Coating Of Tablets And Multiparticulates
Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology0510543Coating of tablets andmultiparticulates
DEFINITION Tablet coating is the application of a coatingmaterial to the exterior of a tablet with theintention of conferring benefits and propertiesto the dosage form over the uncoated variety. In its widest sense the technology is alsoapplicable to multiparticulate systems intendedfor modified-release applications. To a much lesser extent coatings may also beapplied to hard-shell and soft elastic capsules.
Types of tablet coating 1.2.3.Three main types are in use:Film coatingSugar coatingPress coating. Of these, film coating is the major technique: virtually allnew coated products introduced on to the market are filmcoated. Sugar coating is the more traditional technology and hasseen no real developments in recent years. As a proportionof the total output of coated tablets on a global basis,though, it is still of some economic importance.
Reasons for coating tablets1. Ingredients may need protection from theenvironment, particularly light and moisture.2. Many drugs have a bitter or otherwise unpleasanttaste: coating is an efficient way to mask suchtastes. Tablets that are coated are also somewhateasier to swallow than uncoated tablets.3. Coloured coatings also mask any batch differencesin the appearance of raw materials and hence allaypatient concern over tablets of differingappearance.Factors 2 and 3 aid patient compliance with dosageschemes.
4. Coatings may be optimized with respect to colouration andgloss to aid in their sales appeal or to reinforce a marketingbrand identification.5. Coloured coatings aid in the rapid identification of productby the manufacturer, the dispensing pharmacist and thepatient.6. Coating tablets facilitates their handling on high speedautomatic filling and packaging equipment: Very often coating confers an added mechanical strength tothe tablet core. Cross contamination is also reduced in the manufacturingplant, as 'dusting' from tablets is eliminated by coating.7. Functional film coatings are used to impart enteric orcontrolled-release properties to the coated tablet or, moreusually, to coated multiparticulates .
FILM COATING This is the more modern and generally usedtechnology in tablet coating. Nearly all newly launched coated products are film coatedrather than sugar coated, for the reasons given in Table 28.1.
Process description Film coating involves the deposition, usually by a spraymethod, of a thin film of polymer surrounding the tablet core. It is possible to use conventional panning equipment, butmore usually specialized equipment is employed to takeadvantage of the fast coating times and high degree ofautomation possible. The coating liquid (solution or suspension) contains a polymerin a suitable liquid medium together with other ingredientssuch as pigments and plasticizers. This solution is sprayed on to a rotating, mixed tablet bed orfluid bed. The drying conditions permit the removal of thesolvent so as to leave a thin deposition of coating materialaround each tablet core.
Coating suspension formulation Typically this comprises:1. Polymer2. Plasticizer3. Colourants4. Solvent.
Ideal characteristics of a film coatingpolymer Solubility:1. For conventional film coating the polymer shouldhave good solubility in aqueous fluids to facilitatethe dissolution of the active ingredient from thefinished dosage form.2. However, where a modified-release action isrequired then a polymer system of low watersolubility or permeability will be chosen.
Viscosity: In general, polymers should have a low viscosity fora given concentration. This will permit the easy, trouble-free spraying oftheir solutions in industrial film coating equipment. Permeability: Film coating can be used to optimize the shelf-life ofa tablet preparation, as some polymers are efficientbarriers against the permeability of water vapour orother atmospheric gases. These properties vary widely between the individualpolymers.
Mechanical properties: The particular polymer chosen for a film coatformulation must be one with adequate strength towithstand the impact and abrasion encountered innormal handling. Insufficient coating strength will be demonstratedby the development of cracks and otherimperfections in the coating. It should be mentioned that the polymer chosenmust also comply with the relevant regulatory andpharmacopoeial requirements current in theintended marketing area
Types of polymer available1. Cellulose derivatives2. Methacrylate amino ester copolymers3. Ethylcellulose and the ammoniomethacrylate copolymers
Cellulose derivatives Most are substituted ethers of cellulose. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is the most widelyused of the cellulosic polymers:1. It is soluble in aqueous media2. forms films which are mechanically tough andrelatively easy to apply.3. The resultant film can be clear or coloured withpermitted pigments. Other cellulosic derivatives used in film coating are:1. Methylcellulosesoluble2. Hydroxypropyl cellulose.
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
Methacrylate amino ester copolymers Basically these polymers are insoluble in waterbelow pH 4, but in neutral or alkaline media thefilms achieve solubility by swelling and increasedpermeability. For simple formulations the disintegration of thecoating can be optimized by the incorporation ofwater-soluble materials and also by starches. Chemically anexample oethyl)methacrylate methylmethacrylate.
