HORTICULTURAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT - Farmer

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HORTICULTURALTOOLS AND EQUIPMENTContribution of horticultural and floricultural crops to the total agricultural production in thecountry is quite significant due to highly favourable and varied agro-ecological diversities.Major field operations for horticultural crops include nursery/seedling preparation, post holedigging for planting, interculture, aeration, earthing, irrigation, plant protection, harvesting,handling, packaging transport. The cultivation of horticultural crops is predominantlydependent upon human labour, since commercial cultivation is only on a limited scale.Animal/power tiller or tractor-drawn mould board ploughs, disc ploughs, harrows, cultivatorsand rotavators, are available and used for land preparation. The fruits plants are generallyperennial plants planted in pits. The tractor or power tiller operated posthole diggers areavailable in the country up to 30 cm diameter. These pits are filled with good soil and manure.Inter-row spaces of the pits can be tilled with power tiller/tractor drawn tillage machinery todestroy the weeds, increase aeration and conserve moisture. Small power tillers can be used interraced fields.The fruit seedsand stonesare sownmanuallyfor raisingthenursery!seedlingsfor grafting ordirect planting. For planting bold seeds,manualdibblers have beendeveloped.The inclinedplate and pneumaticplantershave beensuccessfullyusedfor direct sowingof smallvegetableseeds.Vegetabletransplantersare undergoingextensive feasibility evaluation for plantingvegetable seedlings. Hand tools such as budding and grafting knife, pruning knife andsecateurscanbe used for plant propagationandpruning. Telescopichandlescan be used forthe pruning of the twigs and branches,which are not in the reachof humanhand. Hand toolsor sl')1allpower tillers with rotavatorscan be used for weedingand interculture. Differenttypes of sprayersand dustersare availablefrom manuallyto poweroperatedsuchas knapsacksprayersfoot operatedsprayers,poweroperatedmist blowersanddustersfor plant protection.Foggingmachinesand mist blowersare availablewhich canbe used in the greenhousesandfor covered crop cultivation Different types of pumps which includes centrifugal, turbine,submersible,axial flow, mixed flow pumps etc. are available for lifting of the water forirrigation. including sprinklerand drip irrigation systems.Harvestingis the most labour intensive operationdue to delicatenature of fruits. For tablepurpose,harvestingwould continueto be donemanually.Mechanical},arvestersfor fruits canbe usedwhere fruits are sentimmediatelyto processingindustriesfor extractionof juices ormaking other products. Grading of the fruits is done accordingto the size and colour, whichis presentlybeingdonemanually.Attemptshave beenmadeto developfruit gradersfor appleandoranges,which are yet to be commercialised.357

AXEFeaturesThe axe is a simple hand tool, which consists of cutting edge and an eye for fixing of ahandle. It is forged to shape from a single piece. Axes are available in various sizes andshapes.The commontypesarehandfelling, felling estatepatternand felling tradepattern.Foroperation,the operatorholds the handlewith both handsat convenientpositionand the tool israisedto suitable position and struck with force againstthe work. The penetrationi causedthrough impactaction, which shearsthe slice of wood. The axesare made from high carbonsteelandthe cuttingedgeis hardenedto 550-650HB.SpecificationsLength of head (mm)155-270,dependingupontypeWidth of cutting edge (mm)Hand axe100Felling axe115Felling estate pattern105-120Felling trade pattern65-85Weight (kg)1, 1.6, 1.8,2, 2.5, and 2.7 dependingupontypeUsesAxe is multipurpose cutting tool used for felling and delimbing of trees, splitting of logs forfirewood and dressing of logs for timber conversion. Small axes are also used for clearing 82,1291,1521,1528,557, 569, 633, 658, 699, 700,961,1004,1009,1010,1108,1536, 1614, 1667, 1684, 1732, 1736AXELocal Name:KutharFeaturesIt is a cutting tool made from spring steel or vehicle axle and is usedin north-eastern states of the country. The kuthar is made in a singlepiece by forging process by local artisans. This has a cutting edgewith an eye for fixing of a handle. The cutting edge is hardened andground to sharp edge for felling of trees and cutting of wood.Usually bamboo handle is used. The tool is operated by singleperson by raising the tool head with handle and striking the head358

