Biology 11/ 12 Teaching Framework 2008 - New Brunswick

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Biology 11/ 12Teaching Framework 2008

Biology 11/ 12Teaching Framework 2008New Brunswick Department of EducationTeaching FrameworkBiology 11 and 12(levels 1 and 2)June 2008Document # 844310

Biology 11/ 12Teaching Framework 2008

AcknowledgementsUnder the Atlantic Provinces Education Foundation (APEF) common curriculum agreement, New Brunswickwas the lead province in the development of the Atlantic Canada Biology 11 and Biology 12 curriculumguides, which were then piloted and revised by a group of educators in New Brunswick.The Department of Education of New Brunswick gratefully acknowledges the contributions of this first NewBrunswick curriculum committee. The Department also gratefully acknowledges the following people whowere involved in the revisions, piloting and development of the New Brunswick guides from 2005-2008, asmembers of the high school science Curriculum Development Advisory committee, and as piloting teachers:Alison BartlettTeacher, Riverview High School, RiverviewTim BeattyTeacher, Riverview High School, RiverviewAlexis ChristmasTeacher, Fredericton High School, FrederictonPaul DunnettTeacher, Kennebecasis High School, QuispamsisMisty GallantTeacher, Moncton High School, MonctonAnne FurlotteTeacher, Bathurst High School, BathurstPaul KettelaTeacher, Woodstock High School, WoodstockNancy MacKinnonTeacher, Tantramar High School, SackvilleDanny MacLeanTeacher, Tobique Valley High School, Plaster RockMartha McClureLearning Specialist, New Brunswick Department of EducationKen McDowellTeacher, James M. Hill Memorial High School, MiramichiLawrence McGillivrayTeacher, Moncton High School, MonctonNatalie MillerTeacher, Tantramar High School, SackvilleSusan MillsTeacher, Tantramar High School, SackvilleDebby PeckPhD Candidate, Science Education, UNBMichael SwiftTeacher, Sussex Regional High School, SussexChristine WhalenTeacher, Moncton High School, MonctonJill Yates-McInnisTeacher, Chipman Forest Avenue School, Chipman

Table of ContentsIntroduction . .1Background . .1Rationale . . .1Program Design and Components . .2Learning and Teaching Science .2Three Processes of Scientific Literacy . . 3Meeting the Needs of All Learners .3Assessment and evaluation . . . 4Outcomes . . .6Outcomes Framework . . 6Curriculum Guide Organization . . 7Unit organization . . . 7Attitude Outcomes . . .11

IntroductionBackgroundThe curriculum described in Foundation for the Atlantic CanadaScience Curriculum was planned and developed collaboratively byregional committees. The process for developing the common sciencecurriculum for Atlantic Canada involved regional consultation with thestakeholders in the education system in each Atlantic province. TheAtlantic Canada science curriculum is consistent with the scienceframework described in the pan-Canadian Common Framework ofScience Learning Outcomes K to 12.The development of these curricula involved further revision of theAtlantic Canada Science Curriculum for Biology 11 and Biology 12,in consultation with educators in New Brunswick over a 3-year period(as listed in the Acknowledgements).RationaleThe aim of science education in the Atlantic provinces is to developscientific literacy.Scientific literacy is an evolving combination of the science-relatedattitudes, skills, and knowledge students need to develop inquiry,problem-solving, and decision-making abilities; to become life-longlearners; and to maintain a sense of wonder about the world aroundthem. To develop scientific literacy, students require diverse learningexperiences which provide opportunity to explore, analyze, evaluate,synthesize, appreciate, and understand the interrelationships amongscience, technology, society, and the environment that will affect theirpersonal lives, their careers, and their future.

