Education - Government Of Pakistan

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Chapter 10EducationIntroductionEducation plays a pivotal role in thedevelopment of the country. High literacy rateensures sustainable economic development,labour productivity and economic prosperity.Equalization of educational levels eliminatesregional inequalities and gender discrimination.It also strengthens to meet the emergingchallenges of the modern world throughupgrading the intellectual level and adoption ofthe new technologies. It is important fordeveloping countries, where majority of theworld’s population exists, need to redesigneducational policies in line with the advancednations for enhancing productivity throughhighly skilled manpower.The Educational institutions required to developguidelines, tools and resources that would inturn help to educators, students, parents,guardians, education managers and civil societyin creating safe, more supportive and conduciveeducational environment to attain theorganizational goals like developing skills andknowledge in order to produce responsiblecitizens for community, knowledge basedsociety / economy and capacity buildingtowards making the country welfare state as awhole.Similar to many developing countries, Pakistanhas not made progress adequately in the field ofeducation with literacy rate of only 58 percenti.e. 42 percent of its population remains unableto read or write. This limits the opportunityconsiderably towards acquiring skills andtechnical knowledge for higher productivity andbetter earning levels. School enrolments are lowand school drop-out rates are too high. Thebudgetary allocation to education has remainedstatic around 2.0 percent of GDP for the pastdecade, with a big chunk being spent onrecurrent heads mainly salaries, leaving a smallamount for quality enhancement such asteachers training, curriculum development,provision of school facilities and monitoring andsupervision of education.According to Pakistan Education for All (EFA)review report 2015, there is a large stock of 6.7million out of school children; of which 55percent are girls which for years have posed amajor obstacle in achieving EFA targets. ANational Plan of Action for MDGs AccelerationFramework (MAF) 2013-16 is designed toaccelerate progress towards education relatedgoals and targets identified by MDG for 201516 by Ministry of Federal Education &Professional Training. The National Planenvisages enhancing its net primary enrolmentratio to 91 percent by 2015-16. This wouldimply, besides retention of existing studentsthrough a variety of quality-improving measuresand cash stipends, enrolment of an additional5.06 million children in primary classes at atotal additional cost of Rs. 189 billion over the3-year period. The National Plan expects toenroll an additional 5.1 million (2.4 million boysand 2.7 million girls) by 2015-16.Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ofEducation:The U.N. has identified as one of the MDGs tobe achieved by 2015. The Government ofPakistan is fully committed towards theachievement of the MDGs Goal 2 and Goal 3which focus towards development of education.Goal 2: To Achieve Universal PrimaryEducation (UPE)Target: MDG 2 aims at achieving 100 percentprimary school enrolment, 100 percentcompletion of education from grades 1-5 and an88 percent overall literacy rate by 2015. Theachievements made up to 2013-14 are given inthe Table 10.1 and 10.2.

172Pakistan Economic Survey 2014-15Table10.1:Progress towards Goal 2 at National 5858605888Net Primary EnrolmentRatio(5-9 Years)Completion/Survival rateGrade 1 to 5Literacy Rate (%)10 years and aboveSource: Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) Survey 2013-14.Fig-1: Targets & Achievements- Net Primary Enrolment Ratio80110Actual ProgressRequired 04030302020Table 10.2: Progress towards Goal 2 by 2013-14 at Provincial LevelIndicatorsNationalPunjabSindhKPKNet Primary Enrolment RateTotal: 57Total: 64Total:48Total:54Male:60Male:66Male:53Male:62(5-9 on/Survival Rate1 grade to 5Literacy Rate ale:67Male:7210 years and aboveFemale:47Female:52Female:43Female:36Source: Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) Survey 2013-14Goal 3: Promoting Gender Equality andWomen EmpowermentTarget: MDG 3 promotes gender equality ineducation and aims to eliminate gender disparityin primary and secondary education by 2005,and at all levels of education by 2015. MDG 3focuses upon the key challenges faced bywomen in three major areas; education,employment and political participation. GenderMDG 082006-072005-062004-052001-02101990-91(Bench e:30Total:43Male:59Female:25parity index show some improvement over theyears but pronounced gaps between male andfemale indicators persist, especially in rural andremote (particularly in tribal and feudal) areas.With provision of more middle and highschools, it is anticipated that demand for middleand upper secondary education for girls willincrease. The targets to be achieved by 2015 andachievements made up to 2013-14 are given inthe Table 10.3 and 10.4