againstthe materialto be cut.SpecificationRaw materials usedLeaf spring/vehicleaxle.WoodBladeHandleDimension of bladeLengthx WidthxThickness(mm)Angle between the blade and handle (degrees)160-200x90-110x35-4080-90Dimension of handle35-40800-10001.0-1.2 (without handle)Diameter (mm)Length (mm)Weight (kg)UsesUsed for cutting wood, bamboo, clearance if jungle and 51CARPENTRY AXELocal name:HatoraFeatureIt is an adzetype of cutting tool madeout of leaf spring orvehicle axle by forging operation. The tool is made insingle piece with an eye for insertion of handle. Thecutting edge is made sharp, hardenedand temperedtosuitablehardness.The tool is providedwith a shorthandle.For operationthe tool head is raised by the handle andstruck againstthe wood for peelingor cutting.SpecificationRaw materials usedLeaf x WidthxThickness150-170x50-60x15-20(rom)Dimension of handleDiameter (rom)Length (rom)Angle between the blade and handle (degrees)Weight (kg)30-35300-40085-900.40-0.50 (without handle)UsesIt is used for cutting and ripping of bamboo for mat structures, storage structures and to cutand split wooden logs.Sources(Appendix)136,232,853, 1083, 1095,1224, 1292359

AXELocal Name: SingjangFeaturesIt is a common cutting tool with a long wooden handle used inManipur region. These are available in two different shapes andsizes. The axe is made in single piece from old leaf spring steel orused vehicle axle by forging. The cutting edge is hardened andslightly curved. The operation is similar to other axes.SpecificationsRaw materials usedBladeHandleDimensions of bladeLengthxWidthxThickness (mm)Dimensions of handleDiameter (mm)::Leaf spring/vehicle axle.Wood:270-300 x 120-170 x 50-60:--.30-40Length (mm):Angle between blade and handle (degrees) :Weight (kg)900-110085 -901.40-1.60 (without handle):UsesUsed for cutting and splitting of woodenlogs and clearingof jungle.Sources(Appendix)789,792,799,803,1216, 1625, 1647AXELocal Name:EggingFeaturesItis a tedbyusedfellingThe axe is made in singlesteel or vehicleaxle by forgingforpieceoperation.ofartisanstreesofandfrom old leaf springThe cuttingand hardenedis slightlycurvedso that a part of the edge penetratein thewoodcuttingat a particularpowerforoperation.and struckhardness.edge issharpenedrequirementduringraised by the handleto suitablelocalinstantThe cuttingand reducesedgeFor operation the tool head isagainst the wood for cutting or splitting.SpecificationRaw material usedBladeHandleVehicle axle/leaf springWoodDimension of bladeLengthxWidthxThickness (mm)Angle between the blade and handle (degrees)Dimension of handleDiameter (rom)360180-200xI00-Ilx55-609030-35

Length (mm)Weight (kg)800-10001.00-1.20UsesUsed for clearing of jungle and forest and for felling trees and bamboo.SourcesVarious blacksmithsof Arunachal PradeshAXELocal Name:HraipniFeaturesThe hand tool is made in single piece from old leaf spring steel orvehicle axle by forging operation. The eye head is different in shapethan the conventional axes commercially available in the market.The cutting edge is sharpened and hardened. For easy penetration inthe wood the edge is made slightly curved. For operation, the toolhead is raised by the handle and struck against the wood.SpecificationRaw materialusedBladeHandleDimensionof bladeVehicle axle/leafspringWoodLengthxWidthxThickness(mm)Angle betweenthe bladeandhandle(degrees)Dimensionof handleDiameter(mm)Length (mm)Weight (kg)180-200 x 50-55 x 25-309040-45800-10000.80-1.00(without handle)UsesThe axe is usedfor clearingjungle and forest, felling treesand bambooand splitting of wood.SourcesVarious blacksmiths of Mizoram StateCARPENTRY AXELocal Name:HachhekFeaturesThe hand tool is similar to adze and generally used by thecarpentry for rough sizing. One of the end is tapered andflattened to sharp edge and the other end narrowed down toform a tang. The blade is made from leaf spring steel byforging operation. The tang is fitted in a bamboo handle.361