Biology 11/ 12Teaching Framework 2008Program Design & ComponentsLearning andTeaching ScienceWhat students learn is fundamentally connected to how they learn it.The aim of scientific literacy for all has created a need for new formsof classroom organization, communication, and instructionalstrategies. The teacher is a facilitator of learning whose major tasksinclude creating a classroom environment to support the learning andteaching of science designing effective learning experiences that help students achievedesignated outcomes stimulating and managing classroom discourse in support ofstudent learning learning about and then using students‟ motivations, interests,abilities, and learning styles to improve learning and teaching analyzing student learning, the scientific tasks and activitiesinvolved, and the learning environment to make ongoinginstructional decisions selecting teaching strategies from a wide repertoireEffective science learning and teaching take place in a variety ofsituations. Instructional settings and strategies should create anenvironment which reflects a constructive, active view of the learningprocess. Learning occurs not by passive absorption, but rather asstudents actively construct their own meaning and assimilate newinformation to develop new understanding.The development of scientific literacy in students is a function of thekinds of tasks they engage in, the discourse in which they participate,and the settings in which these activities occur. Students‟ dispositiontowards science is also shaped by these factors. Consequently, the aimof developing scientific literacy requires careful attention to all ofthese facets of curriculum.Learning experiences in science education should vary and includeopportunities for group and individual work, discussion amongstudents as well as between teacher and students, and hands-on/mindson activities that allow students to construct and evaluate explanationsfor the phenomena under investigation. Such investigations and theevaluation of the evidence accumulated, provide opportunities forstudents to develop their understanding of the nature of science and thenature and status of scientific knowledge.2

Biology 11/ 12Teaching Framework 2008The Three Processesof Scientific LiteracyAn individual can be considered scientifically literate when he/she isfamiliar with, and able to engage in, three processes: inquiry, problemsolving, and decision making.InquiryScientific inquiry involves posing questions and developingexplanations for phenomena. While there is general agreement thatthere is no such thing as the scientific method, students require certainskills to participate in the activities of science. Skills such asquestioning, observing, inferring, predicting, measuring,hypothesizing, classifying, designing experiments, collecting data,analyzing data, and interpreting data are fundamental to engaging inscience. These activities provide students opportunity to understandand practice the process of theory development in science and thenature of science.Problem SolvingThe process of problem solving involves seeking solutions to humanproblems. It consists of the proposing, creating, and testing ofprototypes, products and techniques in an attempt to reach an optimumsolution to a given problem.Decision MakingThe process of decision making involves determining what we, ascitizens, should do in a particular context or in response to a givensituation. Decision-making situations are not only important in theirown right. They also provide a relevant context for engaging inscientific inquiry and/or problem solving.Meeting the Needsof All LearnersFoundation for the Atlantic Canada Science Curriculum stresses theneed to design and implement a science curriculum that provides equalopportunities for all students according to their abilities, needs andinterests. Teachers must be aware of and make adaptations toaccommodate the diverse range of learners in their class. In order toadapt to the needs of all learners, teachers must create opportunitiesthat would permit students to have their learning styles addressed.As well, teachers must not only remain aware of and avoid gender andcultural biases in their teaching, they must strive to actively addresscultural and gender stereotyping regarding interest and success inscience and mathematics. Research supports the position that whenscience curriculum is made personally meaningful, and socially andculturally relevant, it is more engaging for groups traditionally underrepresented in science, and indeed, for all students.When making instructional decisions, teachers must consider3

Biology 11/ 12Teaching Framework 2008individuals‟ learning needs, preferences and strengths, and theabilities, experiences, interests, and values that learners bring to theclassroom. Ideally, every student should find his/her learningopportunities maximized in the science classroom.While this curriculum guide presents specific outcomes for each unit,it must be acknowledged that students will progress at different rates.Teachers should provide materials and strategies that accommodatestudent diversity, and validate students when they achieve theoutcomes to the maximum of their abilities.It is important that teachers articulate high expectations for all studentsand ensure that all students have equitable opportunities to experiencesuccess as they work toward the achievement of designated outcomes.A teacher should adapt classroom organization, teaching strategies,assessment practices, time, and learning resources to address students‟needs and build on their strengths. The variety of learning experiencesdescribed in this guide provides access for a wide range of learners.Similarly, the suggestions for a variety of assessment practices providemultiple ways for learners to demonstrate their achievements.Assessment andEvaluationThe terms assessment and evaluation are often used interchangeably,but they refer to quite different processes. Science curriculumdocuments developed in the Atlantic region use these terms for theprocesses described below.Assessment is the systematic process of gathering information onstudent learning.Evaluation is the process of analyzing, reflecting upon, andsummarizing assessment information, and making judgments ordecisions based upon the information gathered.The assessment process provides the data and the evaluation processbrings meaning to the data. Together, these processes improveteaching and learning. If we are to encourage enjoyment in learningfor students, now and throughout their lives, we must developstrategies to involve students in assessment and evaluation at all levels.When students are aware of the outcomes for which they areresponsible, and the criteria by which their work will be assessed orevaluated, they can make informed decisions about the most effectiveways to demonstrate their learning.Regional curriculum in science suggests experiences that supportlearning within STSE, skills, knowledge and attitudes. It also reflectsthe three major processes of science learning: inquiry, problem solvingand decision making. When assessing student progress it is helpful toknow some activities/skills/actions that are associated with eachprocess of science learning. Examples of these are illustrated in thefollowing lists. Student learning may be described in terms of abilityto perform these tasks.4

