Grade 11 Biology SBI3U
Grade 11 BiologySBI3U
} } As with all species, humans have a number ofevolved characteristicsIn our own way we have become enormouslysuccessful and have come to thrive in manyenvironments
} } What are some of thosetraits?High-functioning mentalfacilities Ability to perform complexreasoning Exceptional ability to learn Use and make sophisticatedtools Communicate with complexlanguage
} } What are some of thosetraits?Physical characteristics: Large brain relative to bodysize Hands capable of finemanipulation andcoordination Walk upright, allowinghands to use tools
} } Other species have some of thesecharacteristicsBut we are unique in two regards We have all, not some, of these traits We have evolved these traits to a higher degreethan other species
} } Humans are members of the primate familyPrimate: A group of mammals with relativelylarge-brains, forward-facing eyes, andflexible hands
} } Other members of the primate family includegorillas, chimanzees, orangutans, monkeys,gibbons, and lemursAll primates share a common ancestor dating60-70 millions years ago
} } } Early on, the prosimiansand the anthropods splitProsimians: A number ofrelatively small nocturnalmembers of the primatefamily, including lemursAnthropoids: The groupof primates includingmonkeys, apes, andhumans
} } } Early primates livedin areas that wouldbecome Africa,India, and SouthAmerica60-70 million yearsago, South Americawas separatingfrom Africa andIndiaThis split led to adivision in the earlyancestors ofmonkeys
} } Do not have a tailDivided into 2branches: Lesser apes Great Apes} All are fairly similargenetically
} } All great apes have very similar geneticmake-upChimpanzees are the closest relatives ofhumans: 98.8% of DNA is shared (identical)} Both differ from gorillas by about 1.6%
} } } Humans are great apesBoth genetically andphysically, we share a lot ofsimilarities with other greatapesDoes this mean that wedescended from apes? No. It is more correct to say that wedescended from the sameancestors as modern apes
} } } Our most recent shared ancestor withchimpanzees existed about 6 million yearsagoOur more recent ancestors form anevolutionary branch known as hominidsHominids: all species descended from themost recent common ancestor of humans andchimpanzees that are on the human side ofthe lineage
} } } Hominid fossils help trace the steps in humanevolutionSkulls can be measured to determine brainsizeLeg bones can be examined for evidence ofbipedalism
} } Bipedalism: The abilityto walk upright, on twolegsThe Laetoli footprintsprovide evidence thatout ancestors werebipedal 3.6 million yearsago
} } } Hominid tools havealso been discovered inthe fossil recordThe first evidence oftool use dates to 3.4million years agoBy 2 million years ago,tools were being usedby a more recentancestor, Homo habilis
} } The first evidence ofcooking datescomes from hearthsdating back to790 000 years agoThis would havereduced the chanceof disease fromeating raw food
} } We see a large increase in brain size from fossilsdating between 800 000 and 200 000 years agoThe proposed most recent ancestor of humans,Homo heidelbergensis arose at this time
} } Both Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis, orneanderthals, likely descended from this speciesThe first modern humans, Homo sapiens had evolvedby about 100 000 years ago in East Africa
} The hominid fossil record contains more than 20species currently Not all are proposed to be ancestors of humans} } The precise relationships among hominids is still beingworked outEach new fossil discovery adds to the story
Grade 11 Biology SBI3U ! As with all species, humans have a number of evolved characteristics ! In our own way we have become enormously successful and have come to thrive in many environments ! What are some
Grade 11 Biology SBI3U 12 ! We’ve looked at Darwin, selection, and evidence for evolution ! We can’t consider evolution without looking at another branch of biology: ! Genetics ! Around the same time Darwin was developing his theory, a Austrian monk was making his own obs
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SBI3U: Biology, Grade 11, University Preparation PRACTICE EXAM /119 Multiple Choice (49 marks) 1. During inhalation, which of the following is true of the chest cavity? a) volume increases and pressure decreases b) volume decreases and pressure increases c) both volume and pressure increase d)both volume and pressure decrease 2.
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