SpecificationRaw material usedBladeLeaf springBambooHandleDimensionof bladeLengthx WidthxThickness(mm)100-126 x 40-45 x 12-15Angle between the blade and handle (degree)75 (approx)Dimension of handleDiameter (mm)30-45350-4000.35-0.40Length (mm)Weight (kg)UsesUsed for ripping or splitting of wood and bamboo, rough sizing and to cut the wood for fuel.SourcesVarious blacksmithsof Mizoram State.AXELocal Name:SdieFeaturesAxe is one of the importantagriculturaltools of Meghalayausedfor cutting/felling big treesand clearingof vegetation.Thesearegenerally made of old vehicle axle or leaf spring scrap byforging. It is madein singlepieceand has cutting edgehardenedand temperedfor long servicelife and an eye for fitting handle.Its operationis similar to otheraxes.SpecificationsRaw materialusedBladeHandleDimension(without handle)Vehicle axle/leafspringWoodLengthxWidthxThickness(mm)Angle betweenthe bladeandhandle(degree)Dimensionof handleDiameter(mm)Length (mm)Weight (kg)150-200 x 80-100 x 40-509030-40800-10000.90-1.00UsesUsed for cutting wooden logs and clearing of 68,1070,1314,1597,161362

AXELocal Name: KuralFeaturesThe hand tool is made from old leaf spring steel or old vehicleaxle by forging to shape in a single piece. The body of the axe isslightly oval is shape. The cutting edge is made sharp for easypenetration in the wood. An eye is formed by punching andsizing during forging to fix a handle. For operation the tool headis raised by the handle and struck in the wood. The cutting edgeproduce a slit in the wood and the thick body makes the slitwider.SpecificationsRaw materialusedBladeHandleDimension(without handle)Vehicle axle/leafspringWoodLengthxWidthxThickness(mm)Angle betweenthe bladeandhandle(degree)Dimensionof handleDiameter(mm)180-225 x 60-80 x 50-7080-9030-45800-900Length (mm)Weight (kg)0.80-1.00(without handle)UsesUsed for cutting bamboo, trees and splitting of wooden logs.Sources(Appendix)166,509, 1019, 1050, 1 158,1271,1339,1542,1624DABFeaturesThe dah is a simple manuallyoperatedhandtool, which consistsof a cutting blade and tangmade in single piece by forging. The cross-sectionof the cutting blade is taperedtowardscutting edge, similar to knife. The tang is insertedinto the woodenhandle and fastenedbyriveting. For operation,the dah is held from the handle with one hand, raised and struckagainstthe work. The cutting is through impact and shearin&acti It is mad highcarbonsteel,tool steel,manganesesteelor alloy steeland forgedto shape.The cutting edgeishardenedto 400-475HB.SpecificationsOverall length (mm)Blade length (mm)480360363

Blade width (mm)Blade thickness (mm)60 at the handle which gradually reduces to 30 near thehandle6.5 tapers to 3.15 at the cutting edgeUsesThe doh is used for cutting of small trees, shrubs and clearance of jungle growth.Sources(Appendix)13,29,92, 116, 8, 699, ,1282,1291,1521,1528, 1536,1614,1667,1684,1732,1736FELLING DADLocal Name: KopidaFeaturesIt is a cutting tool used for various agricultural and domesticoperations. The blade is made out of old leaf spring steel ormild steel flat! angle sections by forging. The working edge isflattened and made sharp and the other end narrowed to form atang. The tang is inserted in the wooden handle. The cuttingedge is slightly curved. The cutting edge and flattened end,both are used for carrying out the operation.SpecificationsRaw materialsusedBladeHandleDimensionof bladeLeaf spring/mild steelflat or angleBamboo/woodLengthxWidthxThickness(mm)Angle betweenthe bladeandhandle(degrees)Dimensionof handleDiameter(mm)Length (mm)Weight (kg)250-280 x 80-100 x 4-618040-45200-2500.50-0.75(without handle)UsesUsed for cutting wood, bamboo, vegetables etc. It is also used for clearing jungle growth ,986,1083,1095,1168,1248,14871250, 1251, 1258, 1292, 1420,TEA PRUNING DAOLocal Name: Kalam katariFeaturesIt is a long blade-cutting knife with a curved tip. The dao blade is made from leaf spring ormild steel flat section by forging operation. The blade made from spring steel is hardened andtempered. A wooden handle is joined to other end of the blade by riveting. It is a popular tool364

