2017-2-20 Feedlot Cattle Nutrition

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2/17/2017Feedlot Cattle Nutrition –Receiving to FinishDan SchaeferProfessorAnimal Sciences DepartmentOutline Nutrient requirements Mineral and vitamin nutrition Cattle type and market constraints Growing phase Starting on feed and step-up Finishing phase Energy feeds and diet energy density Protein feeds Complementarity among feeds1

2/17/2017Nutrition of Growing & Finishing Cattle “Growing/finishing” – traditional reference to a twophase feeding program; phase 1 emphasizes growth of skeleton and muscle; phase 2 emphasizes diet with higher energyconcentration for fattening/finishingDMI and Nutrient RequirementsConcentrationAmount (DMI) or32.5DMI*0.1, lb/d2CP*0.1, %1.5Ca, %P, %10.507008009001000 1100Body Weight, lbsAs body weight increases DMI/day increasesCrude protein reqt decreasesCalcium reqt decreasesPhosphorus reqt decreasesDMI and nutrient reqtsbased on animal thatis 1300 lbs at 28%body fat, eating diet of61 Mcal NEg/cwt, andgaining 3.99 lb/day2

2/17/2017DMI and Nutrient Requirements at 845lbsConcentrationAmount (DMI) or5DMI*0.1, lb/d4ADG, lb/d3CP*0.1, %2Ca, %1P, %lb00.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8NEgain, Mcal/cwt dietDMI and nutrientreqts based onanimal that wouldattain 28% body fatat 1300 lbsAs “net energy” concentration in diet increases ADG increases CP, Ca and P reqts increaseNutrients of Interest for Diet Formulation Steers and heifers – energy (NEgain), protein, calcium,phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium and vitamin ANutrient 60.3Finisher62110.40.2MaxK,%S,%Na,%Vit A,IU0.60.15.081,000/lbDMI0.3-0.53

2/17/2017Nutrients of Interest – Sources Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Sulfur Sodium Vitamin A Legumes, Limestone Silage or hay, KCl Salt, 0.2% of diet DM Retinyl acetateCattle Type and Market Constraints A reasonable thumb rule is that the weight of finishedsteers is the same as the weight of their mature dams. Steer finished weight dam mature weight, if steers areimplanted Implanting causes feedlot cattle to achieve the desiredcarcass composition at 30-90 lb heavier live weight Carcass weight maximums, not minimums, are theconcern4

2/17/2017But in a pen of cattle, variation exists25%Percentage of pen20%Avg. HCW 914Dress 61%Holstein 1500 lb LW65 lb HCW STDEV15%10%HCW 1,000 lb maxDress 61%1640 lb 1125HCW, lbsFor current native cattle and Holsteins, beware of too much growth before finishing phase begins!The System’s Goal fora Holstein Steer“Really ideal type of steer. Live weight1415 lbs, dressed yield estimate 61.5%,Y3, High Choice, Muscle score 1-2. Theideal kind of steer that is desired by boththe dairy steer harvesters and nativecattle packers alike.”Ron Mayer – JBS Packerland5

2/17/2017Management Guidelines for Feedlot Cattle Needs of the animal Water, feed, and comfort (shelter and space) Performance enhancing strategies Consistent ingredient composition fed at consistent time(s) of dayEnsure that all animals seeking access to feed bunk have accessFeed that is not dustyStable pecking orderMinimum energy expenditure for activityFor finishing-phase cattle, avoidance of excess fatness; sorting onentry or sorting on exit into uniform outcome groupsGrowing Phase - Starting Cattle on FeedTeaching Cattle to Drink and Eat Make water easy to find andconsume, i.e., splashing water,no obstructions to access, likeself-locking headgates Comfortable place to lie down;avoid loud noises and people6

2/17/2017 Aroma of silages is foreign initiallyto cattle; grass hay is recognizable;oats and molasses are attractants Coccidiosis Controlled through feedadditives Deccox (decoquinate) Bovatec (lasalocid) Rumensin (monensin) Water additive Corid (amprolium)Adaptation to the Grower Diet Begin by using grass or grass-legume hay as forage source during days 1-5 Introduce grower diet (silage or haylage, grain and supplement) with hay fedover the top during days 2-5 As grower diet consumption increases, reduce hay fed; likely that hay feedingends on day 5 Grower diet continues to be fed to meet appetite of calves using good feedbunk management; more on this later Don’t rush to catch up to appetite of calves; pace of increase up to DMI of 2%of body weight can be quick, but then further increases should be a half theearly pace Cattle are adapting to feeds, penmates, feeder, facility, and Rumensin7

