SINGAPORE - WIPO
SINGAPORE8thSingapore ranks 8th among the 131 economies featured in the GII 2020.The Global Innovation Index (GII) ranks world economies according to their innovation capabilities.Consisting of roughly 80 indicators, grouped into innovation inputs and outputs, the GII aims to capturethe multi-dimensional facets of innovation.The following table shows the rankings of Singapore over the past three years, noting that data availability andchanges to the GII model framework influence year-on-year comparisons of the GII rankings. The statisticalconfidence interval for the ranking of Singapore in the GII 2020 is between ranks 7 and 12.Rankings of Singapore (2018–2020)GIIInnovation inputsInnovation outputs202081152019811520185115 Singapore performs better in innovation inputs than innovation outputs in 2020. This year Singapore ranks 1st in innovation inputs, the same as both last year and 2018. As for innovation outputs, Singapore ranks 15th. This position is the same as both last year and 2018.8thSingapore ranks 8th among the 49 high-income group economies.1stSingapore ranks 1st among the 17 economies in South East Asia, East Asia, and Oceania.1
EXPECTED VS. OBSERVED INNOVATION PERFORMANCEThe bubble chart below shows the relationship between income levels (GDP per capita) and innovationperformance (GII score). The trend line gives an indication of the expected innovation performance accordingto income level. Economies appearing above the trend line are performing better than expected and thosebelow are performing below expectations.Relative to GDP, Singapore is performing above expectations for its level of development.2
EFFECTIVELY TRANSLATING INNOVATION INVESTMENTS INTOINNOVATION OUTPUTSThe chart below shows the relationship between innovation inputs and innovation outputs. Economies abovethe line are effectively translating costly innovation investments into more and higher-quality outputs.Singapore produces less innovation outputs relative to its level of innovation investments.3
BENCHMARKING SINGAPORE AGAINST OTHER HIGH-INCOME GROUPECONOMIES AND SOUTH EAST ASIA, EAST ASIA, AND OCEANIASingapore’s scores in the seven GII pillarsHigh-income group economiesSingapore has high scores in all seven of the GII pillars, which are above average for the high-income group.South East Asia, East Asia, and OceaniaCompared to other economies in South East Asia, East Asia, and Oceania, Singapore performs aboveaverage in all seven of the GII pillars.4
OVERVIEW OF SINGAPORE RANKINGS IN THE SEVEN GII AREASSingapore performs best in Institutions and its weakest performance is in Creative outputs.*The highest possible ranking in each pillar is 1.INNOVATION STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSESThe table below gives an overview of the strengths and weaknesses of Singapore in the GII 2020.WeaknessesStrengthsCodeIndicator nameRankCodeIndicator nameRank1Institutions12.1Education511.1Political environment12.1.1Expenditure on education, % GDP1031.1.1Political & operational stability*12.1.2Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap 401.1.2Government effectiveness*12.1.5Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary501.2Regulatory environment26.2.1Growth rate of PPP GDP/worker, %451.2.1Regulatory quality*26.2.4ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP GDP511.2.3Cost of redundancy dismissal, salary weeks16.3.3ICT services exports, % total trade50Trademarks by origin/bn PPP GDP941.3.1Ease of starting a business*47.1.12.1.4PISA scales in reading, maths & science27.1.3Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP GDP812.2Tertiary education17.2.2National feature films/mn pop. 15–69613.1.3Government’s online service*27.2.4Printing & other media, % manufacturing844Market sophistication44.2Investment24.2.1Ease of protecting minority investors*34.2.3Venture capital deals/bn PPP GDP14.3.1Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %35.1.1Knowledge-intensive employment, %25.1.5Females employed w/advanced degrees, %15.3Knowledge absorption25.3.4FDI net inflows, % GDP46.2.5High- & medium-high-tech manufacturing, %16.3.4FDI net outflows, % GDP45