edgedamong tea growers for pruning. It is operatedby a pullingaction. The curved tip helps in easypulling and cutting of dleDimensionof bladeLengthxWidthxThickness(rnrn)Dimensionof handleDiameter(rnrn)Leaf Spring or mild steel flatWood120-150 x 25-35 x3-5Length(rnrn)Angle betweenthe bladeandhandle(degrees)Weight (kg)20-30100-1201800.20-0.50UsesPruningof teabranches.Sources(Appendix)232,950, 1083, 1095,1258,1292,1420BILLHOOKFeaturesThe billhook is a manuallyoperatedhandtool, which consistsof a curvedblade in hook shapeand a tang to which a woodenor plastic handleis attached.The billhooks are available with single or double cuttingedges.The cross sectionof the blade tapersdown towardscutting edges.For operation,the tool is held in one handand struck againstthe work. The cutting is accomplishedthroughimpactand shearingaction.The bladeand the tangare made from high carbon steel, manganesesteel, toolsteelor alloy steelandforged to shape. Thecutting edgesarehardenedto 400-475HB.SpecificationsBlade length (rnrn)Blade width (rnm)Blade thickness (rnrn)Length and width of2ndcutting edge (rnm)Single2751353Double edged3001753130 and 20UsesThe billhook is used for lopping of branches,cutting of shrubsand other hard vegetativematerial.365

Sources (Appendix)13, 29, 92, 116, 155,206,209,249, 304, 385, 387, 391, 420, 557, 569, 633, 658, 699, 8,961, 1004, 1009, 1010, ,1536, 1614, 1667, 1684, 1732, 1736BUDDING KNIFEFeaturesThe buddingknife is an importanthand tool of a gardener,which consistsof a folding bladeand a handle.The blade has two edges.One of the edgesis sharpenedall along its length;---whereasthe blunt or the otheredgeis sharpenedon the tip and is slightly curved.This sharpenedcurved portion is usedto createa 'T' openingorslot on the bark of the motherbranchor twig forthe insertion of the bud. The edge sharpenedallalong its length is used for cutting of scion stick or defoliation of leavesfrom the scion andslashingof bud from the stick: Somebuddingknives have a shortand round plastic blade atthe end of handlecalledbudder,which is used for raising of the bark of the slot for insertionof the bud. The blade when not in use is folded into the handle.The blade is made from highcarbon steel, tool steel or alloy steel and hardenedto 460-510 HB. The outer part of thehandlequality woodis madeand thefrominternalthe horn,fittingsplasticfrom brassor fineoraluminium alloy and a spring steel strip isprovided to lock the blade in operatingposition./ :r:\.For operationthe sharpedge of the blade is heldagainstthe scion stick and force is applied at anangle,which causescutting of the stick.SpecificationsThe budding knives are available in various sizes according to the length of the blade. Thespecifications of a typical budding knife areBlade length (mm): 60Blade width (mm):15 at the budding end and 10 mm at the handleBlade thickness (mm):1.5 which is sharpenedto the cutting edgeUsesThe budding knife is used for the budding operation, cutting of scion stick, defoliation ofleaves and removing or cutting of unwanted thin twigs of the ,1291,1521,1528,557, 569, 633, 658, 699, 700,961,1004,1009,1010,1108,1536, 1614, 1667, 1684, 1732, 1736GRAFTING KNIFEFeaturesThe rafting knife is another imoortant plant propagation hand tool, which resembles ahousehold knife. The principal parts of the knifeare blade and the handle. The cutting edge of theblade is sharpened all along its length and the otheredge is blunt. The blade of the knife can be foldedInto the nanule Wilen not in use. A nail mark is provided in the blade to pull the blade from366