For coatings designed to confer a modified releaseaspect to the final dosage form, more waterinsoluble polymers are used. Theseincludeethylcelluloseammonio methacrylate copolymers.andthe Yet another group of polymers is designed to providean enteric protection to the dosage form. This effectis achieved by a pH selectivity of the polymer whereit is insoluble at the low pH environment of thestomach yet becomes soluble as the higher pH of theduodenum and the distal portion of thegastrointestinal system is reached.
Aqueous polymer dispersions Industrially, specialized dispersions of waterinsoluble polymers such as ethylcellulose andammonio methacrylate copolymers for use inaqueous media are frequently encountered in thecoating of beads and granules for use in modifiedrelease preparations. The advantage of these materials is that theypermit the aqueous processing of otherwisewater-insoluble polymers, with the consequentbenefits of this method of processing.
Plasticizers Plasticizers are generally added to film coating formulations tomodify the physical properties of the polymer to make itmore usable. One important property is their ability to decrease filmbrittleness. It is generally accepted that the mechanism by which polymersexert their action is for them to interpose themselves on amolecular scale between the polymer strands. In doing so they permit these strands to move more freely andallow the polymer to act in a more pliable fashion.flexible
Examples of plasticizers are:1.polyols, such as polyethylene glycol 4002.organic esters, such as diethyl phthalate3.oils/glycerides, such as fractionated coconut oil. In general, only water-miscible plasticizers canbe used for aqueous-based spray systems.
Colourants Any permitted colourants in a film coat formula are invariablywater-insoluble colours (pigments). 1.2.3.Pigments have certain advantages over water-soluble colours:they tend to be more chemically stable towards lightprovide better opacity and covering poweroptimize the impermeability of a given film to water vapour. 1.2.3.Examples of colourants are:iron oxide pigmentstitanium dioxidealuminium Lakes.
Solvents After the early development of film coating inthe 1950s the polymers used were invariablydissolved in an organic solvent. Modern techniques now rely on water as asolvent because of the significant drawbacksthat readily became apparent with the use oforganic solvents.
The disadvantages of organic solvents: Environmental: the venting of untreated organic solventvapour into the atmosphere is ecologically unacceptable, andefficient solvent vapour removal from gaseous effluent isexpensive. Safety: organic solvents provide explosion, fire and toxichazards to plant operators. Financial:1. the use of organic solvents necessitates the building of flameand explosion-proof facilities.2. Ingredient cost is also comparatively high,3. the associated costs of storage and quality control. Solvent residues: for a given process the amount of residualorganic solvent in the film must be investigated.
Process details The vast majority of film-coated tablets are produced by aprocess which involves the atomization (spraying) of thecoating solution or suspension on to a bed of tablets. Some examples of equipment suitable for film coatinginclude:1. Accela Cota - Manesty Machines, Liverpool, UK2. Hi-Coater - Freund Company, Japan3. Driacoater - Driam Metallprodukt GmbH, Germany4. HTF/150-GS, Italy5. IDA - Dumoulin, France.
Examples of units that function on a fluidizedbed principle include:1. Aeromatic-Fielder, Switzerland and UK2. Glatt AG, Switzerland and Germany
Accela Cota
Basic process requirements for filmcoating1. adequate means of atomizing the spray liquid for applicationto the tablet cores;2. adequate mixing and agitation of the tablet bed: Spray coating relies upon each core passing through the areaof spraying. This is distinct from sugar coating, where eachapplication is spread from tablet to tablet prior to drying;3. sufficient heat input in the form of drying air to provide thelatent heat of evaporation of the solvent. This is particularly important with aqueous-based spraying;4. good exhaust facilities to remove dust- and solvent-laden air.
Ideal characteristics of film-coatedtablets1. should display an even coverage of film and colour.2. There should be no abrasion of tablet edges orcrowns.3. Logos and break lines should be distinct and not filledin.4. The tablet must also be compliant with finishedproduct specifications and any relevant compendialrequirements.
Coating faults These arise from two distinct causes: Processing: for example, inadequate dryingconditions will permit coating previously depositedon the tablet surface to stick against neighbouringtablets. When parted, this will reveal the originalcore surface underneath. Formulation faults: film cracking or 'bridging' ofbreak lines are examples of this type. After takingdue account of the mechanical properties of the film,reformulation will almost certainly be successful inovercoming the problem
SUGAR COATING Sugar coating may be considered the traditional method ofcoating tablets. It involves the successive application of sucrose-basedsolutions to tablet cores in suitable coating equipment. Conventional panning equipment with manual application ofsyrup has been extensively used, although more specializedequipment and automated methods are now making animpact on the process.