STRENGTHSGII strengths for Singapore are found in six of the seven GII pillars. Institutions (1): exhibits strengths in the sub-pillars Political environment (1) and Regulatory environment (2)and in the indicators Political & operational stability (1), Government effectiveness (1), Regulatory quality (2),Cost of redundancy dismissal (1) and Ease of starting a business (4). Human capital & research (8): shows strengths in the sub-pillar Tertiary education (1) and in the indicatorPISA scales in reading, maths & science (2). Infrastructure (13): the indicator Government’s online service (2) reveals a strength. Market sophistication (4): demonstrates strengths in the sub-pillar Investment (2) and in the indicators Easeof protecting minority investors (3), Venture capital deals (1) and Applied tariff rate (3). Business sophistication (6): displays strengths in the sub-pillar Knowledge absorption (2) and in theindicators Knowledge-intensive employment (2), Females employed w/advanced degrees (1) and FDI netinflows (4). Knowledge & technology outputs (14): reveals strengths in the indicators High- & medium-high-techmanufacturing (1) and FDI net outflows (4).WEAKNESSESGII weaknesses for Singapore are found in three of the seven GII pillars. Human capital & research (8): shows weaknesses in the sub-pillar Education (51) and in the indicatorsExpenditure on education (103), Government funding/pupil (40) and Pupil–teacher ratio (50). Knowledge & technology outputs (14): displays weaknesses in the indicators Growth rate of PPP (45), ISO9001 quality certificates (51) and ICT services exports (50). Creative outputs (18): exhibits weaknesses in the indicators Trademarks by origin (94), Industrial designs byorigin (81), National feature films (61) and Printing & other media (84).6
DATA AVAILABILITYThe following tables list data that are either missing or outdated for Singapore.Missing dataCodeIndicator nameCountryyearModelyearSource4.1.3Microfinance gross loans, % GDPn/a2018Microfinance Information Exchange5.1.2Firms offering formal training, %n/a2018World Bank6.1.3Utility models by origin/bn PPP GDPn/a2018World Intellectual Property OrganizationOutdated dataCodeIndicator nameCountryyearModelyearSource2.1.1Expenditure on education, % GDP20132018UNESCO Institute for Statistics2.1.5Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary20172018UNESCO Institute for Statistics2.2.3Tertiary inbound mobility, %20122017UNESCO Institute for Statistics2.3.1Researchers, FTE/mn pop.20172018UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Eurostat; OECD –Main Science and Technology Indicators2.3.2Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP20172018UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Eurostat; OECD –Main Science and Technology Indicators5.1.3GERD performed by business, % GDP20172018UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Eurostat; OECD –Main Science and Technology Indicators5.3.5Research talent, % in business enterprise20172018UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Eurostat; OECD –Main Science and Technology Indicators8
ABOUT THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEXThe Global Innovation Index (GII) is co-published by Cornell University, INSEAD, and the World IntellectualProperty Organization (WIPO), a specialized agency of the United Nations. In 2020, the GII presents its 13 thedition devoted to the theme Who Will Finance Innovation?Recognizing that innovation is a key driver of economic development, the GII aims to provide an innovationranking and rich analysis referencing around 130 economies. Over the last decade, the GII has establisheditself as both a leading reference on innovation and a “tool for action” for economies that incorporate the GIIinto their innovation agendas.The Index is a ranking of the innovation capabilities and results of world economies. It measures innovationbased on criteria that include institutions, human capital and research, infrastructure, credit, investment,linkages; the creation, absorption and diffusion of knowledge; and creative outputs.The GII has two sub-indices: the Innovation Input Sub-Index and the Innovation Output Sub-Index, and sevenpillars, each consisting of three sub-pillars.9WIPO FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Singapore performs better in innovation inputs than innovation outputs in 2020. . maths & science 2 2.2 Tertiary education 1 3.1.3 Government’s online service* 2 4 Market sophistication 4 4.2 . secondary, % GDP/cap 40 2.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary 50 6.
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of the Singapore Constitution (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2009). Thio Li-ann, A Treatise on Singapore Constitutional Law (Singapore: Academy Publishing, 2012). Kevin YL Tan (ed), Essays in Singapore Legal History (Singapore: Singapore Academy of Law & Marshall
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3. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It is dedicated to developing a balanced and accessible international intellectual property (IP) system, which rewards creativity, stimulates innovation and contributes to
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