Hodder & Stoughton
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this title is available from the British LibraryOrders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone: (44) 01235 827720.Fax: (44) 01235 400454. Lines are open from 9.00–6.00, Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. You canalso order through our website www.hodderheadline.co.ukISBN 0 340 875 917First Published 2002Impression numberYear10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 12008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002Copyright 2002 NESTA Enterprises LtdAll rights reserved. This work is copyright. Permission is given for copies to be made of pages provided they are used exclusivelywithin the institution for which this work has been purchased. For reproduction for any other purpose, permission must first beobtained in writing from the publishers.Designed and typeset by Julie Martin Ltd.Printed in Great Britain for Hodder & Stoughton Educational, a division of Hodder Headline Plc, 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH.
ContentsAcknowledgementsForeword by Stephen TwiggPlanet Science – Where science comes to lifeScience CentresHealth and safetyLinks to other organisationsWhich crisps are the saltiest?Choccy RocksPop-Pop BoatsIllusory PendulumHot MouseClucking CupsElectricity and MagnetismUp, up, up and away Make your own sunsetForever blowing bubbles Where’s hot and where’s notThe stupendous sciZmic school-pond projectGrowing crystalsMini Water-worldGive it a pastingBad-breath!Cereal ChemistMake a fossilCustard gone CrazyDancing PaperGoose-pimplesKetchup SachetMagic Milk-bottlesMake a MenagerieRotting eggs and rotten teethIt’s a Gas!Blowing in the WindPlanetary PlatesPinhole CameraPressurised PlasticLight FantasticWhether the weather will The Great Boat 434546474849505152535455565758596061626364
AcknowledgementsPlanet Science would like to thank The AstraZeneca Science Teaching Trust for its support of thisproject.We would also like to thank all those people who contributed their experiments, including thosewhose experiments appear on the website. We are sorry we could not include them all.6Planet Science
ForewordThis book is packed full of engaging and innovative demonstrations and experiments you can do withyour pupils. The Little Book of Experiments has been put together with the support of teachers,science centres and scientists. All the experiments have been tested and work really well either inthe classroom or at home. I am really grateful to The AstraZeneca Science Teaching Trust forsponsoring the book.We know the benefits of engaging children in science from an early age, and hope that this book willreally help intrigue and excite the children in your class. Some of the activities have been speciallydesigned to bridge KS2 and KS3, a critical point in any pupil’s career. Whilst the book caters primarilyfor KS2, a website of activities for all ages and Key stages accompanies the book, providing teacherswith a resource which we hope will grow as you add your own ideas to our database.You may have come across some of these experiments before. But we hope there are some newones that you can either use in the classroom or ask the pupils to do at home with their parents. Wewould love to hear your stories of how the experiments went and any ideas you have for newexperiments. Let us know how you get on by contacting Planet Science at www.planet-science.comThe Little Book of Experiments7
Planet Science – Where science comes to lifeIf you’ve enjoyed these experiments and demonstrations and would like to try some others, there’san extensive online collection at www.planet-science.com/sci-teach. Most are suitable for KS2 andKS3 classes, and a few would make interesting demonstrations for KS4 students. The database iseasy to search and when you’ve found the activity you want, you can print off the instructions andhand them out to pupils, colleagues and parents.And while you’re there Planet Science is committed to supporting the transition between KS2 and KS3, and the Associationfor Science Education has developed a ‘passport’ to help make the bridge between these two stagesas easy as possible. The passport consists of a set of downloadable pages which look like our ownEU passports, but the visas the KS2 child collects represent their knowledge of various scientificconcepts, terms and experiments. This means that when they arrive at secondary school, their newscience teacher can immediately gauge their existing level of scientific ch/passportIf you navigate your way to the Out There area of the Planet Science site, you’ll see a link to‘SciKids’. In here, you can read about some of the legendary figures that have shaped science today.Follow Galileo as he ponders the Universe, learn about Jagadis Chandra Bose and his revolutionarybotanical investigations, and join Edison as he develops a host of ingenious inventions. Inspiring sPerhaps even more important though in motivating young people