Stages involved in the production ofsugar-coated tablets Sugar coating is a multistage process and canbe divided into the following steps:1. Sealing of the tablet cores2. Subcoating3. Smoothing4. Colouring5. Polishing6. Printing.
Sealing Initially the tablet cores to be sugar coated are sealed againstthe entry of water by the application of a waterimpermeable polymer. Shellac has traditionally been used for this purpose and isindeed still used a great deal today, although more reliablematerials, such as cellulose acetate phthalate and polyvinylacetate phthalate, also find favour.
Subcoating To attain the typically rounded profile of a sugarcoated tablet the sealed tablet core must be built upto gain the desired profile. This process of subcoating is usually performed byadding bulking agents such as calcium carbonate ortalc to the applied sucrose solutions. A gum such as acacia is also added to the appliedsuspension.
Smoothing After the correct profile has been obtained the subcoatedtablets will almost certainly have a rough surface, which willhave to be made smooth before the next stage can becommenced. This is accomplished by the application of a few coats ofsucrose syrup.Colouring Nearly all sugar-coated tablets are coloured, as aestheticappearance is usually considered to be of great importancewith this dosage form. The pigments used are those permitted by the nationallegislation of the country where the products are to bemarketed.
Polishing After the colour-coating stage the tablets will require aseparate polishing stage for them to acquire an acceptableappearance. Several methods can be used, but commonlybeeswax and carnauba wax are used in the process.Printing To facilitate identification sugar-coated tablets are usuallyprinted with a manufacturer's logo or code. The printing process used is an offset gravure in conjunctionwith special edible inks,safe to eatalthough the inkjet process is starting to make an impact.
Process details Typically tablets are sugar coated by a panningtechnique. The simplest form would be a traditionalsugar-coating pan with a supply of drying air(preferably of variable temperature andthermostaticallycontrolled)anda fan-assisted extract to remove dust- andmoisture-laden air.
Methods of applying the coating syrup include1. manually using a ladle,2. automatic control. In modern equipment some form of automaticcontrol is available for the application of coatingsyrups. In general, the equipment listed under filmcoating can, with suitable modification, be usedfor sugar-coating techniques.
Ideal characteristics of sugar-coatedtablets1. First the tablets must comply with finished productspecifications and any appropriate compendialrequirements.2. Sugar-coated tablets should ideally be of a perfectlysmooth rounded contour with even colourcoverage. Most manufacturers take advantage of theaesthetic appeal of a sugar-coated tablet and polishto a high gloss.3. Any printing should be distinct, with no smudgingor broken print.
Coating faults These are usually associated with processdefects, such as splitting of the coat onstorage, caused by inadequate drying duringthe coating application.
PRESS COATING The technology of press coating differs radically from thepreviously described film- and sugarcoating techniques. Press coating involves the compaction of granular materialaround an already preformed core using compressingequipment similar to that used for the core itself, e.g.Manesty Drycota. Today press coating is used mainly to separate chemicallyincompatible materials, one or more being placed in the coreand the other(s) in the coating layer.Compaction of granularmaterial around an alreadypreformed core.
However, there is still an interface of contact leftbetween the two layers. In cases where even this is important then theprocess of press coating can be taken one stagefurther. It is possible to apply two press coatings to a tabletcore using suitable equipment, e.g. Manesty Bicota. This equipment produces press-coated tablets withperfect separation between active core and coating,as the two can be separated by an inert middle layer.
The formulation and processing of the coating layerrequires some care. Large or irregularly sized agglomerates of granuleswill cause the core to tilt in the second die used forcompression of the coating. Thus there is the possibility of an incompletecoating, with the core being visible at the tabletsurface. The disadvantages of the process arise from therelative complexities of the mechanism used in thecompressing equipment.
FUNCTIONAL COATINGS All the coatings described above have beendesigned as a taste mask, as an identificationaid, or indeed for many of the reasonspreviously discussed for coating tablets. There are, however, tablet coatings thatperform a pharmaceutical function, such asconferring controlled or enteric release on thedosage form.
Controlled-release coatings Film coating provides an extremely effective way ofconferring a controlled-release aspect to a tablet or,more usually, a multiparticulate system. After coating these particles are filled into hard gelatinshells, or occasionally compressed directly into tabletsby a process which permits minimal rupture of theapplied film. The coatings involved use polymers with restrictedwater solubility or permeability, and includeethylcellulose and modified acrylate derivatives.
