Technical Product Documentation Using ISO GPS - ASME
Technical product documentation using ISO GPS - ASME GD&T standardsFOREWORDDesigners create perfect and ideal geometries through drawings or by means ofComputer Aided Design systems, but unfortunately the real geometrical featuresof manufactured components are imperfect, in terms of form, size, orientation andlocation.Therefore, technicians, designers and engineers need a symbolic language thatallows them to define, in a complete, clear and unambiguous way, the admissiblevariations, with respect to the ideal geometries, in order to guarantee functionalityand assemblability, and to turn inspection into a scientifically controllable process.The Geometric Product Specification (GPS) and Geometrical Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) languages are the most powerful tools available to link the perfectgeometrical world of models and drawings to the imperfect world of manufacturedparts and assemblies.This book is intended for designers, process engineers and CMM operators, andit has the main purpose of presenting the ISO GPS rules and concepts. Moreover,the differences between ISO GPS and the American ASME Y14.5M standard areshown as a guide and reference for the drawing interpretation of the most commondimensioning and tolerancing notations.A complete SolidWorks MBD tutorial has been added to the appendix of this book:SOLIDWORKS Model Based Definition (MBD) is a drawingless manufacturing solution that is embedded inside a SOLIDWORKS user interface. It helps companiesdefine, organise and publish product and manufacturing information (PMI) in a 3Dformat that complies with international standards.The author, Professor Stefano Tornincasa, has carried out research activitiesfor over thirty years in the field of functional design and geometric tolerances.He was President of the ADM Improve Association (Innovative Methods inPROduct design and deVElopment) from 2011 to 2015 and has publishedmore than 180 national and international scientific papers.He is co-author of the best-selling book on Industrial Technical Drawing, whichis currently adopted in the design courses of most Italian universities (E. Chirone,S. Tornincasa, Industrial Engineering Design, Volumes I and II, ed. Il capitelloTorino).Professor Tornincasa has conducted training courses on GD&T in many of themain manufacturing companies in Italy, and it is from this activity that he hasderived his skill and experience in functional design.His other research topics have been focused on product development, cycleinnovation through digital models and virtual prototyping methodologies (PLM)http://webd.polito.it/workbook/3
INDEXFOREWORD. PAGE 31. INTRODUCTION. 42. C LASSIFICATION AND INDICATION OF GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES. 93. D IMENSIONING WITH GEOMETRICAL TOLERANCES. 184. THE GD&T LANGUAGE ACCORDING TO THE ISO AND ASME STANDARDS. 22The fundamental ISO 8015 standard.25General geometrical tolerances.29The main differences between the ISO GPS and ASME GD&T standards.355. I NTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN THE SIZE AND FORM. 37Maximum material condition.37Least material conditions.40Virtual condition.406. DATUMS. 42Indication of the datum features.44Location of a workpiece in a datum reference frame .48Selection of the datum features.49Types of datums.52Datum features referenced at MMR and LMR (Size datum) .55Customised datum reference frame.56Examples of other modifiers used to indicate datums.59Datum targets.61Contacting feature.657. FORM TOLERANCES. 68Straightness 8. ORIENTATION TOLERANCES. 79Parallelism.79Perpendicularity.82Angularity.859. LOCATION TOLERANCES. 89Position tolerances.89Position tolerance applied to median surfaces.93Effects of Specifying the MMR Modifier. 105Concentricity. 107Symmetry. 10810. PROFILE TOLERANCES.11411. RUN-OUT TOLERANCES.120Circular run-out. 121Total run-out. 12212. G EOMETRICAL PRODUCT SPECIFICATION FOR NON-RIGID PARTS.1241. Introduction to SOLIDWORKS MBD.1282. The first step towards MBD: making a 3D model the master by leveragingon modelling dimensions with annotation views.1303. Using DimXpert for coordinate tolerancing.1374. 3D Views.1485. GD&T with DimXpert.1546. Preparing the model and reading manufacturing information.1617. Leveraging on PMI.168INDEX. 172