EducationTable10.3: Progress towards Goal 3 at National (percentage)2008-09 2010-112011-122012-132013-14Primary Education0.730.820.850.880.880.900.89(Age 5-9 Years)Secondary Educationn/a0.750.780.810.850.810.89(Age 14-15 Years)Youth Literacy0.510.650.740.780.630.810.82(Age 15 years andabove)Source: Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) Survey 2013-14.MDGTarget 20150.881.000.840.940.801.00Fig-2 : Targets & Achievements- GPI Youth 680.640.650.550.750.630.510.45Actual ProgressRequired ProgressTable 10.4: Progress towards Goal 3 by 2013-14 at Provincial LevelIndicatorsPunjabSindhKPKPrimary Education (Age 5-9 Years)0.950.810.74Secondary Education (Age 14-15 Years)0.950.840.62Youth Literacy (Age 15 years and above)0.870.770.60Source: Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) Survey 2013-14.Critical Analysis of MDGs (Education):i. The Table-10.1 shows increase of literacyrate at merely 23 percent during the periodof last 24 years from 1990-91 to 2013-14which is not encouraging at national level.The table reflects encouraging trend ofincrease from 35 percent in 1990-91 to 45percent in 2001-02 and 53 percent in 200405. Afterwards it slightly increased to 56percent in 2007-08. The trend shows somestagnancy at 58 percent both in 2010-11 and2011-12 and with only 2 percent increase in2012-13. During 2013-14, literacy raterecorded at 58 percent showing a decline of2.0 percent which shows that Pakistan willmiss the EFA goals and MDGs targets.(percentage)Balochistan0.650.450.51ii. The picture of gender disparity is also veryclear with 47 percent of female literacy rateand 70 percent male literacy rate in 2013-14which shows that more human and financialresources are required to attain the genderparity. The MDG target by 2015 is 88percent which gives a clear message thatultimate goal is far away at national level inPakistan.iii. The indicator of Net Primary EnrolmentRatio (%) reflects very slight increase with46 percent in 1990-91 to 57 percent in 201314 whereas the target is to be achieved 100percent till 2015 while only 11 percent hasbeen increased during last 24 years from1990 to 2014.

174Pakistan Economic Survey 2014-15iv. Provincial progress for the year 2013-14shows that so far as the Net PrimaryEnrolment Ratio of provinces is concerned,Punjab is the highest with 64 percent (Male:66 & Female: 63 percent) followed by KPK54 percent (Male: 62 & Female: 46percent), Sindh 48 percent (Male: 53 &Female: 43 percent) and Balochistan is atthe lowest with 39 percent (Male: 46 &Female: 30 percent). The increase in genderdisparity in Balochistan and Sindh is mainlydue to tribal and feudal social systems, notsupportive of education for female and poorclasses. This shows very critical situationregarding issue of parity in education atprimary level.This needs thoroughconsultation process at national level toaddress the issue which has long run impacton the human development and socioeconomic conditions of Pakistan. Thecommitment gap, implementation gap andlack of good governance may be majorreasons behind the low level of achievingthe Millennium Development GoalsBox-I: New Education Policy 2016Implementation status of National Education Policy 2009 is to be completed before June 2015 and Ministry ofFederal Education and Professional Training is in process of implementing “New Education Policy 2016” nextyear after completing the consultation and review process. The government is set to upgrade and review the lasteducation policy which was made in 2006 by the end of this year and implement it from January 2016. The newpolicy will be uniformly implemented in all provinces including Azad Jammu Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. TheNational Education Policy was placed under the 3 rd Inter Provincial Education Minister's Conference (IPEMC)which approved formation of NEP 2009 Review Committee to suggest changes in the policy in view of 18thAmendment scenario and global modern trends in the education sector.Source: Ministry of Federal Education & Professional TrainingVision 2025:Pakistan Vision 2025 aims at substantialexpansion in levels of education as well asimprovements in the quality of education,increase public expenditure on education toreach 4.0 percent of GDP by 2018. Educationdevelopment will be led by the provinces as it isa devolved function, however the federalgovernment will play the role of a catalyst inpartnership with the provinces to transform theeducation system in the country. Thegovernment at all levels will ensure thatindividuals are able to pursue their economic,social, and intellectual objectives in the bestpossible way. The provincial governments arecommitted to achieve Millennium DevelopmentGoals for education. In order to achieve thesegoals the provincial governments are determinedto increase their education budgets significantly.The federal government will not only help themin achieving MDGs at provincial levels but alsoperform an active role in reducing educationalinequities across the four provinces. This willincrease geographic and economic mobilitywithin the country thus strengthening nationalspirit and solidarity.Literacy:Literacy rate is one of the important indicator ofeducation as its improvement is likely to have along run impact on other important indicators ofnational welfare. According to the latestPakistan Social and Living StandardsMeasurement (PSLM) Survey 2013-14, theliteracy rate of the population (10 years andabove) is 58 percent as compared to 60 percentin 2012-13 showing a decline of 2.0 percent.The data shows that literacy remains higher inurban areas (74 percent) than in rural areas (49percent), and is more prevalent for men (81.0percent) compared to women (66.0 percent) inurban areas. Province wise data suggests thatPunjab leads with 61 percent followed by Sindhwith 56 percent, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with 53percent and Balochistan with 43 percent. Thedetails are given in Table 10.5.

