IEEE Std 1789 -2015, IEEE Recommended Practices For .
IEEE Recommended Practices forModulating Current in High-BrightnessLEDs for Mitigating Health Risks toViewersIEEE Power Electronics SocietySponsored by theStandards CommitteeIEEE3 Park AvenueNew York, NY 10016-5997USAIEEE Std 1789 -2015
IEEE Std 1789 -2015IEEE Recommended Practices forModulating Current in High-BrightnessLEDs for Mitigating Health Risks toViewersSponsorStandards Committeeof theIEEE Power Electronics SocietyApproved 26 March 2015IEEE-SA Standards Board
Abstract: This document includes a definition of the concept of modulation frequencies for lightemitting diodes (LEDs), a discussion on their applications to LED lighting, a description of LEDlighting applications in which modulation frequencies pose possible health risks to users, adiscussion of the dimming of LEDs by modulating the frequency of driving currents/voltage, andrecommendations for modulation frequencies (flicker) for LED lighting and dimming applicationsto help protect against known potential adverse health effects.Keywords: flicker, headaches, health, IEEE 1789 , LED lighting, migraines, modulation,perception, power electronic drivers, seizure, stroboscopic The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USACopyright 2015 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 5 June 2015. Printed in the United States of America.IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, owned by The Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers, Incorporated.PDF:Print:ISBN 978-0-7381-9644-2ISBN 978-0-7381-9645-9STD20178STDPD20178IEEE prohibits discrimination, harassment, and bullying.For more information, visit -26.html.No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permissionof the publisher.
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ParticipantsAt the time this IEEE recommended practices document was completed, the IEEE P1789 Working Grouphad the following membership:Brad Lehman, ChairMichael Poplawski, Vice ChairHoward Wolfman, SecretaryRobert AltkornDavid BannisterSam BermanAnindita BhattacharyaScott BrownXiao ChenPei-Ting ChouHenry S.-H. ChungJon ConnellJames DakinMontu DoshiJiri DrapelaYuan FuZdenko GrajcarSteve HayesJiao JianzhongFaisal KhanSusan LarsonJames LazarPeng LiYan-Fei LiuJonathan McHughNaomi MillerDavid NealBrandon OakesYoshi OhnoRadu Pitigoi-AronGene RiderScott RieseboschAnatoly ShteynbergMichael ShurDavid SlineyJennifer A. VeitchIngrid VogelsArnold WilkinsPeter WilsonLiang YanRegan ZaneThe following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this recommended practicesdocument. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.Robert AltkornDavid BannisterSam BermanBill BrownLiuchen ChangXiao ChenHenry S.-H. ChungJames DakinSourav DuttaRandall GrovesBrad LehmanPeng LiYan-Fei LiuHomer Alan MantoothWilliam McBrideJonathan McHughNaomi MillerDorin NeacsuCharles NgetheMichael PoplawskiGene RiderviCopyright 2015 IEEE. All rights reserved.Bartien SayogoSu ShengEugene StoudenmireJennifer A. VeitchJohn VergisIngrid VogelsArnold WilkinsPeter WilsonHoward WolfmanLiang Yan
When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this recommended practices document on 26 March 2015, ithad the following membership:John D. Kulick, ChairJon Walter Rosdahl, Vice ChairRichard H. Hulett, Past ChairKonstantinos Karachalios, SecretaryMasayuki AriyoshiTed BurseStephen DukesJean-Philippe FaureJ. Travis GriffithGary HoffmanMichael JanezicJoseph L. Koepfinger*David J. LawHung LingAndrew MylesT. W. OlsenGlenn ParsonsRonald C. PetersenAnnette D. Reilly*Member EmeritusMichelle TurnerIEEE-SA Content Production and ManagementErin SpiewakIEEE-SA Technical Program OperationsviiCopyright 2015 IEEE. All rights reserved.Stephen J. ShellhammerAdrian P. StephensYatin TrivediPhillip WinstonDon WrightYu YuanDaidi Zhong
IntroductionThis introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1789-2015, IEEE Recommended Practices for Modulating Current in HighBrightness LEDs for Mitigating Health Risks to Viewers.The IEEE P1789 Working Group was formed in December 2008. Prior that time, the impact of flicker inlight-emitting diode (LED) lighting was not being discussed. New technologies were being developed inLED lamps that introduced high levels of flicker. Occasionally, under special circumstances, some lampswould fail and cause flicker that could introduce seizures in the small percentage of the population thatsuffers from photosensitive epilepsy. One of the initial reasons to form the working group was to bringtogether a diverse community of experts to discuss the effects of flicker: members from the medicalcommunity, lighting community, photobiologists, electrical engineers, and many more. Without acommunity discussing the issue of flicker, it would not be possible for developers of LED lighting to fullyunderstand any health effects that might be related to their design. The intent of this document is to explainwhat is known about flicker in LED lighting and to provide recommended practices that can help mitigatepossible adverse biological effects of light flicker, when such mitigation is desired.This document was written through the following procedure:a)b)c)d)e)f)g)h)i)j)k)l)m)n)Creation of an outline of topics using teleconferences and web board discussions;Drafting of various publications and other working documents by primary authors;Presentation and editing of the working documents by subcommittees composed of experts inlighting, health, and flicker;Approval of the working documents of the subcommittees to be presented to all members of theworking group;Presentation of the working documents to all members of the working group by teleconferences andelectronic media;Solicitation of comments and edits from all members of