The Benefits Of Natural World Heritage
The Benefits of Natural World HeritageInternational Unionfor Conservation of NatureWORLD HEADQUARTERSRue Mauverney 281196 Gland, SwitzerlandTel 41 22 999 0000Fax 41 22 999 0002www.iucn.orgThe Benefits of Natural WorldHeritageIdentifying and assessing ecosystem services and benefitsprovided by the world’s most iconic natural placesIUCN
About IUCNIUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and developmentchallenges.IUCN’s work focuses on valuing and conserving nature, ensuring effective and equitable governance of its use, and deploying nature-based solutions toglobal challenges in climate, food and development. IUCN supports scientific research, manages field projects all over the world, and brings governments,NGOs, the UN and companies together to develop policy, laws and best practice.IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental organization, with more than 1,200 government and NGO Members and almost 11,000volunteer experts in some 160 countries. IUCN’s work is supported by over 1,000 staff in 45 offices and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and privatesectors around the world.www.iucn.orgAbout the IUCN World Heritage ProgrammeIUCN is the advisory body on nature to the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. Working closely with IUCN Members, Commissions andPartners, and especially the World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA), and with a range of partners, IUCN’s World Heritage Programmeevaluates new sites nominated to the World Heritage List, monitors the conservation of listed sites, promotes the World Heritage Convention as aleading global instrument for conservation, and provides support, advice and training to site managers, governments, scientists and local communities.The IUCN World Heritage Programme also initiates innovative ways to enhance the role of the World Heritage Convention in protecting the planet’sbiodiversity and natural heritage and positioning the worlds’ most iconic places as exemplars of nature-based solutions to global challenges.www.iucn.org/worldheritageAbout UNEP-WCMCThe United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity assessmentcentre of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organisation. The Centrehas been in operation for over 30 years, combining scientific research with practical policy advice.www.unep-wcmc.org/About BfNThe German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (Bundesamt für Naturschutz – BfN) is the German government’s scientific authority withresponsibility for national and international nature conservation. BfN is one of the government’s departmental research agencies and reports tothe Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB). The Agency provides the Ministry withprofessional and scientific assistance in all nature conservation and landscape management issues and in international cooperation activities. BfNfurthers its objectives by carrying out related scientific research and is also in charge of a number of funding programmes.www.bfn.dePhoto creditsCover: Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex, Thailand Our Place World Heritage CollectionPage 4: Central Amazon Conservation Complex, Brazil Steve McCoolPage 19: Morne Trois Pitons National Park, Dominica Liam Quinn (CC BY-SA 2.0)Page 20: Sundarbans National Park, India and The Sundarbans, Bangladesh Sourav MahmudPage 21: Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture, Spain G. PergentPage 23: Golden Mountains of Altai, Russian Federation Andrew Kudrin (CC BY 2.0)Page 25: Wadi Al-Hitan, Egypt Peter HowardPage 26: Sian Ka’an, Mexico Our Place World Heritage CollectionPage 28: Gunung Mulu National Park, Malaysia Our Place World Heritage CollectionPage 31: Pantanal Conservation Area, Brazil Tambako The Jaguar (CC BY-ND 2.0)Page 35: Škocjan Caves, Slovenia Borut LozejPage 36: Doñana National Park, Spain Calvin Smith (CC BY 2.0)Page 37: Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo IUCN Gérard CollinPage 38: Tubbataha Reefs National Park, Philippines IUCN Josephine LangleyPage 39: Lagoons of New Caledonia, France IUCN Dan LaffoleyPage 42: Yellowstone National Park, USA Our Place World Heritage CollectionPage 44: Kakadu National Park, Australia Our Place World Heritage CollectionPage 45: Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves World Heritage Site, Brazil Daniel Mitsuo (CC BY-NC 2.0)Page 46: Mount Athos, Greece Our Place World Heritage CollectionPage 47: Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System IUCN Elena OsipovaPage 48: Cape Floral Region Protected Areas, South Africa IUCN Elena OsipovaPage 49: The Wadden Sea, Denmark / Germany / the Netherlands IUCN Wendy StrahmPage 52: Yakushima Our Place World Heritage Collection