2/17/2017Net Energygain (NEg) Concentrations in Feedlot DietsEquivalencies between corn silage:high-moisture corn ratios and net energy for gainconcentrations1, 2 .Corn silageCorn, high-moistureNet EnergygainProportion (%)Proportion 40300.5750200.541Based on diet DM formula as follows: corn silage proportion; high-moisture corn proportion; modified wet distillers grain with solubles, 25%; and supplement (5%).NEg values for diet ingredients (NASEM, 2016) were corn silage, 0.44 Mcal/lb; high-moisture corn grain, 0.71 Mcal/lb; and modified wet corn distillers grain withsolubles, 0.74 Mcal/lb. Supplement was considered to be only minerals, vitamins and additives with zero NEg value.2When to end the Growing Phase? Depends upon frame size and body condition score of cattle energy density (NEg concentration) of the finishing diet, and weight when 28% body fat (BCS 7) is achieved If aiming for 1450 lb slaughter weight at BCS 7 with largeframe steers and NEg 62 Mcal/cwt, end growing phase at 800 lb if BCS 5 750 lb if BCS 4 Don’t wait too long!8

2/17/2017Finishing Phase Goals Steers and heifers Maintain health Maximize growth rate Minimize feed to weight gainratio; “feed efficiency” Attain carcass compositiondesired by market; 28% bodyfat, which is a body conditionscore of 7 Avoidance of excess fatness;sorting on entry or sorting onexit into uniform outcomegroupsAdaptation to Grain Diet (Step-up) Begin by offering relatively high forage diet with low graincontent Step-up grain component gradually over 14-28 d, allowing 3-5 dadaptation for each “step”; yearlings step-up faster than calves 30, then 60, 75, 80, 85 (and 90%?) concentrates on diet DMbasis 2.5% of body wt is approx. max DM intake for 7-8 Since Rumensin is not palatable, introduce Rumensin at halfdose9

2/17/2017Alternative Diet Adaptation Strategy Instead of five diets for step-up, prepare only lowest andhighest concentrate diets and then mix these two dietsprior to delivery to achieve the targeted diet energydensity.Feed BunkManagementThe Most Important Daily Task inFinishing Cattle!OBJECTIVESKeep animals eating a consistentamount of feedMaximize animal performanceMinimize digestive disorders10

2/17/2017If cattle are fed in the morning, what should thefeed bunk look like the next morning?Cattle Feeding Management Routine Consistent time, amount, and ingredient composition If feeding once daily, bunk should have only crumbs remainingprior to next day’s feeding Makes changes to amount and ingredient compositiongradually Small, slow changes But don’t limit intake; satisfy appetite, but don’t overfeed Steady intakes lead to sustained growth11

2/17/2017DM Intake (lb/hd daily)Pen Feed Intake RecordNote the gradual increase in DM intake over 2-3 weeks,and then DM intake was consistent. This is a good feedintake record.Day on FeedpHLbs/dIdeal Daily Feed Consumption12

2/17/2017pHLbs/dErratic Consumption Leads to Subacute AcidosisAcidosis Acidosis is due to the metabolism of the animal beingoverloaded with acid (e.g., lactic acid, acetic acid, propionicacid, butyric acid) Acidosis is caused by an abrupt upshift in intake of fermentableenergy Switching from whole corn to ground corn Switching from pasture to corn silage Many more .13

2/17/2017Grains ranked by starch digestion rateFASTWheatBarleyProcessed high moisture cornSteam-flaked corn, HMC (stored whole)Dry rolled cornDry whole cornSLOWAcidosis Acute Laminitis, founder (sore feet) Will not return to expected feed intake amt (anorexic) Listlessness, diarrhea Chronic or subacute Sporadic feed intake, poor doers Excessive hoof growth; loss of agility Long term effect (?) Rumenitis: more problems with longer-fed cattle (but not if there isconsistently good bunk management!)14