are today’s scientists andtechnologists. And that’s where Next Steps comes in.In this area of the site, visitors can take the ‘Suits You!’ quiz – a semi-serious personality test thatwill help determine which area of science you might be most suited to working in. And when you’vedone that, you can check out some real life careers on the ‘Meet Your Match’ database. We’ve handpicked a huge range of young(ish!) scientists and technologists and persuaded them to fill in aquestionnaire detailing just what they do all day, their career path and advice they’d give to others –and even which celebrity they reckon should play them in the movie of their life! Whether yourinterest is in engineering buildings, forensics, sports technology, science journalism, or laboratoryinvestigations into the ‘paranormal’, you can get the lowdown here For personal careers advice, visitors can email the Planet Science team of advisors and they’llrespond within 2 working days.http://www.planet-science.com/nextstepsAfter all that, what about a spot of light relief for your hard-working pupils? Wired Up is packed withgames, quizzes and activities. For starters, they can take a voyage of adventure with ‘Planet 10’. Thisis a highly addictive and exciting 3-D adventure – and their knowledge of the solar system willincrease dramatically in the space of a few games Other games have less science content, but arefun all the same! And the quiz archive can be used to turn any spare 15 minutes into ‘Who Wants tobe a Sci-Zillionaire?’Finally, check out the CD-ROM of resources for primary science education. This was specially createdfor Science Year by the ASE, and every school was sent one this summer. If yours went astray, don’tworry, the material can also be found online at www.sycd.co.uk8Little Book of Experiments
Science CentresScience centres have huge resources to engage and enthuse your pupils. Find out about your localscience centre at www.scienceworlds.co.uk. This easy-to-navigate website includes all theinformation you need to find out about the science centres near you.Several science centres have offered their expertise to help us with the book. This page lists thosecentres and highlights some information about them. Why not pay them a visit?The Magna Science Adventure Centre is a ‘Science Adventure Centre’. At Magna, scientificprinciples sit side-by-side with art, design, technology, industry, environment and lifestyle issues.Visitors create their own ‘adventure’ through hands-on challenges.Address: Sheffield Road, Templeborough, Rotherham, S60 1DXTel: 01709 720 002Website: http://www.magnatrust.org.ukTechniquest in Cardiff contains 160 exciting hands-on exhibits. They include puzzles, challenges,and scientific marvels to enthuse and amuse everyone. Schools can book visits and benefit from theexcellent programme of exciting science shows and planetarium demonstrations.Address: Stuart Street, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 5BWTel: 029 20 475 475Website: http://www.techniquest.orgThe Science Museum has a world-class collection of objects, some highly interactive galleries, anda programme of drama, shows, science sleepovers and workshop activities. The museum claims thatif you spent only a minute with each of their exhibits you’d be there over a month.Address: Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2DDTel: 020 7942 4777Website: http://www.sciencemuseum.org.ukThe Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester has just opened a brand new re-vamp oftheir hands on gallery, ‘Xperiment’. Visit this, along with their other exhibits including planes, trains,automobiles and a reconstruction of a Victorian sewer system.Address: Liverpool Road, Castlefield, Manchester, M3 4FPTel: 0161 832 2244Website: http://www.msim.org.ukLondon Zoo was the world’s scientific zoo, opening in 1828. Until 1847, it kept the public out andexisted for academic research alone. Since then it has firmly established itself as one of Britain’smost famous visitor attractions. See, talk to, hide from (and smell!) the 650 species of animals, andvisit the amazing new ‘Web of Life’ exhibition.Address: Outer Circle, Regent’s Park, London, Greater London, NW1 4RXTel: 0207 722 3333Website: http://www.londonzoo.co.ukThe Little Book of Experiments9
At the Royal Air Force Museum, Hendon you can marvel at legendary planes and great hands-onexhibits all displayed over the 15 acres of the historic former Hendon Aerodrome at RAF Hendon, oneof the oldest aviation centres in the country. If your pupils like planes, this is the place to take them.Address: Grahame Park Way, Hendon, London, NW9 5LLTel: 01902 376200Website: http://www.rafmuseum.org.ukThe Making Place is exactly what the name suggests – a place for visitors to explore scientific ortechnological ideas in order to design and make a product to take away. The emphasis is on learningall about scientific principles through the process of designing, making and evaluating technologicalapplication.Address: 3 Exmoor Street, London, Greater London, W10 6BETel: 020 8964 2684Website: http://www.themakingplace.co.ukRemember, this list is not comprehensive. Check out your local centre at http://www.scienceworlds.co.uk10Little Book of Experiments