The Benefits of Natural WorldHeritageIdentifying and assessing ecosystem services andbenefits provided by the world’s most iconic naturalplaces
DisclaimersThe designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinionwhatsoever on the part of IUCN or other participating organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or ofits authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or other participating organizations.Published by:IUCN, Gland, SwitzerlandCopyright: 2014 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural ResourcesReproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized withoutprior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged.Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior writtenpermission of the copyright holder.Citation:Osipova, E., Wilson, L., Blaney, R., Shi, Y., Fancourt, M., Strubel, M., Salvaterra, T., Brown, C.,Verschuuren, B. (2014). The benefits of natural World Heritage: Identifying and assessing ecosystem services andbenefits provided by the world’s most iconic natural places. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. vi 58 pp.ISBN:978-2-8317-1694-7Cover photo: OUR PLACE World HeritageLayout by:Guilder Design, Dublin, Ireland (www.guilderdesign.com)Available from:IUCN (International Unionfor Conservation of Nature)World Heritage ProgrammeRue Mauverney 281196 GlandSwitzerlandTel 41 22 999 0000Fax 41 22 999 0002www.iucn.org/publicationsThe text of this book is printed on paper made from wood fibre from well-managed forests certified in accordance with the rules of the ForestStewardship Council (FSC).ii
ContentsAcknowledgements. ivExecutive summary. vAbbreviations and acronyms. vi1. Introduction.11.1 Purpose, scope and structure of the study.11.2 The World Heritage Convention and Outstanding Universal Value.11.3 Ecosystem services, benefits and human well-being.11.4 Threats and management of sites.22. Conceptual and methodological framework for the study.52.1 Conceptual framework.52.2 Ecosystem services typology.52.3 Methodology and datasets used in this study.62.3.1 Global geospatial analysis.62.3.2 Data from the IUCN World Heritage Outlook.62.3.3 Case studies.63. Global scale analysis of ecosystem services and benefits provided by World Heritage sites.93.1 Global spatial analysis.93.1.1 Carbon storage.93.1.2 Water provision.133.2 Conservation Outlook Assessments.163.2.1 Methodology for analysing Conservation Outlook Assessments data.163.2.2 Global assessment.163.2.3 Knowledge gaps.173.2.4 Drivers of change.173.2.5 Conclusions.184. Site scale analysis: Case studies of ecosystem services and benefits, economic valuation and governance models.194.1 Introduction.194.2 Ecosystem services and benefits.194.2.1 The value of water resources: Morne Trois Pitons National Park (Dominica).194.2.2 Natural hazard regulation: Sundarbans National Park (India) and The Sundarbans (Bangladesh).204.2.3 Climate regulation: Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks (Canada) and Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture (Spain).214.2.4 Cultural and spiritual values: Golden Mountains of Altai (Russian Federation) and Laponian Area (Sweden).234.2.5 Nature-based tourism: Wadi Al-Hitan (Egypt).254.2.6 Knowledge and Education: Sian Ka’an (Mexico).264.2.7 The provision of natural resources: Gunung Mulu National Park (Malaysia) and the Great Barrier Reef (Australia).284.3 The economic valuation of ecosystem services at natural World Heritage sites.294.3.1 Economic values.294.3.2 Valuation methods for World Heritage sites.304.3.3 Difficulties with monetary valuation.314.3.4 Case studies: economic studies of World Heritage sites.314.3.5 Overall conclusions and recommendations from monetary valuation case studies.414.3.6 Caveats for the use of economics.414.4 Governance and management case studies.424.4.1 Introduction.424.4.2 Governance by government: Yellowstone National Park (USA).424.4.3 Indigenous Lands: Joint Management at Kakadu National Park (Australia).444.4.4 Private protected areas: Salto Morato Natural Heritage Private Reserve (component of AtlanticForest South-East Reserves World Heritage Site, Brazil).454.4.5 A unique Community Conservation Area: Mount Athos (Greece).464.4.6 Co-management: Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System (Belize).474.4.7 Biodiversity Stewardship: Cape Floral Region Protected Areas (South-Africa).484.4.8 Transboundary management of ecosystem services and benefits: The Wadden Sea (Denmark/Germany/theNetherlands).495. Conclusions.516. References.53iii
