CPE 323 Introduction To Embedded Computer Systems .

CPE 323 Introductionto Embedded Computer Systems:IntroductionInstructor: Dr Aleksandar Milenkovic

CPE 323 Administration Syllabus Prerequisites textbook & other referencesgrading policyimportant datescourse outlineNumber representationDigital design: combinational and sequential logicComputer systems: organizationEmbedded Systems Laboratory Located in EB 106EB 106 PoliciesIntroduction sessionsLab instructorCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems2

CPE 323 Administration LAB Session on-line LAB manuals and tutorialsAccess cardsAccountsLab Assistant: Zahra AtashiLab sessions (select 4 from the following list) 009:30- 9:30 AM- 9:30 AM- 7:00 PM- 9:30 AM– 11:00 AMSign-up sheet will be available in the laboratoryCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems3

Outline Computer Engineering: Past, Present, FutureEmbedded systems What are they?Where do we find them?Structure and OrganizationSoftware ArchitecturesCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems4

What Is Computer Engineering? The creative applicationof engineering principles and methodsto the design and development ofhardware and software systemsDiscipline that combines elements of bothelectrical engineering and computer scienceComputer engineers are electrical engineersthat have additional training in the areas ofsoftware design and hardware-softwareintegrationCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems5

What Do Computer Engineers Do? Computer engineers are involvedin all aspects of computingDesign of computing devices(both Hardware and Software)Where are computing devices? Embedded computer systems (low-end – high-end) In: cars, aircrafts, home appliances, missiles, medicaldevices,.Entering: clothes, shoes, pens, . everything will go smartMobile personal communicators/digital assistantsGame consolesPersonal computersHigh-end serversClusters, supercomputersCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems6

History of ComputingLogpriceOngoing: laptop handheld1 billion phones in 2007 one for every meCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems7

Engineering ComputersMarketImplementationComplexityEvaluate ExistingSystems dsImplement NextGeneration SystemSimulate NewDesigns andOrganizationsWorkloadsCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems8

Intel: First 30 Years Intel 4004 November 15, 19714-bit ALU, 108 KHz, 2,300 transistors,10-micron technologyIntel Pentium 4 August 27, 200132-bit architecture, 1.4 GHz(now 3.08),42M transistors (now 55 M),0.18-micron technology (now 0.09)CPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems9

Technology Directions: SIA RoadmapYear1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014Feature size (nm)Logic trans/cm2Cost/trans (mc)#pads/chipClock (MHz)Chip size (mm2)Wiring levelsPower supply (V)High-perf pow 0477660006208-90.9170CPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer 16900900100.518310

Performance TrendsYear Proc.1969 40041970’s 808x1982 2861985 3861989 4861993 Pentium1996 P II1999 P III2000 P 004002000286386486 P entium P IICPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer SystemsP IIIP 411

Performance E 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems1990199512

Clock Frequency Growth RateP4Clock rate (MHz)1,000100 10i8086 1 R10000 Pentium100 i80386 i80286 i8080 i8008i40040.1197019751980 1985199019952000200530% per yearCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems13

Transistor Count Growth Rate100,000,000 Transistors10,000,0001,000,000i80286 100,000 R10000 Pentium i80386 R3000 R2000P4 i808610,000 i8080 re’s LawCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems14

Storage Divergence between memory capacity and speedmore pronounced Capacity increased by 1000x from 1980-95, speed only 2xGigabit DRAM by c. 2000, but gap with processor speed much greaterLarger memories are slower, while processors get faster Need to transfer more data in parallelNeed deeper cache hierarchiesHow to organize caches?SpeedSizeRegistersns KBCache10ns MBMain memory100ns 100MBHard disk10ms 10GBArchive 100ms TBCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems15

General Technology Trends Microprocessor performance increases 50%-100% per yearTransistor count doubles every 3 yearsDRAM size quadruples every 3 yearsHuge investment per generation is carried by hugecommodity market180160IntegerFP140120100806040200Sun 4260MIPSM/120HP 9000750MIPSM2000DECAlphaIBMRS60005401987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992CPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems16

Trends & Challenges Processor/memory discrepancy Microprocessor execution Fetch Decode ExecuteSystem on a chip - Microcontroller Memory hierarchyOn-chip/off-chip memoryCost, smaller PCB, reliability, power.ApplicationsEvolution chipDistributed-system-on-a-chipCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems17

More on Challenges Scalability Availability billions of small devicesperformancehardware changessystem upgradefailurescode enhancementsFault toleranceCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems18

Outline Computer Engineering: Past, Present, FutureEmbedded systems What are they?History of embedded systemsWhere do we find them?Structure and OrganizationSoftware ArchitecturesCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems19

What are Embedded Computer Systems An embedded system is a special-purpose computer systemdesigned to perform one or a few dedicated functionsMain Characteristics Usually embedded as a part of a complete device that serves a moregeneral purpose (e.g., in car or in MP3 player)Usually heavily optimized for the specific tasks, reducing cost of theproduct or reducing the size or increasing the reliability andperformanceOften with real-time computing constraints that must be met, forreasons such as safety (e.g., anti-block systems) and usability (e.g.,video consoles)Range from low-end 4-bit microcontrollers to high-performancemultiple processor cores on a single chipSoftware written for embedded systems is often called firmware, and isusually stored in read-only memory or Flash memory chips rather thana disk driveCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems20