Technical product documentation using ISO GPS - ASME GD&T standards16,9dis minimtan umceFig. 52. Verification procedure of a shaft according tothe envelope principle or ASME Rule#1. The minimummaterial condition is controlled by an external gauge (themeasurement between two opposite points), while themaximum material condition is checked by means of anenvelope of perfect form with MMC dimensions.Envelope ofperfect formEnvelope ofperfect form(maximumcylinder)44,2 maximumtwo-pointdistances Fig. 53. Verification procedure of a hole according to the envelope principle. The minimum material condition iscontrolled by an internal gauge (measured between two opposite points), while the maximum material condition ischecked by means of a pin with the MMC dimensions.appropriate in the case of mating, may be restrictivefor all the other geometrical features, and maymake it necessary, in the latter case, to furnish anindication of exception (the ASME standards haveintroduced the È symbol, see Fig. 55), with theconsequence of a source of ambiguity being createdas it is not possible to be certain that the absenceof such an indication depends on the choices ofthe designer or rather on an oversight within acomplex technical document.Apart from this problem, the verification of theenvelope principle, which requires the use offunctional gauges1 or controls carried out bymeans of measurement machines that have1Gage in ASMEASMEdrawingISOdrawingFig. 54. The envelope requirement in the ISO standardis indicated by means of a circled E, which is placednext to the tolerance dimension; the hole has aperfect form when all the local diameters are in themaximum material conditions, that is, 18 mm.Fig. 55. If one wishesto apply the enveloperequirement inASME drawings, it isnecessary to insert theindependence symbol Inext to the dimension.33
ANALITIC INDEXAACS (Any Cross Section); 59; 107Actual Mating Envelope,AME; 46All around; 14All over; 14Altered default GPSspecification; 25Angularity; 85ASME BSC (Basic); 67ASME Y14.5 standard09; 23ASME-ISO comparison; 37Associated feature; 9Association methodology; 59Axis methodology; 94BBasic Dimension; 14Bi-directional toleranceof position; 105Bonus; 38CCenterplanes; 52CF symbol, see ContactingfeatureCircular run-out; 120, 121Circularity, see Roundness; 76Classification of GeometricalTolerances.; 11Coaxiality; 107Collection plane; 17Combined zone; 15Common datum; 53Common Zone, see CombinedZone; 15Complementary standard; 24Composite PositionTolerancing; 101Composite profile feature; 118Composite tolerance frame; 71Computer Aided Design; 5Concentricity; 107Concentricity ASME; 109Contacting feature; 65Coordinate dimensioning; 6Coplanar Surfaces.; 119Customised datum referenceframe; 56Cylindricity; 77CZ (Combined Zone); 116DDatum; 42Datum axis; 44Datum conical surfaces; 55Datum feature simulator; 45Datum features; 43dDatum pattern of holes; 53Datum targets; 61Default principle; 28Degrees of freedom of aworkpiece; 48Derived feature; 9Derived median line; 72DRF (Datum ReferenceFrame); 48Duality principle; 28,35DV (distance variable; 54EEnvelope requirement; 32Extracted derived feature; 9FFeature of Size; 19Feature-Relating Tolerance ZoneFramework; 109Filter specification; 77Fixed fastener formula; 98Flatness; 72Flatness (ASME); 75Floating fastener formula; 97Form tolerances; 10; 68Free State condition; 124Functional dimensioning; 4Functional gauge; 66. 111Functional gaugingtechniques; 72Functional limits; 28Fundamental standard; 24GGage; 33. 