AcknowledgementsWe are very grateful for the invaluable input and support wereceived from the members of the study’s Advisory Group: NeilBurgess, Nicholas Conner, Sue Stolton and Bas Verschuuren.We also wish to specifically thank Barbara Engels for hercontribution to the development of this study from its veryinception.We thank the authors who compiled some of the case studies:Christine Pergent Martini, Florence Revelin, Harvey Locke,Nicolas Pascal, Marina Cracco, Thymio Papayannis, JeniferGouza, Anja Domnick and Harald Marencic.We would also like to thank our colleagues in IUCN for theirsupport and advice, particularly Célia Zwahlen, Tim Badmanand Christelle Perruchoud. We are very grateful for the input,reviews and guidance we have received from Arnout vanSoebergen, Lera Miles, Elise Belle, Lisa Ingwall-King, NaomiKingston, Hilary Allison and Barney Dickson.This study would not have been possible without the individualsand organizations that have contributed to the developmentof the datasets that were used here and all those experts whowere involved in the preparation of the Conservation OutlookAssessments. The support of the MAVA Foundation for theIUCN World Heritage Outlook is gratefully acknowledged.Finally, IUCN and UNEP-WCMC thank the German FederalAgency for Nature Conservation (BfN) for their generousfinancial support that has made this study possible.iv
Executive summaryThe UNESCO World Heritage Convention celebrated its40th anniversary in 2012 and continues to play a key role inthe identification, conservation and promotion of the world’scultural and natural heritage of Outstanding Universal Value.As of May 2014, when the data was collected for this study,the 222 natural and mixed World Heritage sites covered 11%and 25% of terrestrial and marine protected areas respectively.Sites are inscribed on the World Heritage List because theyhave unique global values; however like all protected areas theyalso provide a range of locally, nationally and even globallyimportant benefits that people depend on.This study identifies and assesses the diversity of ecosystemservices, and in turn the benefits that World Heritage sitescan deliver to society and the economy through direct andindirect use or through inherent ‘non-use’ values. It also aimsto increase awareness and understanding of the multipleservices and benefits that ecosystems can provide as well astheir contribution to the well-being of local, national andglobal communities.Quantifying ecosystem servicesQuantitative information was used to explore the distributionof two ecosystem services – carbon storage and water provisionwithin the natural World Heritage network. Analysis forthe pan-tropics estimated that natural World Heritagesites harbour a total of 5.7 billion tons of forest biomass at10% tree cover threshold. The World Heritage network alsocontains higher forest biomass carbon density on average thanthe remaining protected area network in pan-tropical biomes,demonstrating its significant role in carbon storage and animportant contribution to climate change mitigation.Identifying the full range of benefits at global andsite levelEach World Heritage site is unique and so too is the rangeof ecosystem services and benefits it delivers to people atdifferent scales. This study presents the first global assessmentof ecosystem services and benefits from all natural WorldHeritage sites based on the analysis of the data collected via theIUCN World Heritage Outlook – the first global assessmentof all natural World Heritage sites. The analysis highlights that,collectively, the network supplies a wide range of benefits. Thebenefits most frequently identified at site level were ‘recreationand tourism’ (93% of all sites), ‘aesthetic values related tobeauty and scenery’ (93%), ‘resources for building knowledge’(92%), ‘provision of jobs’ (91%), ‘contribution to education’(84%) and ‘wilderness and iconic values’ (84%). From theenvironmental services, water provision has the highest scorewith 66% of sites having been assessed as important for waterquantity and/or quality. Carbon sequestration, soil stabilization and flood prevention were also identified as importantecosystem services provided by about half of all natural sites(52%, 48% and 45% respectively - with some 20% reportedas data deficient for each service, meaning that potentiallyanother 20% of sites could also be providing these services).The analysis indicates that some benefits, such as for exampleprovision of medicinal resources or the presence of sacredplants and animal species, are much harder to determine dueto a lack of data or knowledge. Significant regional differenceshave also been identified.Case studies further highlight the variety of benefits providedby World Heritage sites, including water provision, preventionof floods, carbon sequestration, cultural and spiritual values, aswell as opportunities for tourism, research and education andprovisioning services.Valuing the benefitsValuing the benefits provided by natural World Heritage sitesin monetary terms highlights their economic importanceto decision-makers and investors. This study provides anintroduction to