Biology 11/ 12Inquiry Problem Solving Decision Making 5Teaching Framework 2008define questions related to a topicrefine descriptors/factors that focus practical and theoreticalresearchselect an appropriate way to find informationmake direct observationsperform experiments, record and interpret data, and drawconclusionsdesign an experiment which tests relationships and variableswrite lab reports that meet a variety of needs (limit the productionof “formal” reports) and place emphasis on recorded datarecognize that both quality of both the process and the product areimportantclearly define a problemproduce a range of potential solutions for the problemappreciate that several solutions should be consideredplan and design a product or device intended to solve a problemconstruct a variety of acceptable prototypes, pilot test, evaluate andrefine to meet a needpresent the refined process/product/device and support why it is“preferred”recognize that both quality of both the process and the product areimportantgather information from a variety of sourcesevaluate the validity of the information sourceevaluate which information is relevantidentify the different perspectives that influence a decisionpresent information in a balanced manneruse information to support a given perspectiverecommend a decision and provide supporting evidencecommunicate a decision and provide a “best” solution

Biology 11/ 12Teaching Framework 2008OutcomesThe science curriculum is based on an outcomes framework thatincludes statements of essential graduation learnings, generalcurriculum outcomes, key-stage curriculum outcomes, and specificcurriculum outcomes. The general, key-stage, and specific curriculumoutcomes reflect the pan-Canadian Common Framework of ScienceLearning Outcomes K to 12. The conceptual map shown in Figure 1provides the blueprint of the outcomes framework.OutcomesFrameworkFIGURE 1Essential GraduationLearningsA Vision for ScientificLiteracyin Atlantic CanadaFour General CurriculumOutcomes:STSENature of science andtechnologyRelationship betweenscience and technologySocial and environmentalcontexts of science andtechnologySKILLSKNOWLEDGEATTITUDESAppreciation of scienceInitiating and planningPerforming and recordingLife scienceInterest in sciencePhysical scienceScience inquiryAnalysing and interpretingCommunication and teamworkEarth and space scienceCollaborationStewardshipSafetyKey-stage Curriculum OutcomesSpecific Curriculum OutcomesThis curriculum guide outlines grade level specific curriculum outcomes, and provides suggestions for learning,teaching, assessment and resources to support students‟ achievement of these outcomes. Teachers should consultthe Foundation for the Atlantic Canada Science Curriculum for descriptions of the essential graduation learnings,vision for scientific literacy, general curriculum outcomes, and key-stage curriculum outcomes.6

