A Vegetable Garden For All
AveManual “A VegetableGarden for All” 5th EditionFOOD AND AGRICULTUREORGANIZATION OF THEUNITED NATIONSllradgenelfbor aateg
A vegednrafor agelbllateManual “A VegetableGarden for All”5th EditionFOOD AND AGRICULTUREORGANIZATION OF THEUNITED NATIONS
MANUALManual “A Vegetable Garden for All” 5th Edition.Zero Hunger Challenge- Antigua and BarbudaJ.R. Deep FordFAO Coordinator- Sub-Regional Coordinator for the CaribbeanDeanne RamroopFAO ConsultantVera BoergerLand and Water OfficerFAO Subregional Office for MesoamericaVyjayanthi LopezPlant Production and Protection OfficerSubregional Office for the CaribbeanAlberto PantojaPlant Producction and Protecction OfficerRegional Office for Latin America and the CaribbeanJuanita JamesNational CoordinatorZero Hunger Challenge, Antigua and BarbudaOwolabi ElabanjoBackyard Gardens CoordinatorZero Hunger Challenge, Antigua and Barbuda
The designations employed and the presentation of material in thisinformation product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoeveron the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory,city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of itsfrontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products ofmanufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not implythat these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference toothers of a similar nature that are not mentioned.The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s)and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.ISBN 978-92-5-108105-1 (print)E-ISBN 978-92-5-108106-8 (PDF) FAO, 2014FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of materialin this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, materialmay be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research andteaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services,provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the sourceand copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views,products or services is not implied in any way.All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale andother commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to copyright@fao.org.FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications-sales@fao.org.
BackgroundA Vegetable Garden for All is a self-instruction manual in family horticultural production, preparedoriginally by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for LatinAmerica and the Caribbean, in support of the Technical Cooperation Network for Food Production.The objective of this manual is to present a technology suitable for family horticultural productionand consumption. It is a manual for small-scale farmers, school teachers, children, and urban andperi-urban families with access to small plots of land. Better nutrition and better incomes can beachieved through families working in horticultural production.The Manual was first issued in 1990, and was used by several programmes, institutions andfarmers’ groups. The second edition (2002) was focused on increasing food security and providinga balanced diet to disadvantaged farmers and peri-urban populations in Central America, withinthe framework of the Special Programme for Food Security (SPFS/PESA).This expanded, third edition (2009) has been developed within the framework FAO/MANA as anactivity of project UTF/COL/027/COL. It provides a practical, methodological guide for setting upfamily gardens for the production of nutritious, safe food crops, thatcrops that would contributefibres, minerals and vitamins to the diets of populations affected by food insecurity. It is a usefultool for all projects that work to improve the food security of rural, urban and peri-urban families.This 5th edition (2013) has been developed within the framework of the Zero-Hunger Challenge(ZHC) in the Caribbean. It is adapted to Caribbean conditions, using experiences from the ZHC pilotin Antigua and Barbuda during 2013.
AuthorsThe following FAO consultants were involved in the compilation and preparation of the technicalmaterial in the 1st Edition of the Manual: Rubén Oliva and Marina Gambardella. The authorswould like to express their thanks for collaboration of the participants in the Course/Workshop:“Technological reproduction of horticultural seeds for small farmers” organized by INTA Argentinaand FAO, as well as various technical and communication Specialists, consultants and graphicdesigners (Maria Beatriz Peñafort, Virginia Lattes, Cecilio Moron and Gonzalo Ibañez, ArturoFernandez and Francisca Rodriguez) who contributed to the first edition.The 2nd Edition (2002) formed part of the activities of several Special Food Security Programmesfor Central America, while the third edition (2009) was prepared from the component MarketGardens and Food and Nutritional Security of the project UTF/COL/027/COL on Food Security andGood Agricultural Practices for the Rural Sector in Antioquia. Contributions from various consultantsand programme staff that collaborated on the 3rd Edition (Sara Granados, Miguel Gomez, MónicaDuque, Diego Giraldo, Arturo Andrés Alarcón, and Soledad Lama) and the technical supervisionand editing of Juan Izquierdo (Plant Production and Protection Officer for Latin America and theCaribbean) are gratefully acknowledged.The fifth edition (2013), has been adapted for the Caribbean Sub-region, with key inputs beingprovided by Ms. Deanne Ramroop, FAO Consultant, Ms. Vera Boerger, Land and Water Officer(FAO-SLM, Panama) and Ms. Vyjayanthi Lopez, Plant Production and Protection Officer (FAO-SLC,Barbados). Contributions from Ms. Juanita James (National Coordinator, Zero-Hunger Challenge,Antigua and Barbuda) and Mr. Owolabi Elabanjo (Backyard Gardens Coordinator, ZHC, Antiguaand Barbuda) are acknowledged. The drawings and layout for the third and fourth editions werethe responsibility of the Graphic Designer, Marcia Miranda. The assistance provided by Mr. AlbertoPantoja, Plant Production and Protection Officer (FAO-RLC) is greatly appreciated.