a number of valuation approaches and draws onexisting economic valuation studies that have been conductedin World Heritage sites. It highlights that most existing studieshave looked at the ecosystem service values from tourism, asthese values are visible in terms of tangible money flows in thelocal economy. Further investigation of the other services iswarranted to get a clearer understanding of other importantvalues from ecosystems. Economic valuation as tool in decisionmaking should not be used alone. Decision-making processesshould balance economic information and non-monetaryvalues, such as the cultural and spiritual values, ascertainedfrom engagement with experts and local stakeholders.Ensuring continuous provision of benefitsThis report also demonstrates that human activities arecontinuing to impact on the health of ecosystems containedwithin World Heritage sites. A decrease in the functioning ofan ecosystem can have negative implications on the deliveryof services and benefits. Identifying and assessing ecosystemservices and benefits provided by natural World Heritagesites can therefore help raise awareness of the importanceof conservation of these sites. The study concludes that byconserving World Heritage Sites, results are not limited only tothe central task of the World Heritage Convention to protect“Outstanding Universal Value” but also extend to protectinghealthy and intact ecosystems and natural features that providebenefits to global and local communities both for the presentgeneration, and in the long term for generations to come.
Abbreviations and UK NEAUNDPUNEP-WCMCUNESCOUNFCCCVCFWDPAWHBundesamt für Naturshutz (Federal Agency for Nature Conservation)Convention on Biological DiversityCape Floral Region Protected AreasEuropean Environment AgencyFood and Agriculture OrganizationFundação Grupo Boticário de Proteção à NaturezaGreater Cederberg Biodiversity CorridorGlobal Environment FacilityGreenhouse gasesIndigenous and Community Conserved AreaInstituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da BiodiversidadeIntergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem ServicesIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeInternational Union for Conservation of NatureMillennium Ecosystem AssessmentMapping and Assessment of Ecosystem ServicesNon-timber forest productsOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentOutstanding Universal ValueProtected Areas Benefit Assessment ToolToolkit for Ecosystem Service Site-based AssessmentThe Economics of Ecosystems and BiodiversityTotal Economic ValueUK National Ecosystem AssessmentUnited Nations Development ProgrammeUnited Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring CentreUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeVegetation Continuous FieldsWorld Database on Protected AreasWorld Heritagevi
1. Introduction1.1 Purpose, scope and structureof the studythe website of the IUCN World Heritage Outlook (http://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/), which presents the firstglobal assessment of all natural World Heritage sites.The main purpose of this study is to increase awareness andunderstanding of the full range of direct and indirect benefitsthat local, national and global communities can receive fromnatural and mixed World Heritage (WH) sites. Examples ofbenefits, in addition to biodiversity conservation, include theprevention of floods, opportunities for tourism, cultural andspiritual values and the provision of food and water.This report targets a wide range of audiences, includingWH site managers, decision makers and the civil society. Inparticular, it can help inform management decisions whichresult in strategies to conserve healthy, functioning ecosystemswithin WH sites that support the delivery of multiple benefitsto our societies and economies.This study has four objectives:i. To assess specific ecosystem services (standing carbonand water provision) provided by natural World Heritagesites globally using spatial data.ii. To explore the full range of benefits provided by naturalWorld Heritage sites globally and at the site level.iii. To value benefits in monetary terms (where appropriate)through compilation of existing case studies of economicvaluationiv. To examine the different governance models that canfavour the delivery of ecosystem services and widerbenefits.To achieve these aims the study uses the best available spatialdata at the global scale as well as quantitative and qualitativeinformation on benefits at the site level.This report is divided into five chapters. Following this introduction (Chapter 1), Chapter 2 outlines the methodologicalframework for this study. Chapter 3 presents the results of theglobal analysis of key ecosystem services and benefits. Chapter4 uses illustrative case studies from specific World Heritagesites to