EducationTable 10.5: Literacy Rate (10 Years and Above)-Pakistan and ural551537Urban814765Source: Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey, 2013-14Fig-10.3: Literacy 267704752433640253020100PakistanPunjabPrimary Enrolment Rates:A.Gross Enrolment Rates:Gross Enrolment Rates (GER) referred to theparticipation rate of children attending primaryschools divided by the number of children aged5 to 9 years. GER at the primary level excludingKatchi (prep) for the age group 5-9 years atnational level during 2013-14 recorded at 90.0percent as compared to 91 percent in 2012-13.This decline is largely due to stagnantallocations at 2.0 percent of GDP; shortage ofschools especially for girls in remote and farflung areas; shortage and absenteeism ofteachers; lack of trained teachers, especiallyfemale teachers; missing facilities such as water,toilets and boundary walls; weak supervisionand monitoring; and a host of factors such asSindhKPKBalochistanconservative and tribal culture; insecurity andlawlessness; and poverty, compelling a largenumber of children to work rather than to attendschool. A cursory look at the table GERindicates that the only Punjab has shownsignificant performance by achieving Primarylevel GER at 100.0 percent against 98 percent in2012-13 while other provinces have performednegatively i.e. Sindh GER declined to 76percent in 2013-14 against 81 percent in 201213 and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa also declined to 89percent in 2013-14 against 91 percent in 201213 while Balochistan GER also declined from67 percent in 2013-14 as compared to 73percent in 2012-13. The details are given inTable 10.6.

176Pakistan Economic Survey 2014-15Table 10.6: National and Provincial 967Khyber PakhtunkhwaBalochistanSource: Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey, 2013-14Fig-10.4: Gross Enrollment 0PakistanB.PunjabSindhKPKBalochistanremained at 57 percent. Province wisecomparison reveals that Punjab NER slightlyimproved to 64 percent in 2013-14 as comparedto 62 percent in 2012-13 while NER of KhyberPakhtunkhwa remained at 54 percent. SindhNER declined to 48 percent in 2013-14 ascompared to 52 percent in 2012-13; whileBalochistan also witnessed a declined to 39percent in 2013-14 as compared to 45 percent in2012-13. The decline in Balochistan and Sindhenrolment rates is probably due to tribal andfeudal social systems, not supportive ofeducation for female and poor classes.Net Enrolment Rates:Net Enrolment Rates (NER) at the primary levelrefers to the number of students enrolled inprimary schools of age 5 to 9 years divided bythe number of children in the same age groupfor that level of education. In Pakistan, theofficial primary NER is the number of childrenaged 5 to 9 years attending primary level (1-5)divided by the total number of children aged 5to 9 years.Table 10.7 show the net primary level enrolmentrates at the national/provincial (excludingprep/Katchi class) level for the age group 5-9years. NER at the national level during 2013-14Table 10.7: National and Provincial NER at Primary 062666364Sindh564852534348Khyber ce: Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey, 2013-14.