ContentsChapter1 :Why do we need a vegetable garden?1Chapter 2 : What is needed to plant a vegetable garden?17Chapter 3 : Why is it important to take care of the soil in the vegetable garden?41Chapter 4 : How do you start a vegetable garden?75Chapter 5 : Vegetable propagation and sowing93Chapter 6 : What is hydroponics?133Chapter 7 : How do we look after the garden?147Chapter 8 : Harvesting, storing and processing of the vegetables187Chapter 9 : Breeding poultry and rabbits and feeding them from your home garden(growing their food using hydroponics)209Information Chart247
Chapter 113Why do we need a vegetablegarden?We don t have much moneyand our family needs food toeat. Why don t we grow ourown vegetables?Great idea!! Besides, Iheard that vegetablesare good for children.Grow our ownvegetables? .how?Read this manual tolearn how to grow thefood your family needsfor food security.
2Having a home garden meanshaving:1.2.3.A low-cost, healthy dietFood all year longA chance to make some moneyIf we start a vegetable garden,we can grow, prepare and eatour own fruits and vegetables
The vegetable garden will helpyour family to be better nourishedand healthier.A truck needs energy to work.This energy is provided through fuel.Children need energy to grow strong and healthy.They get this energy from food.In order to be well-nourished and healthy, the entirefamily needs energy and nutrients that food provides.3
4The food groupsFoods can be grouped into seven major groups according to their nutritional characteristics. Theseven varieties of food are shown below.1- STARCHY FOODSStarchy foods are our main source ofcarbohydrate and includes the cereals (rice,wheat, and maize/corn) and the root vegetables(potatoes and cassava). Grains supply us withlarge amounts of nutrients and provide theenergy we need through starch. As grains are thefood base, wholegrain flour and root crops thatare richer in fibre are the best choice.2VEGETABLESThis group includes: carrots, lettuce, tomatoes,cabbage, pumpkin, broccoli, cauliflower, etc.Vegetables contribute an important amountof water to the body, as well as vitamins andminerals that help to digest nutrients and ensurehealthy skin and body weight. Vegetables,prevent heart diseases and cancer, andcontribute to good health in general.
53FRUITSFruits help children to grow, have a healthy skin and avoid infections. It is better to eat nutritiousfruits, such as guava, pawpaw, mango and oranges. Fruit should be eaten freshly harvested andneither too ripe nor too green. Fruits contain fibre, which is important for good digestion. Theyhelp to prevent constipation and diseases like cancer.Fruits and vegetables are regulating foods, because they provide large doses of vitamins andminerals not found in other foods, and they also help other nutritious, energy-rich foods to carryout their functions properly.4FOOD FROM ANIMALSMeat provides one third of the proteins needed for the growth of children and for building thebody s defence system. Adults need meat for healthy brain, skin, muscles, nails and hair. Beef,pork, poultry and fish belong to this group. Other sources of protein are eggs, dried legumes andfruits, and vegetable mixes. Milk products are the main source of calcium, minerals and proteinsthat contribuite to the development of teeth, bones and muscles.Milk and meat are building foods because they provide proteins that help to build the body s tissues, for example, muscles.5PEAS, BEANS AND NUTSDried peas, beans, and nuts are good sources of protein, starch, fiber, iron, calcium and minerals.
66 -FATS AND OILSFats are the main source of energy and energy storage in the body. They make up the structureof some tissues. Fat makes food taste good and help develop the sense of “taste” through thepleasing sensation they produce on the palate. Some fats are: avocado, oil, butter, pork crackling, lard and sauces. If consumed in excess, they can contribute to heart disease.7- SUGARS AND SWEETENERSSugar is a good source of quick energy, i.e. it starts providing energy from the moment it isconsumed. It gives colour to the meals and enhances their flavours, making food tastier. Thisgroup includes white and brown sugar, honey and molasses.Too much sugar can result in diseases like obesity and diabetes.Starch, fat and sugar groups are calorific foods, that is foods which provide energy needed forgrowth and for the formation and nourishment of tissues.Five servings a day of different kinds of fruitand vegetables will help the physical andmental development of children, and preventdiseases in both, children and adults.