highlight (i) the range of benefits the World Heritagenetwork provides, (ii) economic valuation studies that havebeen undertaken and the economic approaches used and (iii)the different governance models. Chapter 5 draws togethersome of the key messages from the study.Funded by the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation(Bundesamt für Naturschutz – BfN), the study was carriedout by the International Union for Nature Conservation(IUCN) and the United Nations Environment ProgrammeWorld Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC).This report accompanies the online benefits atlas hosted on11.2 The World Heritage Conventionand Outstanding Universal ValueThe UNESCO World Heritage Convention celebrated its40th anniversary in 2012 and continues to play a key rolein the identification, conservation and promotion of theworld’s most outstanding cultural and natural sites. To date190 countries have ratified the Convention and inscribed 962sites in 157 countries on the UNESCO World Heritage List.As of May 2014, the 222 natural and mixed World Heritagesites cover 11% and 25% of terrestrial and marine protectedareas, respectively. Among these are 159 sites that have beenrecognized for their outstanding biodiversity values, includingmany of the most iconic natural areas in the world (Figure 1).‘Outstanding Universal Value’ (OUV) is the key requirementfor inscription of a site on the World Heritage List and means“cultural and/or natural significance which is so exceptionalas to transcend national boundaries and to be of commonimportance for present and future generations of all humanity”(UNESCO 2013). To be deemed of OUV, a site must meet oneor more of the ten World Heritage criteria, the correspondingconditions of integrity and/or authenticity (only cultural sites),and protection and management requirements (Figure 2). Thefour natural World Heritage criteria are listed below: (vii) contain superlative natural phenomena or areas ofexceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance; (viii) be outstanding examples representing major stages ofearth’s history, including the record of life, significant ongoing geological processes in the development of landforms, orsignificant geomorphic or physiographic features; (ix) be outstanding examples representing significant ongoing ecological and biological processes in the evolution anddevelopment of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marineecosystems and communities of plants and animals; or (x) contain the most important and significant naturalhabitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity,including those containing threatened species of OutstandingUniversal Value from the point of view of science orconservation.1.3 Ecosystem services, benefitsand human well-beingProtected areas, such as natural World Heritage sites, are, forthe most part, established in functioning and healthy naturalIn this document reference to ‘natural’ World Heritage Sites includes both natural and mixed sites.
The Benefits of Natural World HeritageBiodiversity sitesOther natural sitesFigure 1. Global distribution of the 222 natural and mixed World Heritage properties. Green points indicate the 159 biodiversity sitesinscribed under biodiversity criteria (ix) and/or (x). Amber squares indicate the natural and mixed World Heritage properties that are not inscribedunder biodiversity criteria. For simplicity, all sites, including serial sites with multiple component parts, are represented as a single point or squareon this map. Source: updated from (Bertzky et al., 2013).ecosystems (Kettunen & ten Brink, 2013). Ecosystem functioning refers to a range of complex bio-physical processesassociated with for example energy, water and nutrientcycling, trapping energy from the sun, and the building ofsoil. Ecosystem services can be described as the outputs ofecosystems from which people derive benefits (UK NEA,2011) . Cultural services, specifically, deliver benefits thatare enjoyed through meaningful interaction of people withnature such as spiritual and religious experiences. Examplesof ecosystem services include resources for subsistence,maintenance of the quantity and quality of water resourcesthat can be used for drinking and irrigation, erosion control,and the maintenance of social and cultural values (UNESCOet al., 2012).In addition to being of Outstanding Universal Value andproviding biodiversity and geoheritage conservation benefits,the value of other benefits that World Heritage
Nicolas Pascal, Marina Cracco, Thymio Papayannis, Jenifer Gouza, Anja Domnick and Harald Marencic. We would also like to thank our colleagues in IUCN for their support and advice, particularly Célia Zwahlen, Tim Badman and Christelle Perruchoud. We are very grateful for the inp
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