EducationFig-10.5: Net Enrollment 20100PakistanPunjabEducational Institutions and Enrolment:i). Pre-Primary EducationPre-Primary education is the basic step for EarlyChildhood Education (ECE). Prep or Katchiclass is meant for children between 3 to 4 yearsof age. At national level, a minor decline of 0.1percent was observed in Pre-Primary enrolmentas it dropped to 9.27 million in 2013-14 ascompared to 9.28 million in 2012-13. However,it is estimated to further decline by 0.5 percenti.e. from 9.27 million to 9.22 million during2014-15. [Table 10.8].ii). Primary Education (Classes I-V)At national level, 157.9 thousands PrimarySchools with 420.1 thousands teachers werefunctional in 2013-14. An increase of 3.5percent in primary enrolment is witnessed as itincreased to 19.4 million in 2013-14 against18.8 million in 2012-13 and it is estimated toincrease by 2.6 percent i.e. from 19.4 million to19.9 million during 2014-15. [Table 10.8].iii). Middle Education (Classes VI-VIII)A number of 42.8 thousand middle instituteswith 364.8 thousand teachers were functional in2013-14. An increase of 4.8 percent in middleenrolment is observed as it increased to 6.5million in 2013-14 against 6.2 million in 201213 and it is estimated to increase by 4.6 percenti.e. from 6.5 million to 6.8 million during 201415. [Table 10.8].iv). Secondary Education (Classes IX-X)A total of 30.4 thousand secondary schools with500.5 thousand teachers were functional in2013-14. At national level, an increase of 6.9percent in secondary enrolment is witnessed asSindhKPKBalochistanit increased to 3.1 million in 2013-14 against 2.9million in 2012-13 and it is estimated toincrease by 6.4 percent i.e. from 3.1 million to3.3 million during 2014-15. [Table 10.8].v). Higher Secondary / Inter Colleges (ClassesXI-XII)At national level, 5.2 thousand higher secondaryschools and inter colleges with 124.3 thousandteachers were functional in 2013-14 ascompared to 5.0 thousand institutions with 132thousand teachers in 2012-13. The overallenrollment of students in higher secondaryeducation witnessed a decline of 14.3 percent in2013-14 as compared to 2012-13. Theenrolment registered during 2013-14 was 1.23million as compared to 1.40 million during2012-13. For 2014-15, it is estimated to increaseto 1.25 million. Number of institutes is expectedto increase to 6.0 thousands in 2014-15 ascompared to 5.2 thousands in 2013-14. [Table10.8].vii). Technical & Vocational InstitutesDuring 2013-14, 3.3 thousand technical andvocational institutes with 16.4 thousand teacherswere functional at national level. An increase of3.3 percent enrolment was recorded as itincreased to 0.31 million in 2013-14 against0.30 million in 2012-13. However, it isestimated to increase by 3.2 percent i.e. from0.31 million to 0.32 million during 2014-15.[Table 10.8].vii) Degree Colleges Education (Classes XIIIXIV)A number of 1.1 thousand degree colleges with26.0 thousand teachers were functional during2013-14. An increase of 4.7 percent enrolment

Pakistan Economic Survey 2014-15was observed as it increased to 0.67 million in2013-14 against 0.64 million in 2012-13.However, it is estimated to increase by 19.4percent i.e. from 0.67 million to 0.80 millionduring 2014-15. [Table 10.8].viii) Universities Education (Classes XVonwards)Fig-10.6: Enrolment at each level2000015000(In thousand)178There are 161 universities with 77.6 thousandteachers in both private and public sectors werefunctional during 2013-14. During 2013-14, theoverall enrolment of students in highereducation (universities) remained stable at 1.60million over the corresponding period of lastyear and it is estimated to increase by 12.5percent i.e. from 1.6 million to 1.8 millionduring 2014-15. [Table 10.8].2012-13Primary2013-14 P2014-15 EMiddleHighFig-10.7: Institution at each level(In thousand)The overall education situation based on keyindicators such as likely enrolments, number ofinstitutes and teachers, has depicted a slightimprovement. The total number of enrolmentsduring 2013-14 was recorded at 42.1 million ascompared to 41.1 million during the sameperiod last year. This indicates an increase of2.4 percent and it is estimated to increase to 43.4million during 2014-15. The number ofinstitutes which stood at 240.9 thousands during2013-14 as compared to 241.5 thousands duringlast year. This shows a slightly decline of 0.2percent. However, the number of institutes isestimated to increase to 244.9 thousands during2014-15. The number of teachers during 201314 was recorded at 1.53 million as compared to1.55 million during last year showing a declineof 1.2 percent. This number of teachers isestimated to increase further to

towards making the country welfare state as a whole. Similar to many developing countries, Pakistan has not made progress adequately in the field of education with literacy rate of only 58 percent i.e. 42 percent of its population remains unable to read or write. This limits the opportunity c

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