Biology 11/ 12Curriculum GuideOrganizationTeaching Framework 2008Specific curriculum outcome statements describe what students shouldknow and be able to do at each grade level. They are intended to serve asthe focus for the design of learning experiences and assessment tasks.Specific curriculum outcomes represent a reasonable framework forassisting students to achieve the key-stage, the general curriculumoutcomes, and ultimately the essential graduation learnings.Specific curriculum outcomes are organized in three units for each gradelevel. Each unit is organized by topic. Suggestions for learning, teaching,assessment, and resources are provided to support student achievement ofthe outcomes.The order in which the three units of a grade appear in the guide is meant tosuggest a sequence. In some cases the rationale for the recommendedsequence is related to the conceptual flow across the year. That is, one unitmay introduce a concept which is then extended in a subsequent unit.Likewise, it is possible that one unit focuses on a skill or context which willthen be built upon later in the year. In some cases the rationale is related toweather and the necessity of dealing with Life or Earth science units in thefall or spring.It is also possible that units or certain aspects of units can be combined orintegrated. This is one way of assisting students as they attempt to makeconnections across topics in science or between science and the real world.Extended time frames may be needed to collect data over time on suchthings as weather patterns or plant growth. These cases may warrantstarting the activity prior to the unit in which it will be used. In all caseslogical situations and contexts should be taken into consideration whenthese types of decisions are made.The intent is to provide opportunities for students to deal with scienceconcepts and scientific issues in personally meaningful, and socially andculturally, relevant contexts.Unit OrganizationColumn One:Essential Learning OutcomesAll units comprise a two-page layout of four columns as illustrated inFigure 2. Each unit is comprised of outcomes grouped by a topic which isindicated at the top of the left page.The first column lists a group of NB prescribed outcomes that relate to thepan-Canadian Specific Curriculum Outcomes listed at the beginning of eachunit. These are based on the pan-Canadian Common Framework of ScienceLearning Outcomes K to 12. This column also includes appropriateextensions for those students enrolled in Biology 111 or Biology 121. Thestatements involve the Science-Technology-Society-Environment (STSE),skills, and knowledge outcomes indicated by the outcome number(s) thatappears in brackets after the outcome statement.Curriculum outcomes for each unit have been grouped by topic. Othergroupings of outcomes are possible and in some cases may be necessary inorder to take advantage of local situations. The grouping of outcomes7

Biology 11/ 12Teaching Framework 2008provides a suggested teaching sequence. Teachers may prefer to plan theirown teaching sequence to meet the learning needs of their students.Column Two:ElaborationsThe second column includes Elaborations of the outcomes, as well asbackground information. Also included are Teaching Suggestions, andOptional extensions of the topic. The suggestions in this column areintended to provide a holistic approach to instruction. In some cases, thesuggestions in this column address a single outcome; in other cases, theyaddress a group of outcomes.Column Three:Tasks for Instruction and/orAssessmentThe third column provides suggestions for ways that students‟ achievementof the outcomes could be taught and assessed. These suggestions reflect avariety of assessment techniques which include, but are not limited to,informal/formal observation, performance, journals, interview, paper andpencil, presentations, and portfolio. Some assessment tasks may be used toassess student learning in relation to a single outcome, others to assessstudent learning in relation to several outcomes. The assessment itemidentifies the outcome(s) addressed by the outcome number in brackets afterthe item.Column Four:NotesThis column will refer teachers to the supporting text and other resources.For current useful websites, and shared teacher resources, teachers aredirected to the NB government Teacher Portal at: https://portal.nbed.nb.ca/FIGURE 2Curriculum Outcomes Organization:The Four-Column, Two-Page SpreadTopicNB Prescribed OutcomesElaborations Outcomes based on Pan-Elaborations of outcomeslisted in column oneCanadian SpecificLearning OutcomesTasks for Instruction and/orAssessmentInformal/Formal ObservationLevel 1 course Optional outcomes to becompleted aftercompletion of aboveoutcomes8References to prescribed textand supporting resources.PerformanceTeaching Suggestions Additional outcomes forNotesReferences to Appendices.JournalInterviewPaper and PencilPresentationPortfolio