the handle. The blade is made from high carbon steel, ool steel of alloy steel and hardened to460-510 HB. The operation of the knife is similar to that of budding knife and it is mainlyused to cut the scion sticks for veneer grafting, cleft and stone grafting and inarching.Defoliation of the leaves of the scion stick, making'V' groove for grafting and making of chisel pointof the scion for insertion in the 'V' groove are thefunctions performed with the grafting knife. Theouter portion of the handle is made from horn,plastic or good quality wood and the inner portion is fitted with aluminium or br:ass strips anda spring steel strip for locking of the blade in working position.SpecificationsGrafting knives are available in various sizes and are specified by the workingblade. The typical specifications of a grafting knife are-length of theBlade length (mm):60, workingBlade width (mm):11Blade thickness (mm):1.5 at the blunt edge and sharpened at cutting edgeUsesFor cutting and defoliation of scion stick, making of chisel point and 'V' grooves for graftingand slashing of thin twigs and for general-purpose 2,1291,1521,1528,557, 569, 633, 658, 699, 700,961,1004,1009,1010,1108,1536, 1614, 1667, 1684, 1732, 1736BUDDING AND GRAFTING KNIFEFeaturesThe budding and grafting knife is a multipurposeknife to accomplishboth the budding andgraftingjobs. It consiststwo bladeseachfor buddingandgrafting, which are eitherjoined to acommon hinge or are fixed to the ends of thehandle. A plastic budder is provided to the otherend of the knife in which both the bladesarejoinedto a commonhinge or end of the handle.When notin use, both the blades can be folded into thehandle. The blades are made from high carbonsteel, tool steel or alloy steel and hardenedto 460-510 HB. With both the blades it is aversatile knife of the gardenerand is extensivelyused in orchards,vegetablegardensandplantations for budding and grafting purposesinorder to evolve new varieties.The handle of theknife is thicker to accommodatetwo blades.Theouter portion of the blade is made from horn,plastic or good quality wood andthe inner part hasbrass or aluminium strips with spring steel stripsfor locking of the blade in working position.SpecificationsBlade working length (mm) :Blade width (mm)Blade thickness (mm)Handle length (mm):65-75:15(budding)and 11(grafting): 1.5, harpenedto the cuttingedge95-105367

UsesFor budding and grafting in vegetables, nurseries and fruit gardens. The knife is also used forcutting of thin unwanted twigs, defoliation of leaves and general cutting works in nurseriesand orchards.Sources(Appendix)13,29,92, 116, 155,206,209,249,304,385,387,391,420,557, 569, 633, 658, 699, ,1282,1291,1521,1528, 1536,1614, 1667,1684,1732,1736PRUNING AND SLASHING KNIVESFeaturesPruning is a process of removing unwanted branches or twigs of a plant or tree for providingaeration, lighting and frame work which help in obtaining higher yields. Pruning and slashingknives are hand tools, which consists of a blade d tang joined rigidly to the handle. The tip --ofthe blade is either hooked or curved in order to cutor slash the small branches or twigs of plant or treeby pulling action. The tang of the knife is inserted inthe handle and joined rigidly by riveting. The blade.and tang are made from the single piece. The blade ismadehigh carbonfromsteel, tool steel or alloy steel and hardened to 45-55IHRC. The handle is made from good quality wood orplastic. For operation the blade is engaged with thethin branch or twigs and pulled towards the operatorto accomplish cutting. The blade is forged to shapeand cutting edge is sharpened.SpecificationsPruning knifeHookedCurvedSlashingknifehookedCurved200Blade length (mm)Blade width (MM)Blade thickness (mm)Blade thickness at\100-22524-35115245.6-6.34355.6355Cutting edge (mm)Handle length (mm)3.2-4.03.243.2165-200115175175200UsesFor cutting and slashing of thin branches and twigs of plantation crops and 82,1291,1521,1528,368557, 569, 633, 658, 699, 700,961,1004,1009,1010,1108,1536, 1614, 1667, 1684, 1732, 1736