111Gauges; 33Gaussian (G) method; 59Gaussian circle; 70Gaussian dimensioningconcept; 35Gaussian interpolation; 70GD&T; 5; 22General geometricaltolerances; 29General specificationprinciple; 29General standard; 24Geometrical Casting ToleranceGrades; 31Geometrical tolerancesSummary chart; 116GPS; 9; 22GPS Matrix Model; 23IIndependency principle; 25Indication of a derivedfeature; 13Indication of thedatum features; 44Inspecting concentricity; 109Inspecting flatness; 74Inspection of roundness; 77Integral; 9Integral feature, indication; 13Intersection plane; 15Invocation principle; 26ISO 10579-NR; 124ISO 1101; 9; 24ISO 14638; 24ISO 2768/2; 29ISO 5459; 43; 58173
Analitic indexOISO 8015; 25ISO 8062-3; 31ISO/TC 213; 23LLeast Material Condition(LMC); 32, 40Least Material Requirement,LMR; 40Least Material Size (LMS); 97Least Material VirtualCondition, LMVC; 40Least Material Virtual Size,LMVS; 40LMB Least Material Boundary; 55Location tolerances; 10; 89MMaximum MaterialBoundary (MMB); 61Maximum Material Requirement,(MMR); 37Maximum MaterialSize (MMS); 41Maximum Material VirtualCondition, MMVC; 40Maximum MaterialVirtual Size, LMVS; 40Maximun Material Condition(MMC); 32Minimax Chebyshev; 18Minimum circumscribedassociation; 78Minimum zone criterion(Chebyshev); 77MMB Maximum MaterialBoundary; 55MMR Applicability; 39modifier T; 18modifier U; 119modifier X; 18NNon Rigid part; 124174Order of the datums; 49Orientation plane; 16Orientation tolerances; 10; 79OZ symbol; 117PParallelism; 79Pattern-Locating Tolerance ZoneFramework; 109Perpendicularity; 82Position tolerance ASME; 109Position tolerance mediansurfaces; 93Position tolerances; 89Position tolerancescalculation; 96Profile; 114, 115Profile any line; 116Profile tolerances; 116Projected tolerance zone; 98, 99QQualification of the datumfeatures; 50RReciprocity; 103Reciprocityrequirement (RPR); 104Regardless ofFeature Size, RFS; 37Related actual matingenvelope; 47Restraint Note; 126Rigid workpiece principle; 28RMB, Regardless of MaterialBoundary; 55Roundness; 76Rule#1; 32Runout tolerances; 10Run-out tolerances; 120SSelecting modifiers for positiontolerances.; 95Selection of thedatum features; 49SF (Fixed Size); 67Shift; 106Simulated datums; 45Size datum; 55Straightness; 68Straightness (ASME); 72Symmetry; 108, 110SZ (Separate Zone; 94TTaylor’s principle Rule#1; 32Theoretical envelope plane; 43Theoretically Exact; 89Theoretically ExactDimensions; 14Tolerance frame; 13Theoreticallyexact feature (TEF); 117Tolerance indicator; 12Tolerance, summary chart; 127Total run- out; 120, 122UUF (United Feature); 59UZ symbol; 117VVirtual boundary conditionmethodology; 94Virtual condition; 40ZZero tolerance; 103
Technical product documentation using ISO GPS - ASME GD&T standardsFig. 232. The tolerancezone is located by meansof theoretically exactdimensions with respect tothe system constituted bythree mutually orthogonalplanes, A, B and C. Primarydatum ASecondarydatum BExtractedmedian line Fig. 233. Interpretation of thetolerance zone shown in Figure232. The extracted, or derived,median line must fall within a 0,28mm cylinder that is perpendicularto datum A and located in atheoretically exact way withrespect to datums B and C.Tertiarydatum COriginSecondarydatum Btheoretically exact dimensions with respect to three mutuallyorthogonal planes, A, B and C, which can be simulated by meansof verification equipment, as shown in Figure 232.The extracted, or derived, median line must remain withina 0,28 mm diameter cylinder that is perpendicular to datumA, and positioned in a theoretically exact way with respect todatums B and C (Fig. 233). The virtual dimension concept ispresented in Figure 234 for the case of position tolerances; asusual, the maximum material virtual size (MMVS) of 50,2 mm ofthe pin is calculated by summing the maximum material size(50 mm) with the geometrical tolerance of position (0,2 mm). Inthe case of the hole shown in Figure 235, the most unfavourablecondition is obtained by subtracting the position tolerance (0,2mm) from the maximum material size (30 mm), thus a maximum material virtualsize (MMVS) of 29,8 mm is obtained.Fig. 234. Position Tolerance with the maximummaterial requirement. The theoretical boundary(MMVC) tolerance zone in the figure is appliedto an external feature of size.92The virtual dimension defines the theoretical mating boundary, whoseposition is controlled by the position tolerance, and it is a constant quantity, inthe sense that when the pin and the hole are produced at minimum materialcondition (diameters of 49,7 mm and 30,3 mm, respectively), the position