2/17/2017Self-Feeders Advantages? Low labor No feed bunks or feedingequipment Disadvantages? Only dry feeds Creep feeders don’t necessarilymake efficient self-feeders No way of knowing if all cattleare eating15

2/17/201763 Mcal/cwtNutrient of Interest - Energy Goal – Maximize ADG and feed conversionefficiency feed energy-dense diets maximize dry matter intake, therefore palatability isimportant “Energy” accounts for largest component ofrequired nutrients “Energy” feeds of lowest cost are desired16

2/17/2017Energy Concentrations in Grains and ForagesNEg(Mcal/cwt DM)Ratio toCornCorn, whole, dry-rolled68100Corn, 28% moisture71105Corn, wet distiller’s grains74109Oats6292Barley6494Corn gluten feed5987Corn silage4464Alfalfa hay, mid-bloom3856FeedBeef Cattle Nutrient Requirement Model, 2016Starch Digestibility of Corn in Feedlot CattleOwens & Zinn, SWNC, 2005# of Diet 19184% of Starch IntakeRuminalPost-RuminalTotal :15)17

2/17/2017Primary Factors InfluencingStarch Digestibility in Corn GrainProcessingi.e. Particle size;Steam TreatmentHarvest/Storagei.e. Dry vs. HMCDM of HM/Maturity;Fermentation TimeEndosperm Typei.e. Prolamin;Prolamin-starchmatrix; HardnessAdapted from Pat Hoffman, UW Madison Dairy Sci. Dept.18

2/17/2017Whole-Plant Corn SilageGrain 40-45% of WPDM Avg. 32% starch in WPDM Variable grain:stover Avg. 41% NDF in WPDM Variable stover:grain40 to 70% IVNDFD80 to 98% StarchD Kernel particle size Duration of silage fermentation Kernel maturity Endosperm properties Additives (exp.)Adapted from Joe Lauer, UW Madison Agronomy DeptStover 55-60% of WPDM. Lignin/NDF Hybrid Type Environment; G E Maturity Cutting height Additives (exp.)Variable peNDF as per chop lengthAny risks associatedwith this diet ingredient?Manitowoc Co. feedlotNEg 72 Mcal/cwt19

2/17/2017Corn Co-Products Ruminants can utilize many by-products better than nonruminants, and they fit growing/finishing better than dairy Corn co-products (corn starch component has been removed) High-fructose corn syrup Corn gluten feed Ethanol production Dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) Corn syrup Corn screenings from terminal corn marketsCorn distillers grain is still good, but changing In terms of feeding value of distillers grain, “wetter is better” Values shown below are for normal oil contentDriedModified WetWetSyrupDM, %92493534Starch, %334-Crude protein, %30313117Oil, %10111123NEg, Mcal/cwt DM77809387Iowa Beef Center, IBCR 200A, 201420

2/17/2017Corn distillers grain is still good, but changing Now, ethanol plants have retained more corn oil; DDGS now is5-8% corn oilDriedModified WetWetSyrupNormal, oil %10111123Normal NEg77809387Low fat, oil %788-Low fat, NEg747777-De-oiled, oil %4-310De-oiled, NEg72-7778Iowa Beef Center, IBCR 200A, 2014Cost per Mcal of Dry Corn NEg Bushel of dry corn 56 lbs @15% H20 56 lbs * 0.85 lb DM/lb as-fed 47.6 lb DM Dry corn: 0.68 Mcal NEg/lb DM 47.6 lb DM * 0.68 Mcal NEg/lb DM 32.37 McalNEg Corn price 3.20/ bushel 3.20/ 32.37 Mcal 0.099/Mcal NEg21

2/17/2017Cost per Unit of Net Energy for GainFeedUnitDM,% /unit /Mcal NEgCorn, dryBu853.200.099Corn, HMBu3.200.095CornsilageTon3532.000.104Alf. hayTon88120.000.179 Because the NEg value of high-moisture corn is greater thanthat of dry-rolled corn, the cost/Mcal NEg is less. Corn silage calories have similar cost as dry corn and aredefinitely less expensive than alfalfa hay calories.Alfalfa can have a role in finishing cattle Corn and alfalfa complementary in terms of CP, Ca and K Complementarity works best only for a growing diet in middlewts (400-700 lbs)Feedstuff or DietCP, %Ca, %K, %NE, Mcal/cwtCorn90.020.468Alfalfa201.52.73810 alf: 72 corn: 14 DDG: 4 suppl130.50.776240 alf: 59 corn: 1 suppl130.61.353.5 When 40% alfalfa included, there is no need for supplemental CP or Ca22