Early History of Embedded Systems Apollo Guidance Computer Autonetics D-17 (1961) Guidance computer for the Minuteman missileIntel 4004 (1971), first microprocessor One of the first publicly recognized embedded systemsDeveloped by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT InstrumentationLaboratoryUsed in calculatorsAutomobiles used microprocessor-based enginecontrollers (1970’s) Control fuel/air mixture, engine timing, etc.Multiple modes of operation: warm-up, cruise, hill climbing, etc.Provides lower emissions, better fuel efficiencyCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems21

Modern Embedded Systems Modern Microcontrollers: (mid 1980s) Digital Signal Processors (DSP): Microprocessors that includeI/O devices and on-chip memory on a chipMicroprocessors optimized fordigital signal processingTypical embedded processor word sizes:8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bitCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems22

Embedded Systems Applications Telecommunication equipment: telephone switches,voice and data network bridges and routersConsumer electronics: MP3 players, DVD players, digitalcameras, GPS receivers, game consoles, Home appliances: microwave ovens, dishwashers,washers, Transportation systems: aviation electronics (avionics),vehicle electronics (to increase efficiency and safety,reduce pollution, )Medical electronics: health monitors, medical imaging(PET, SPECT, CT, MRI)CPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems23

Future Applications Deeply embedded into the environmentWireless Sensor NetworksApplications Health MonitoringSmart Transportation SystemsSmart RoadsHabitat MonitoringMilitary Wireless Sensor Networks @ UAHuntsville TinyHMS and SVEDECsCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems24

TinyHMS forUbiquitous Health MonitoringCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems25

TinyHMS: HardwareCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems26

TinyHMS: Software1.5x 001000105105.2Heart BeatBeaconMessageHeart BeatHeart BeatStepStepBeaconMessageEvent Messagewith Timestamp NCTS1TS2TS3Frame i- NCTS1CPE 323: Introductionto Embedded Computer Systems1TS2TS3Frame i27

SVEDECsTraffic Monitoring Using TMotesVehicle Detection (speed, size)CPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems28

Embedded Systems Organization 4 major components: CPU, Memory,System Bus, and I/O PeripheralsSystemBusSerial I/OI/OInterfaceParallel I/OAnalogCPURAMEmbeddedComputerROMCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems29

CPUs Unlike the personal and server computer markets theembedded processors are fairly diverse featuring Von Neumann as well as Harvard architecturesRISC as well as non-RISC and VLIW;Word lengths from 4-bit to 64-bits and beyond (mainly in DSPprocessors) although the most typical remain 8/16-bit.A large number of different variants and shapes, many of whichare also manufactured by several different companiesCommon architectures are: 65816, 65C02, 68HC08, 68HC11,68k, 8051, ARM, AVR, AVR32, Blackfin, C167, Coldfire, COP8,eZ8, eZ80, FR-V, H8, HT48, M16C, M32C, MIPS, MSP430, PIC,PowerPC, R8C, SHARC, ST6, SuperH, TLCS-47, TLCS-870, TLCS900, Tricore, V850, x86, XE8000, Z80, etc.Typically embedded CPUs are integrated together withmemories and I/O peripherals on a single chipto reduce the cost and size and increase reliabilityCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems30

I/O Peripherals Embedded Systems talk with the outside worldvia peripherals, such as: Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI): RS-232, RS422, RS-485 etcSynchronous Serial Communication Interface: I2C,JTAG, SPI, SSC and ESSIUniversal Serial Bus (USB)Networks: Ethernet, Controller Area Network,LonWorks, etcTimers: PLL(s), Capture/Compare and TimeProcessing UnitsDiscrete IO: aka General Purpose Input/Output(GPIO)Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog (ADC/DAC)CPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems31

A Microcontroller-Based System:An ExampleLCDAdj. Vol. Regul.RS232RS232controllerAnalog I/O2-axesjoystickLEDsThermistorKeypadCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer SystemsSwitchesμC:MSP43032

Data Flowt, uresensorcontrol signalsμPINPUTPROCESSINGCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems78 ºOUTPUT33

Backup Slides

Von Neumann Architecture Processing Elements Read/Write Memory sequential executionlinear array of fixed size cellsData and instruction storeI/O unitAddress/Data/Control busCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems35

Von Neumann ArchitectureMemoryVon Neumann ArchitectureW essing Element)Control UnitALUI/O(peripherals)log2NCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems36

Von Neumann vs. HarvardVon Neumann ng Element)Harvard essPE(Processing Element)dataCPE 323: Introduction to Embedded Computer Systems37

Embedded Systems Organization 4 major components: CPU, Memory, System Bus, and I/O Peripherals CPU RAM I/O Interface Analog Embedded Computer ROM Parallel I/O System Serial I/O Bus. CPE 323: I