working group;Revision of the working documents to include member comments;Merging of all the working documents into this formal recommended practices document;Inclusion of additional material into the merged document, written by primary authors andnecessary to make the recommended practices more complete;Obtaining of comments and edits from subcommittees on the recommended practices;Revision of the recommended practices document according to subcommittee comments;Submission of the recommended practices document for comments to all members of the workinggroup;Revision of the recommended practices document according to the comments from working groupmembers; andSubmission of the recommended practices document for ballot, following the official IEEEstandards balloting process for approval (not described here).The IEEE P1789 Working Group effort is an open process. All official comments or proposed edits fromworking group members for this document were formally entered onto a comment form. Regardless ofwhether a comment was fully accepted, partially accepted, or rejected, the reasons for the decision werealso entered on the form. As a matter of transparency and ethics, only comments submitted throughcomment forms or in official working group meetings/teleconferences were reviewed by working groupmembers.The process to develop this document took longer than initially anticipated. While the material in Clause 5and Clause 6 was developed by the working group carefully and in a timely fashion, the group wanted tocarefully weigh all the available scientific data in an objective and fair manner before it developed anyrecommended practice. It was decided that the working group members should develop a hazard and riskanalysis for flicker using a formal process. The development of the material in Clause 7 was led by thesame authors that developed the European Union Commission’s policy on consumer product recall. That is,the material in Clause 7 was carefully developed over a one- to two-year period by experts in hazardviiiCopyright 2015 IEEE. All rights reserved.
analysis who accumulated research data and scientific references and flew around the world (at their ownexpense) to interview experts in flicker, LED lighting, and human vision—all to prepare the material inClause 7.Similarly, the philosophy of the working group was to recruit experts in diverse research fields whenevernecessary to help develop material. To create a comprehensive and precise set of recommended practices, itwas necessary to include in the working group research experts in the fields of power electronic drivers,risk analysis, photobiology, vision, lamp design, psychology, LEDs, and many other areas. The result was adiverse field of experts, able to interpret scientific studies in medical fields, vision, electrical engineering,hazard analysis, and lighting. Many of the authors of the original scientific studies that are discussed in thisdocument also contributed to, and authored text in, this document; this collaboration leads to a strongconfidence in the scientific accuracy of IEEE Std 1789.Each clause was developed by separate subcommittees, and then input and comments were received fromthe entire IEEE 1789 community about the individual clauses. Brad Lehman, chair, served as editor-inchief of the entire document, but he also served as editor of Clause 1–Clause 3 and Clause 5 and co-editorof Clause 6 and Clause 8. Jennifer Veitch served as editor of Clause 4. Clause 7 had three co-editors: BobAltkorn, Xiao Chen, and Gene Rider. Additionally, Arnold Wilkins served as co-editor of Clause 6 andClause 8. Dozens of IEEE members contributed technically to the document, but major writingcontributions of this document were performed by Sam Berman, Faisal Khan, Naomi Miller, and MichaelPoplawski in addition to the previously listed editors.A goal of this working group and recommended practices document is to aid all standards groups that wantto develop suitable standards or certification processes about flicker in LED lighting. Observers fromvarious agencies were included in the working group (ENERGY STAR, NEMA, IEC, CIE, OSHA, andmany others). The working group plans to continue to work with these agencies and remain a resource forthem in their processes (see http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1789/).ixCopyright 2015 IEEE. All rights reserved.
Contents1. Overview . 11.1 Scope . 11.2 Purpose . 11.3 How to use this document. 21.4 Context and contents . 32. Normative references. 43. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations . 53.1 Definitions . 53.2 Acronyms and abbreviations . 54. Flicker. 54.1 What is flicker? . 54.2 The need for recommended practices specifically for LED lighting . 85. Explanation of flicker in LED lighting: Power electronic drivers .105.1 LED driving current frequencies in the range of 100 Hz to 120 Hz .105.2 LED driving current frequencies in the range of 3 Hz to 70 Hz .125.3 PWM LED driving current frequencies in the range of 120 Hz to 1 kHz .155.4 Experimental measurements of flicker in various light sources .176. Biological effects of flicker .206.1 Photosensitive epilepsy .206.2 Invisible flicker .226.3 Summary of biological effects .227. Risk assessment .247.1 Introduction and summary .247.2 Methodology.307.3 Terms used in the risk assessment .317.4 Risk assessment of different biological effects of flicker .327.5 Conclusion .428. Recommended practices .438.1 Recommended practices summary .438.2 Discussions about exposure duration .468.3 Justifications for recommended practices .478.4 Subharmonics at line frequency.528.5 Final comments on recommend practice .55Annex A (informative) Glossary .57Annex B (informative) Bibliography.60xCopyright 2015 IEEE. All rights reserved.