MEDIUM CHOPPING KNIFELocal Name:HathdaFeaturesHathda is an important tool of bamboocraftsmen,fish/meatshopkeepersand farmers.The tool is usedfor agriculturalanddomestic purposes.The cutting blade is made from old leafspring steel or mild steel flat and angle sectionsby forgingoperation.The cutting edgeis drawn from the back to form asharpedge. The tool made from the spring steelis hardenedand temperedto a suitablehardness.Its tangend is insertedinthe handleand securedby a steelring. It is operatedby strikingthe cutting edgeagainstthe materialto be cut or mensionof bladeLengthxWidthxThickness(mm)Angle betweenthe bladeandhandle(degrees)Dimensionof handleDiameter(mm)Leaf spring/mild steelBamboo/wood230-260 x 45-65 x 4-618025-35140-1700.45-0.65Length (mm)Weight (kg)UsesIt is used for cutting wood, bamboo, fish and meat. It is also used for clearing of junglegrowthand 8, 1251, 1258, 1292, 1420,CHOPPING KNIFELocal Name:Nelia katariFeaturesThis cutting tool is made in one piece from old leaf springsteel, mild steel angle or flat. The tool is forged in two parts,blade and tang. The blade is curved like bill-hook and edge issharpened. The tool made from the spring steel is hardened andtampered to suitable hardness. A wooden/bamboo handle isfitted to the tang. It is operated by striking the cutting edge onthe job.SpecificationRaw materials usedBladeLeaf Spring steel, mild steelBamboo/woodHandle369

300-320Dimension ofbl.deLengthx \'/idthxThickness (mm)Angle between thl. blade and handle (degrees)150-180 x 25-35 x 2-3Weight (kg)0.10-0.15180UsesThe tool is used for o:utting wood, bamboo, fish and meat. ,It is also used for clearing forestvegetation.Sources (Appendi )tOO, 114, 121, 136, !.32, 261, 964, 986, 1083, 1095, 1168, 1248, 1251, 1258, 1292, 1 20,1487MULTIPURPOSE CUTTING KNIFELocal Name: ChemlukwmFeaturesThe tool is similar to bill-hook in shape and consists of blade andtang. The tang is inserted in a wooden or bamboo handle. Theblade of the tool is made from old leaf spring steel or mild steelflat by forging operation. The blades made from s!'ring steel arehardened and tempered to suitable hardness. It IS vperated bystriking the cutting edge against the material to be cut.SpecificationsRaw materials usedBladeHandleDimensions of blade::LengthxWidthxThickness (mm)Dimensions of handleDiameter (mm)Leaf spring, mild steel flatWood/bamboox 45-50 x 4-5::35-40Length (mm):Angle between blade and handle (d.::grees) :150-200180-185Weight (kg)0.15-0.20UsesIt is used for cutting shrubs, twigs and branche" of trees, clearance of jungle growth, cuttingand splitting of wood and bamboos. It is also \1ed for domestic purposes like cutting andslicing of meat, fish and vegetables.SourcesVariousblacksmithsof Mizoramstate.CHOPPING KNIFELocalName: TakalFeaturesThe hand tool consists of blade and handle. The blade is made from old leaf spring steel ormild steel flat section and forged to shape. The cutting end of the blade is flattened andcutting side beveled to sharp edge. The tang of the blade is inserted into wooden handle and370

secured in place by a steel ring. For cutting, the sharp edge isstruck against the material and cutting takes place due to piercingof blade edge in the material. The blades made from spring steelare hardened and tempered to suitable hardness.SpecificationsRawmaterialsusedBladeMild steel flat, leaf spring steelHandle"Dimensionsof bladeWoodLengthxWidthxThickness(mm)Dimensionsof handleDiameter(rom)300-330 x 100-120 x 4-6Length (mm)Angle betweenbladeandhandle(degrees)Weight (kg)30-45:150-2001800.55-0.70UsesIt is used for harvesting of crops, cutting of shrubs, tree branches splitting of logs, clearanceof jungle growth. It is also used by meat seller for chopping meat.Sources(Appendix)79, 143, 146, 759,1765510, 989, 1020, 1061, 1159, 1264, 1276, 1339,PRUNING SECATEURSFeaturesPruningsecateursalso known as pruning shearsresemblesa multipurposecombinationpliersused in a workshop. The need of secateurarosetocut the branchesor twigs, which are--difficult to cut by pruning knives. Being handyand easyto operate,it is consideredto be anessentialtool of the gardenerin plant propagation.Various types of pruning secateursarefabricated for removing or cutting of unwantedbranchesor twigs, cutting of scion sticks,defoliation of leavesfrom the sticks and topping of small trees.Theseare single cut, doublecut, parrot nosecut, roll cut, bes cut, supacut, replaceableblade type, easycut, kiln cut etc.The pruning secateurconsistof two cutting bladesor one cutting bladeand an anvil, handle,volute springto keepthe bladeand handle in openpositionand a locking device for keeping371