Health and SafetyHealth and safety during science lessons is important.Science can be amazing, but sometimes to be so amazing you need to do things that are out of theordinary, and use unfamiliar and unstable ingredients, equipment and/or methods.However there is no reason to be scared. School science is extremely safe, and by taking a fewsimple precautions you can minimise the risk. Serious injuries to students are about a hundred timesmore likely in PE than they are in science!When carrying out the experiments in this book, please note where we have made reference tosections of the ASE publication Be safe! (3rd edition, 2001.) Every primary school should have atleast one copy of this publication, or it can be obtained directly from the ASE (see reference onpage 12).When tackling the experiments in the book we recommend teachers take into account all possiblesafety considerations (not just the ones we have highlighted), and are familiar with the whole of thelatest edition of Be Safe!.Pupils have to be aware of their own safety too. Not just because they will be carrying outexperiments, but also because risk assessment is a key part of the science curriculum. This is seenat KS2 in Sc1 2e – ‘use simple equipment and materials appropriately and take action to controlrisks’ – and it is a consideration that will affect your pupils throughout their education – primaryschool, KS3, GCSEs, A-levels or GNVQs, and university.Health and safety, and risk assessment are key parts of any science work, but are also relevant toother areas of your pupils’ lives. They need to be equipped to make sensible decisions. So it’s worthstarting early, which makes it (of course) a key job for the primary school teacher.For more information, please consult the Be Safe! guidelines. The CLEAPSS School Service will beable to help with anything more. (See pages 12–13 for details of this organisation.)The Little Book of Experiments11
Links to other organisationsThis page outlines what support, advice and information is available to help teachers make sciencelessons more exciting and relevant.The British Association for the Advancement of Science (BA)Education activities include:National Science Week – a week of over 2500 science activities, experiments and sciencediscussions across the country.BAYSDAYS – children’s science festivals full of workshops, dramas and hands-on activities.Support and resources through the BAYS award schemes for KS1–3.Activity packs and newsletters to members, with more activities and information on science events.All activities can be found on www.the-ba.netSciZmicSciZmic, the Science Discovery Clubs Network, brings science clubs together to participate in eventsfor schools. For information go to www.sciZmic.netThe Association for Science Education (ASE)Professional body for those involved in science education at all levels from pre-school to highereducation, including technician members. It has a national network of teachers, lecturers, advisersand a team of permanent staff providing a unique service. The ASE provides:Advice and guidance on specific problems and issues.PSR for suggestions about primary science teaching and Education in Science for news.Specialist ASE publications and commercially published books all at discount prices to members.An Annual Meeting with more than 300 events over three days.Professional development opportunities at all levels.As its major contribution to Science Year, ASE created an innovative series of CD-ROMs and onlineresources sent to schools for KS2/3. You can access downloadable versions of the CD-ROMs atwww.sycd.co.uk or go to www.ase.org.uk where you’ll find more information.The AstraZeneca Science Teaching TrustGo to www.azteachscience.co.uk for information and professional development in primary scienceteaching and KS2/3 projects.The CLEAPSS School Science ServiceProvides resources on health and safety, equipment and anything to do with practical science andtechnology. All education authorities in the UK (outside Scotland) are members so you can havefree access to these resources. Go to www.cleapss.org.uk for more information.12Little Book of Experiments