IEEE Recommended Practices forModulating Current in High-BrightnessLEDs for Mitigating Health Risks toViewersIMPORTANT NOTICE: IEEE Standards documents are not intended to ensure safety, security, health,or environmental protection, or ensure against interference with or from other devices or networks.Implementers of IEEE Standards documents are responsible for determining and complying with allappropriate safety, security, environmental, health, and interference protection practices and allapplicable laws and regulations.This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers.These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and maybe found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and DisclaimersConcerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed . Overview1.1 ScopeThe scope of this recommended practices document is to Define the concept of modulation frequencies for light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and discuss theirapplications to LED lighting.Describe LED lighting applications in which modulation frequencies pose possible health risks tousers.Discuss the dimming of LEDs by modulating the frequency of driving currents/voltage.Present recommendations for modulation frequencies (flicker) for LED lighting and dimmingapplications to help protect against known potential adverse health effects.1.2 PurposePresently, there are no standards on safe modulating frequencies for high-brightness LEDs. Vendorssuggest various driving frequencies—some at low frequencies and others at high frequencies. In the late1980s and early 1990s, studies showed that office fluorescent lighting with magnetic ballasts modulating attwice the ac line frequency increased the incidence of health-related problems, such as headaches,eyestrain, and, when the lamps were in failure, epileptic seizures. The detrimental effects depend on factorssuch as brightness, angle of viewing, wavelength, and depth of modulation, among others. The purpose ofthis document is to describe some possible health risks associated with low-frequency modulation of1Copyright 2015 IEEE. All rights reserved.
IEEE Std 1789-2015IEEE Recommended Practices for Modulating Current in High-Brightness LEDs for Mitigating Health Risks to Viewershigh-brightness LEDs and provide recommended practices to aid the design of LED driving systems tomodulate at benign frequencies in order to help protect against the described health risks.1.3 How to use this documentThis document is divided into eight clauses. Clause 1 provides the scope of this guide and its context withrespect to other IEEE standards and other standards that are related to the subject of flicker. (Clause 2 isreserved for future normative references.) Clause 3 lists relevant acronyms and abbreviations. Note that nonew definitions have been generated for this document; however, for the convenience of the reader,important definitions already in existence are cited in the glossary (Annex A). Clause 4 introduces theconcept of flicker and its metrics for lighting applications. Clause 5 describes how the various methodsused in the power electronic drivers for LED lights will have different effects on the light flicker that isproduced in the LED luminaire. Clause 6 gives a summary of the biological effects of flicker that haveappeared in the literature cited in this document (see the bibliography in Annex B). Clause 7 presentsformal risk analysis for flicker in LED lighting. Clause 8 presents three recommended practices relatingflicker to modulation depth and frequency. It should be mentioned that operating outside the low-riskrecommended practice regions presented in Clause 8 does not necessarily imply high risk. However,following the recommended practices would lead to high confidence that there is low risk of healthproblems to viewers due to flicker. This issue is further discussed in Clause 8.This document also contains two annexes. Annex A presents basic definitions used in vision and lightingwith which a typical power electronics designer may not be familiar. Annex B is a bibliography ofmaterials cited in this document.This document attempts to provide information to the reader (e.g., ballast designers, other standards, orcertification organizations), using the best knowledge available at the present time, on how to help mitigatethe risk of distractions and possible adverse biological effects caused by flicker in LE
IEEE Recommended Practices for Modulating Current in High- Brightness LEDs for Mitigating Health Risks to Viewers Sponsored by the . Standards Committee. IEEE . 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA . IEEE Power Electronics Society IEEE
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IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA 28 December 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society IEEE Std 81 -2012 (Revision of IEEE Std 81-1983) Authorized licensed use limited to: Australian National University. Downloaded on July 27,2018 at 14:57:43 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.File Size: 2MBPage Count: 86Explore furtherIEEE 81-2012 - IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity .standards.ieee.org81-2012 - IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity .ieeexplore.ieee.orgAn Overview Of The IEEE Standard 81 Fall-Of-Potential .www.agiusa.com(PDF) IEEE Std 80-2000 IEEE Guide for Safety in AC .www.academia.eduTesting and Evaluation of Grounding . - IEEE Web Hostingwww.ewh.ieee.orgRecommended to you b
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effort to get a much better Verilog standard in IEEE Std 1364-2001. Objective of the IEEE Std 1364-2001 effort The starting point for the IEEE 1364 Working Group for this standard was the feedback received from the IEEE Std 1364-1995 users worldwide. It was clear from the feedback that users wanted improvements in all aspects of the language.File Size: 2MBPage Count: 791Explore furtherIEEE Standard for Verilog Hardware Description Languagestaff.ustc.edu.cn/ songch/download/I IEEE Std 1800 -2012 (Revision of IEEE Std 1800-2009 .www.ece.uah.edu/ gaede/cpe526/20 IEEE Standard for SystemVerilog— Unified Hardware Design .www.fis.agh.edu.pl/ skoczen/hdl/iee Recommended to you b
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