the secateurin closedposition. The blade is importantpart of the tool and is ,madefrom highcarbonsteel, tool steel or alloy steel. The bladesare forged to shape,ground sharp at thecutting edgeand hardenedto 460-510 HB. Handlesare made from aluminium or mild steeland in somecasesa cover of plastic is providedon the armsof the handle.Usuallythe arms ofthe handle follow a fixed path during cutting operationbut in somesecateursone of the armof the handleis maderotatingtype for easyoperation.For operationthe branchor the twig isheld in betweenthe bladesand handlespressedtogetherwhich producesshearingaction andcutting of the material.The secateuris selectedaccordingto the operationand size of the twigor branch.SpecificationsThe pruning secteurs are known by various names depending upon the shape of blades andare available in various sizes. The size refers to overall length of the secateur.Size (mm):Cutting capacity (dia. mm):150, 175,200,225,and 250up to 20UsesFor cutting of the unwanted branchesor twigs of the orchard tree, vines, scion 6, 8, 699, 700,701,780961,1004,1009,1010,1108,1126,1143, 1164, 1189, 1272, 1282, 1291, 1521, 1528, 1536, 1614, 1667, 1684, 1732, 1736PNEUMATIC SECATEURSFeaturesThe pneumaticsecateurs,also knownas pneumaticpruningshears,areusedfor pruningvinesusing pneumatic power. Gripping blade of the shearis stationaryand shearingaction isimpartedby the otherblade throughthe movementof piston.at the end of which it is fixed, with high-pressureair carried Iin a portable cylinder. The device offers effortless,accurateand swift cutting, at the sametime ensuringthe quality ofvines. The double acting piston facilitates easy pruning ofeven large branches.The extensionmemberhelps accesstobranchesinside canopy.The cuttingheadof the shearcanbeadjustedas neededacross360 .SpecificationsAir pressure requiredLength (mrn)Extension rod (mm)Weight (g)(bars) :7-15260600, 1200 and 1500685UsesPneumatic secateurs are used for pruning vines.Sources(Appendix)390372

made sharp and hardened to 45-48 HRC. For efficient cutting the blade is provided withadequate rake and gullet angles. The handle is made from good quality wood and rivetingjoins the blade. For cutting the blade is repeatedly moved over the branch and cutting is donein forward stroke.SpecificationsBlade length (rom)Blade width (rom)Blade thickness (rom)Pitch of teeth (rom)Rake angle (O)Gullet angle (O)300, 350, 400, and45042 and451.64 to 515 (straightedge)and20 (curvededge)57 (straightedge)and 65 (curvededge)UsesFor pruning or cutting of unwantedthick branchesof orchardtreeswhich are not possiblebypruningknife of secateuror treepruner.Sources(Appendix)13,29,92, 116, 8, 699, 8,961, 1004, 1009, 1010, 1108,1126,1143,1164,1189,1272,1282,1291,1521,1528, 1536,1614,1667,1684,1732,1736CHAIN SAWFeaturesIt is also called power sawand is a light andportablemachinenormally and operatedby oneperson.Cutting is done by an endlesschainfitted with cutters,which runs arounda flat piececalled the bar. The drive link of the chain runsin a groove,machinedin the edgeof the bar andare pulled along by the teeth of a sprocket,which engage them. The sprocket in turn isdriven at full speedeither by small two- strokepetrol engine or electric motor. The power tothe chain istransmittedthrough a centrifugal clutch mounted on crankshaftof theengine.The chainis of roller type and has left and right handcuttersspacedalternatelyalongits length. In front of eachofthe cuttersis a small projectioncalled a depth gaugewhosepurposeis t

Major field operations for horticultural crops include nursery/seedling preparation, post hole digging for planting, interculture, aeration, earthing, irrigation, plant protection, harvesting, handling, packaging transport. The cultivation of horticultural crops is predominantly dependent up

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Swing trading is not intraday day trading, moving quickly in and out. It does not involve taking fast-paced breakout trades where you are looking for quick wins. Swing trading is about profiting from the next swing in the market higher or lower. This can take time to play out whether on the smaller or higher time frames. Yes, sometimes this will happen quite fast. If you want a strategy where .