Multiparticulates, commonly referred to as 'pellets'or 'beads', find favour over conventional nondisintegrating tablets for controlled release use,owing to a number of factors:1. Their small size (typically 0.7-2.00 mm) allows themto: pass through the constricted pyloric sphincter and distribute themselves along the gastrointestinaltract. This tends to overcome the disadvantage that wholetablets have of a rather irregular passage throughthe gastrointestinal tract and consequent irregularabsorption
2. Whole, non-disintegrating tablets can be liable tolodge in restrictions within the gastrointestinal tract,and this can lead to ulcerative damage to the gastricmucosa as the drug solution is leached out from thetablet. Because of their small size, this is not a problem withmultiparticulates.3. Should an individual bead or pellet fail and release allof its contents at once the patient would not beexposed to any undue risk. This is certainly not the case if a non-disintegratingtablet failed, when the consequences would potentiallybe serious.
Types of multiparticulate Drug crystalsIrregular granulesSpheronized granulatesDrug-loaded Non-pareilsMini tablets
Drug crystalsDrug crystals, as long as they are of theappropriate size and shape (elongated or acicular crystals shouldbe avoided), can be directly coated with a modified release filmcoating.Irregular granulesGranulates, such as those regularly used toprepare tablets, can be film coated butvariation in particle size distribution ( from batch to batch), aswell as the angular nature of such particles, can make it difficultto achieve uniform coating thickness around each particle.
Spheronized granulates Spheroidal particles simply the coating process. These are produced in modified granulatingequipment, with the drug granulation extrudedthrough a mesh or other device under pressureto form small granulates which aresubsequently spheronized
Drug-loaded Non-pareils Another process or producing spheroidal particles involvesthe application of drug to the surface of placebo pellets,often called nonpareils.spherical particles about 1mm in diameter consisting primarily of sucrose andstarch,may also be prepared using microcrystalline cellulose. The spheres which are coated with the drug plus an adhesiveyet water soluble polymer. After their formation and any necessary intermediate stepssuch as drying. they may be coated with the controlled-release coating.
Application of the drug uses either:1.A powder-dosing technique involvingalternate dosing of powder (containing the drug substance)and binder liquid onto the surface of the nonpareils untilthe required dose of drug has been achieved.2. Spray application of drug, either suspended or dissolved in asuitable solvent (usually water) containing also a polymerbinder (such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or polyvinylpyrrolidone) onto the surface of the nonpareils.Nano- carrier for vaccines
Mini tablets Many of the other types of multiparticulates described so farsuffer from two potential batchwise drawbacks, namely:1. variation in particle size distribution2. variation in particle shape and surface roughness. Such variability can result in variable coating thickness and thusproduct performance.This problem can be overcome by using mini compressedtablets (typically in the size range of 1–2 mm) produced using amodification of traditional tableting processes.
Mechanisms of drug release frommultiparticulates Discussed earlier. DiffusionDissolutionErosionOsmosis
Enteric coatingThis technique is used to protect thetablet core from disintegration in the acidenvironment of the stomach for one or more of thefollowing reasons:1.Prevention of acid attack on active constituentsunstable at low pH;2.To protect the stomach from the irritant effect ofcertain drugs;3.To facilitate absorption of a drug that ispreferentially absorbed distal to the stomach.
The following polymers are among thosecommonly used for the purposes of entericcoating:1.Cellulose acetate phthalate2.Polyvinyl acetate phthalate3.Suitable acrylic derivatives.
Because they possess free carboxylic acid groups onthe polymer backbone, they exhibit a differential pHsolubility profile. They are almost insoluble in aqueous media at low pH,but as the pH rises they experience a sharp, welldenned increase in solubility at a specific pH, e.g. pH5.2 for cellulose acetate phthalate. Enteric coating is possible using both sugar- and filmcoating techniques.
Enteric film coating The enteric polymers listed are capable of forming a direct filmin a film-coating process. Sufficient weight of enteric polymer must be used to ensurean efficient enteric effect. This is normally two or three times that required for a simplefilm coating.Enteric sugar coating The sealing coat is modified to comprise one of the entericpolymers in sufficient quantity to pass the enteric test fordisintegration. The subcoating and subsequent coating steps are then as forconventional sugar coating.
STANDARDS FOR COATED TABLETS The European Pharmacopoeia has similar requirements forcoated and uncoated tablets, the differences being:1. Film-coated tablets must comply with the uniformity of masstest unless otherwise justified and authorized.2. Film-coated tablets comply with the disintegration test foruncoated tablets except that the apparatus is operated for 30minutes. The requirement for coated tablets other than filmcoated is modified to include a 60-minute operating time.Furthermore, the test may be repeated using 0.1 N HC1 in theevent that any tablets fail to disintegrate in the presence ofwater.
2. Sugar coating 3. Press coating. Of these, film coating is the major technique: virtually all new coated products introduced on to the market are film coated. Sugar coating is the more traditional technology and has seen no real developments in recent years. As a proportion
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