A helpline for teachers covering everything you wanted to know about teaching science in primaryschools but were too afraid to ask! Call them on 01895 251 496 or e-mail, science@cleapss.org.ukScience LineFree science information service answering questions on all aspects of science, technology andmedicine. Call them free on 0808 800 4000 (lines are open 1pm–7pm Monday–Saturday). Youcan find more information at www.sciencenet.org.ukThe Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA)A guardian of standards in education and training.Go to www.qca.org.uk for access to a wide range of information on general education issuesaround curriculum and assessment.The National Curriculum Online (http://www.nc.uk.net/ ) outlines the science curriculum with linksto relevant websites as well as support and guidance on how to teach science to gifted andtalented pupils, and pupils with learning difficulties.The National Curriculum in Action website (www.ncaction.org.uk/subjects/science/index.html )uses pupil case studies to show how national curriculum science works in practice.The Science and Engineering Ambassadors Campaign (SEAs)Brings enthusiastic science and technology professionals to schools to inspire young people aboutscience and technology.Co-ordinated by the Science Engineering Technology Mathematics Network (SETNET) through it’sSETPOINTS. Contact your local SETPOINT at www.setnet.org.uk for more information.The Royal Institution (RI)Communicates science to the general public by lectures and experiments.Series of science events for KS2 and online resources for teachers and pupils based on theirlectures.Go to www.rigb.org.uk for more.The Institute of Biology (IOB)A professional body for UK biologists that supports science educators by organising competitions,events and courses as well as giving schools posters, CD-ROMs and a newsletter to help you helpyour pupils.For more information and advice go to http://www.iob.orgThe Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)Wide range of activities for pupils, including a national chemistry competition and chemistry atwork events.Offers training and produces curriculum material designed to provide teachers with stimulatingideas for practical work in the classroom. www.chemsoc.org/learnnet/ has more information.A book, That’s Chemistry, was sent free of charge to all UK primary schools in 2001 and containsstacks of experiments and ideas for lessons. Details hemistry.htmThe Little Book of Experiments13
Which crisps are the saltiest?A real investigation to get the whole class thinkingSetting the sceneThis very open-ended investigation really stretches the pupils’ investigative skills that are extremelyimportant in KS2–3 transition. It provides an excellent opportunity to get the class comparing andevaluating different methods of investigating the same topic.The pupils are told their teacher has high blood pressure. The doctor has ordered a diet as low in saltas possible. But the teacher likes salted crisps so which brand would be the healthier one forhim/her to eat?Now give them the challenge. Using their imaginations the pupils work as scientists to create ideasof experiments they could do. They then choose an experiment to try to find the best type of crispsfor their teacher.Other than that, there is no right or wrong way of doing this. The pupils’ imagination is better thanours!You will needBags of ready-salted crisps (at least three different varieties),A range of equipment that KS2 pupils will be familiar with.As it is up to your pupils to design their own testing strategy we can’t predict exactly what they willneed.14Planet Science
InstructionsA few ideas you can suggest, hint at or highlight (not to mention have equipment set up and readilyavailable for) are:Use a microscope to try to count the grains, or at least the grain density (perhaps the ScienceYear Intel microscope).Look on the packet/label for nutritional information.Carry out a taste-test with a sample of people.Wash the salt off the crisps, filter, evaporate the filtrate and weigh or observe the residue.Further informationThere is no explanation for this experiment, as it is about encouraging the pupils’ scientificimagination, but it can easily be slotted into other work on topics of health and nutrition or moregeneral chemistry.Extension ideasObviously setting up a microscope will take a lot longer than just looking at the labels! If one groupfinish quickly, they can always do a different test and then compare the two different experimentsafterwards. This can be extended to encouraging the groups to come up with ideas they could notconduct in a classroom but which might also work.At the end of the lesson, ask the groups to report back. As a whole class, compile a list of all theideas and then get the pupils to compare their methods (e.g., is the nutritional information betterthan a taste-test, which relies on different people’s definition of what is ‘salty’?)This experiment was recommended to us by Peter Borrows from CLEAPSS. It was used as one of the Challenges in the Annual Primary ScienceChallenge in Waltham Forest in the early 1990s.National Curriculum links in KS2The entirety of Sc1 can be covered through this (especially 1a, 2a and 2b). It also links to Sc2 2b and2c.Looking forward – National Curriculum links in KS3Again, most of Sc1 can be covered by this i
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Hodder & Stoughton A MEMBER OF THE HODDER HEADLINE GROUP. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone: (44) 01235 827720.
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