Biology 11/ 12Unit OverviewTeaching Framework 2008At the beginning of each unit, there is a two-page synopsis. On the firstpage, introductory paragraphs give a unit overview. These arefollowed by a section that specifies the focus (inquiry, problemsolving, and/or decision making) and possible contexts for the unit.Finally, a curriculum links paragraph specifies how this unit relates toscience concepts and skills that will be addressed at later grades soteachers will understand how the unit fits with the students‟ progressthrough the complete science program.The second page of the two-page overview provides a table of theoutcomes from the Common Framework of Science LearningOutcomes K to 12 that will be addressed in the unit. The numberingsystem used is the one followed in the pan-Canadian document:100s - Science-Technology-Society-Environment (STSE) outcomes200s - Skills outcomes300s - Knowledge outcomes400s- Attitude outcomes (see pages 10-18)These code numbers appear in brackets after each specific curriculumoutcome (SCO).FIGURE 3Unit OverviewUnit Title: Unit OverviewUnit Title:Pan Canadian Specific Curriculum OutcomesSTSEIntroductionSynopsis of the unitFocus and ContextsFocus: Inquiry,Decision Making, orProblem Solving.Possible contextssuggestedCurriculum LinksLinks to conceptsstudied within the K-12science utcomes fromCommonFramework ofScienceLearningOutcomesK to 12Skills###Skills outcomesfrom CommonFramework ofScience LearningOutcomes K to 12Knowledge###Knowledgeoutcomes fromCommon Frameworkof Science LearningOutcomes K to 12

Biology 11/ 1210Teaching Framework 2008

Biology 11/ 12Attitude OutcomesTeaching Framework 2008It is expected that certain attitudes will be fostered and developed throughout theentire science program, entry to grade 12. The STSE, skills and knowledge outcomescontribute to the development of attitudes, and opportunities for fostering theseattitudes are highlighted in the Suggestions for Learning and Teaching section of eachunit.Attitudes refer to generalized aspects of behaviour that are modeled for students byexample and reinforced by selective approval. Attitudes are not acquired in the samewas as skills and knowledge. The development of positive attitudes plays animportant role in students‟ growth by interacting with their intellectual developmentand by creating a readiness for responsible application of what they learn.Since attitudes are not acquired in the same way as skills and knowledge, outcomesstatements for attitudes are written for the end of grades 3, 6, 9 and 12. Theseoutcomes statements are meant to guide teachers in creating a learning environmentthat fosters positive attitudes.The following pages present the attitude outcomes from the pan-Canadian CommonFramework of Science Learning Outcomes K to 12.11

Biology 11/ 12Teaching Framework 2008Common Framework of Science Learning Outcomes K-12Attitude Outcome StatementsFrom entry through grade 3 it is expected that students will be encouraged to Appreciation of scienceInterest in scienceScientific inquiry400401403recognize the role andcontribution of science in theirunderstanding of the worldEvident when students, for example,402show interest in and curiosityabout objects and eventswithin the immediateenvironmentwillingly observe, question,and explore– give examples of science in theirown lives404405consider their observations andtheir own ideas when drawinga conclusionappreciate the importance ofaccuracybe open-minded in theirexplorationsEvident when students, for example,– give examples of how objectsstudied and investigations done inclass relate to the outside world– recognize that scientific ideas helpus to explain how or why eventsoccur12Evident when students, for example,– ask “why” and “how” questionsabout observable events– ask many questions related to whatis being studied– participate in show-and-tellactivities, bringing objects fromhome or sharing a story or anobservation– ask questions about what scientistsdo– express enjoyment from being readto from science books– seek out additional information fromlibrary books and digital discs– express enjoyment in sharingscience-related information gatheredfrom a variety of sources, includingdiscussions with family membersand friends– ask to use additional scienceequipment to observe objects inmore detail– express the desire to find answers byexploring and conducting simpleexperiments– raise questions about the worldaround them– willingly record observations in agiven format– compare results of an experimentwith other classmates– use observations to draw aconclusion or verify a prediction– take the time to measure with care– willingly explore a change and itseffects– choose to follow directions whenthey complete a simple investigation– express the desire to find answers byconducting simple experiments

