building blocks of foodduring photosynthesis.Carbon is found in thehydrosphere dissolved in oceanwater and lakes.Carbon is used by manyorganisms to produce shells.Marine plants use cabon forphotosynthesis. The organicmatter that is producedbecomes food in the aquaticecosystem.Carbon is also found in soil fromdead and decaying animals andanimal waste.Carbon CyclePage 2

Natural Carbon Releases into the AtmosphereCarbon is released into the atmosphere from both natural and man-made causes.Here are examples to how nature places carbon into the atmosphere.Gases containing carbon move betweenthe ocean’s surface and the atmospherethrough a process called diffusion.Carbon CycleVolcanic activity is a source of carbon into the atmosphere.Page 3

How Do Humans Place Carbon in the Atmosphere?Humans place carbon into the atmosphere in a variety of ways.Deforestation. When we cut down treesand forests, they can no longer removecarbon dioxide from the air. This resultsin additional carbon dioxide placed in theatmosphere.Carbon CycleWood burning. When we burn wood,the carbon stored in the treesbecomes carbon dioxide and entersthe atmosphere.Combustion of fossil fuels. We extract fossilsfuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) from theground and burn them for energy at powerplants. The burning of fossil fuels is calledcombustion. Fossil fuel combustion releasescarbon dioxide into the atmosphere.Page 4

How Much Carbon Is in the Atmosphere?Climate scientist Charles Keeling measured atmospheric carbon dioxide levels between 1958-2005at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the northern slopes of Earth’s largest volcano in Hawaii. His data,shown below, show the steady increase of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.The red regular wobbles in the data reflect theseasonal growth of trees and plants in theNorthern hemisphere. During the spring andsummer, trees and plants absorb carbon whenthey undergo photosynthesis, reducing theamount of carbon in the atmosphere. Duringthe fall and winter, they decay, releasingcarbon back into the atmosphere. This famousdata display is known as the Keeling curve.The measurements shown in this curverepresent the world’s longest continuousrecord of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Thisdata was the first to confirm the rise of carbondioxide in the atmosphere caused by theburning of fossil fuels.Carbon CyclePage 5

How Much Carbon Do Humans Emit?Nature absorbs 788 billion tonnes of carbon every year. Natural absorptions roughly balance naturalemissions. Humans upset this balance. While some of our human-produced carbon dioxide emissionsare being absorbed by the ocean and land plants, around half of our carbon dioxide emissions remain in the air.Human produced carbon dioxideemissions have been increasing sincethe Industrial Revolution.The arrows in the image to the leftshow the amount of carbon that isexchanged between the atmosphereand the other Earth spheres. Thenumbers are in billions of tonnes ofcarbon dioxide.Carbon CyclePage 6

Carbon Cycle Page 1 The Carbon Cycle Overview of the Carbon Cycle The movement of carbon from one area to another is the basis for the carbon cycle. Carbon is important for all life on Earth. All living t

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