2/17/2017Holstein Steer Budget Comparisons Prices in Examples Corn silage - 32/ ton Alfalfa haylage - 60/ ton grower; 90/ ton finisher Rolled Corn - 3.20/ bu DDGS - 116/ ton Mineral Supplement - 800/ ton Feeders - 4 & 5 wts @ 90/ cwt; 8 wts @ 75/cwt Choice Feds - 90/ cwt Bedding - 5 lb/ head per day at 35/ ton Yardage - 0.49/ head per dayBill Halfman, UW Extension, Monroe County, 2017Backgrounding Program ComparisonsProgramCorn SilageAlfalfaHaylageCorn 143:55:2Start weight400400500End weight8008001500Rate of gain2.22.22.2Feed to gain6.76.710.0Days on feed182182455Feed cost/pound of gain 0.27 0.37 0.37* Assume corn silage is 50% roughage23

2/17/2017Backgrounding Program ComparisonsCorn SilageAlfalfaHaylageCorn SilageFinishedIncome 600 600 1125Feeder value 360 360 450 107.94 148 373Other costs* 104 104 185Yardage 89 89 223Return tolabor & mgt- 63- 90- 100Turns/year2.02.00.7ProgramTotal feed*Other costs include death loss, interest on feed and cattle, veterinary,bedding, health products, implants, transportation, and marketingFinishing Program ComparisonsCalf-fedHigh EnergyCorn SilageYearlingsHigh EnergyCorn SilageCalf-fedHigh EnergyAlfalfaHaylageYearlingsHigh 0:87:310:88:210:88:2Start weight500850500850End weight1500150015001500Rate of gain2.83.22.83.2Feed to gain7.47.37.47.3Days on feed357203357203Feed cost/pound of gain 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49Program24

2/17/2017Finishing Program ComparisonsProgramCalf-fedHigh EnergyCorn SilageIncomeYearlingsHigh EnergyCorn SilageCalf-fedHigh EnergyAlfalfaHaylageYearlingsHigh EnergyAlfalfaHaylage 1350 1350 1350 1350Feeder value 450 637 450 637Total feed 492 316 492 316Other costs* 159 134 159 134Yardage 175 99 175 99Return tolabor & mgt 67 160 67 160Turns/year1.01.81.81.8*Other costs include death loss, interest on feed and cattle, veterinary,bedding, health products, implants, transportation, and marketingBeta-agonist Feed Dose (mg/hd daily)70-43060-90Feeding duration (days)28-4220-40Withdrawal (days)03Projected live wt gain (lbs)2218Projected carcass wt gain (lbs)2030Increase in ribeye area (sq. in.)0.471.3Active ingredientReduction in marbling score9 (very little)43 (almost half amarbling score)There are currently no markets accepting cattle fed Zilmax.25

2/17/2017Deliver Carcass Composition Desired by Market Avoid over-fat, under-finished, too heavy andtoo light-weight cattle Each animal has a window of time in which itsmarket value is optimal Sort cattle from finish pen for slaughter to achieveuniformly finished cattle Avoid stags, pregnant heifers, grubs, manurecaked hides Respect drug withdrawalsShelterNo hornsBeddingClean coat – sufficiently dry pen, “space”,no riding activityHealthfulappearanceGood footing; no evidence of jointswelling; no deep manure26

2/17/2017UW Extension WIBeef 27

Feb 20, 2017 · Beef Cattle Nutrient Requirement Model, 2016 Starch Digestibility of Corn in Feedlot Cattle Owens & Zinn, SWNC, 2005 Dry Rolled High Moisture Steam Flaked # of Diet Observations 26 7 93 % of Starch Intake Ruminal 61 91 84 Post-Ruminal 28 (0.90) 8 (0.

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