Biology 11/ 12Teaching Framework 2008Common Framework of Science Learning Outcomes K-12Attitude Outcome StatementsFrom entry through grade 3 It is expected that students will be encouraged to CollaborationStewardshipSafety406407408work with others in exploringand investigatingEvident when students, for example,be sensitive to the needs ofother people, other livingthings, and the localenvironmentshow concern for their safetyand that of others in carryingout activities and usingmaterialsEvident when students, for example,– willingly share ideas and materials– respond positively to others‟questions and ideas– take on and fulfil a variety of roleswithin the group– participate in science-relatedactivities with others, regardless oftheir age or their physical or culturalcharacteristics– respond positively to other people‟sviews of the world13Evident when students, for example,– ensure that living things are returnedto an adequate environment after astudy is completed– demonstrate awareness of the needfor recycling and willingness to takeaction in this regard– show concern for other students‟feelings or needs– care for living things that are kept intheir classroom– clean reusable materials and storethem in a safe place– willingly suggest how we canprotect the environment– are attentive to the safe use ofmaterials– insist that classmates use materialssafely– act with caution in touching orsmelling unfamiliar materials,refrain from tasting them, andencourage others to be cautious– point out to others simple andfamiliar safety symbols– put materials back where theybelong– follow given directions for set-up,use, and clean-up of materials– wash hands before and after usingmaterials, as directed by teacher– seek assistance immediately for anyfirst aid concerns like cuts, burns,and unusual reactions– keep the work station uncluttered,with only appropriate materialspresent

Biology 11/ 12Teaching Framework 2008Common Framework of Science Learning Outcomes K-12Attitude Outcome StatementsFrom grades 4-6 It is expected that students will be encouraged to Appreciation of scienceInterest in scienceScientific inquiry409412415consider their ownobservations and ideas as wellas those of others duringinvestigations and beforedrawing conclusions416appreciate the importance ofaccuracy and honesty417demonstrate perseverance anda desire to understandappreciate the role andcontribution of science andtechnology in theirunderstanding of the worldrealize that the applications ofscience and technology canhave both intended andunintended effectsrecognize that women andmen of any culturalbackground can contributeequally to science410411Evident when students, for example,– recognize that scientific ideas helpexplain how and why things happen– recognize that science cannotanswer all questions– use science inquiry and problemsolving strategies when given aquestion to answer or a problem tosolve– plan their actions to take intoaccount or limit possible negativeand unintended effects– are sensitive to the impact theirbehaviour has on others and theenvironment when taking part inactivities– show respect for people working inscience, regardless of their gender,their physical and culturalcharacteristics, or their views of theworld– encourage their peers to pursuescience-related activities andinterests14413414show interest and curiosityabout objects and eventswithin different environmentswillingly observe, question,explore, and investigateshow interest in the activitiesof individuals working inscientific and technologicalfieldsEvident when students, for example,– attempt to answer their ownquestions through trial and carefulobservation– express enjoyment in sharing anddiscussing with classmates sciencerelated information– ask questions about what scientistsin specific fields do– express enjoyment in readingscience books and magazines– willingly express their personal wayof viewing the world– demonstrate confidence in theirability to do science– pursue a science-related hobby– involve themselves as amateurscientists in exploration andscientific inquiry, arriving at theirown conclusions rather than those ofothersEvident when students, for example,–ask questions to clarify theirunderstanding– respond constructively to thequestions posed by other students– listen attentively to the ideas of otherstudents and consider trying outsuggestions other than their own– listen to, recognize, and considerdiffering opinions– open-mindedly consider nontraditional approaches to science– seek additional information beforemaking a decision– base conclusions on evidence ratherthan preconceived ideas or hunches– report and record what is observed,not what they think ought to be orwhat they believe the teacherexpects– willingly consider changing actionsand opinions when presented withnew information or evidence– record accurately what they haveseen or measured when collectingevidence– take the time to repeat ameasurement or observation forconfirmation or greater precision– ask questions about what wouldhappen in an experiment if onevariable were changed– complete tasks undertaken or allsteps of an investigation

Biology 11/ 12Teaching Framework 2008Common Framework of Science Learning Outcomes K-12Attitude Outcome StatementsFrom grades 4-6 It is expected that students will be encouraged to CollaborationStewardshipSafety418419420work collaboratively whileexploring and investigatingEvident when students, for example,be sensitive to and develop asense of responsibility for thewelfare of other people, otherliving things, and theenvironment421– par

Biology 11/ 12 Teaching Framework 2008 2 Program Design & Components Learning and Teaching Science What students learn is fundamentally connected to how they learn it. The aim of scientific literacy for all has created a need for

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