Designed withWhen dimensioning 2D drawings, it is left to the designer to judge whether all the manufacturingfeatures have been completelydefined or not.DimXpert assists a designer bygiving him/her a graphical display to help understand whetherall the manufacturing dimensionshave been defined or not. This isaccomplished by using the “showtolerance status” command, which can be found in DimXpertManager (Fig. 20).Fig. 21Fig. 22Fig. 23Fig. 20By clicking on this command, theface of a part may be colouredwith 3 different colours that havespecific meanings:Original colour of a partThe considered manufacturingfeature does not have any definition. YellowThe manufacturing feature is notcompletely defined. GreenThe manufacturing feature hasbeen completely defined. RedThe manufacturing feature is overdefined. In this case, all the faces of thepart are green, with the exception of the 20 mm hole, which isshown in yellow. This indicatesthat it is not completely defined,144as can be confirmed from the feature-based DimXpertManagertree, where a minus symbol canbe seen next to the “Simple Hole2feature”.By putting oneself in the positionof a person who is used to reading 2D drawings, it is possibleto state, without doubt, that thisdrawing has all the necessarymanufacturing dimensions. This isbecause a horizontal axis couldbe drawn across both holes onthe 2D drawing, and it is hopedthat the person who reads thedrawing will assume that the twoholes are horizontally alignedand the 35 mm vertical dimen-sion is sufficient to define the vertical position of both of them.DimXpert cannot make this assumption (drawing an axis herewould not help). In fact, if the35 mm dimension is clicked on,only the 10 mm hole will be highlighted, while the 20 mm holewill not (Fig. 22), which indicatesthat a vertical dimension wouldbe needed to completely definethe 20 mm hole location.Adding the other 35 mm dimension and again checking the tolerance status leads to all the facesappearing in green, which indicates that all the manufacturingfeatures are now completely defined (Fig. 23).
Fig. 20Fig. 21It can be noticed that, after creating a surface profile tolerance, all the manufacturing features willbe defined completely (since their tolerance statusappears in green and, by showing DimXpertManager in the feature based display, nofeature appears as underdefined.Fig. 22Fig. 23NOTE: as an alternative approach tocreating a collection and surface profile tolerance, it is possible to createa general profile tolerance to completely define the model using the generalprofile tolerance in DimXpertmanager.Fig. 24Fig. 25159
lerancing (GD&T) languages are the most powerful tools available to link the perfect geometrical world of models and drawings to the imperfect world of manufactured parts and assemblies. This book is intended for designers, process engineers and CMM operators, and it has the main purpos
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ISO 18400-107, ISO 18400-202, ISO 18400-203 and ISO 18400-206, cancels and replaces the first editions of ISO 10381-1:2002, ISO 10381-4:2003, ISO 10381-5:2005, ISO 10381-6:2009 and ISO 10381-8:2006, which have been structurally and technically revised. The new ISO 18400 series is based on a modular structure and cannot be compared to the ISO 10381
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