Let s find out if you rememberwhat you ve learned.Test 1Fill in the following table showing to whatgroup these foods belong:Bread, potatoes, fish, milk, lettuce,carrots, sugar, oil, oranges, eggs and onions.You will find several tests likethis one! Find the answers inthe text.BuildingfoodsRegulatingfoodsEnergyfoods7
8For a good nutrition you shouldalways eat one or two foods fromeach group every day.Building foods: Build the tissues of the bodyas muscles, bones and teeth.Energy foods: Provide the energy neededto work.Regulating foods: provide vitamins, suchas vitamin “A” , which is essential for goodeyesight, vitamin “C”, which keeps gumsand blood vessels healthy. They contributeminerals like iron, which is part of the redblood cells. They also contain fibers, whichimprove digestion.The answersto Test roil
Your vegetable garden will giveyou mainly regulating foods, somebuilding foods and energy foods9The vegetables that you grow inyour garden will be: fresher healthier more nutritious less expensiveTest 2Write the most suitable word on the dotted line. Chooseone of the words in brackets( )1- Good health means a. diet. (varied plentiful)2- My vegetable garden provides. that arefresher.(proteins - vegetables)3-. foods supply vitamins, minerals andfibres. (building -regulating)
10What do vegetables and fruitsprovide?CarbohydratesFor example: potatoes, sweet potatoes,cassava, bananasand corn.ProteinsFor example:kidney beans,peas, lima beans,papaya,tree tomatoes.The answers to Test 2 are:1. varied2. vegetables3. regulatingvegetablesand fruitsVitamins and mineralsMany vegetables are veryrich in Vitamins A and C,folic acid and iron.For example: blackberries, cucumbers, broccoli,and green beans.Fibresimprove the functioning of the digestive system andprevent colon cancer. For example:,Swiss chard, passionfruit.
Vegetables can also be groupedby colour:COLOURPURPLEREDCONTENTAntioxidants andphytochemicalsLycopenes,anthocyanins andphytochemicalsHEALTH IMPACTSlow the ageingprocess.Prevent the formationof cancerous cells.Help prevent memory lossHelp preventmemory lossPrevent cancerPrevent urinarytract infections11
12ORANGEANDYELLOWBeta-carotene orPro-vitamin A,VitaminC, PotassiumKeeps eyesight goodMaintains skin healthyStrengthens the immunesystemHelps skin healing andregeneration processesGREENFolic acid, Lutein,Vitamin C,Potassium.Helps the fœtus to developnormally.Helps keep eye sight good.Helps skin healing andregeneration processes.WHITEAllicin, PotassiumHelp prevent high cholesterol.Lower blood pressure.Always eat a combination of two or more vegetables of different colours.
Planting vegetables means eatingbetter and saving moneyHome-grown vegetables are: fresher healthier more nutritious less expensiveA vegetable garden has many benefits:a) It provides a variety of food sufficientfor the whole family all year round or forseveral months.b) It improves income over the long termthrough the sale of vegetables.c) It improves or maintains the wholefamily well nourished.d) It strengthens family bonds.e) It enables food to be grown safely andhealthily.f) It promotes diversity of cultivation, invegetables, fruit trees, legumes andpoultry.13
14The whole family can help in thevegetable gardenThe younger children:- Remove stones- Weed- Catch worms and bugs- Help with the harvestingThe older children:- Weed and plough the soil- Plant- Water- HarvestThe parents:- Teach their children how to performthe tasks and work together to producea fine vegetable gardenMake the vegetable garden of benefit to the whole family:- Making the basic needs of food, home and clothing a priorty- Learning to assign tasks to each member of the family- Teaching values such as discipline, use of free time, responsibility and patience- Planning the family budget
You already know a lot aboutvegetable gardens. Let s see how muchyou have learned and remembered15Test 3In the circle next to each sentence, place a “T” if thestatement is true, and an “F” if the statement is false,as given in the exampleIn this chapterwe have lookedat:1- The relationshipbetween food and goodhealth2- The nutritional qualities of vegetables3- The importance of avegetable gardenExampleFood provides the energy for strong, healthy growthExercises1- Energy is needed perform any activity2- It isn’t necessary to eat food from every group3- Many nutritius food can be grown in the vegetablegarden4- Vegetables grown at home cannot be preserved5- potatoes and bred contain carbohydrates6- Keeping a vegetable plot helps to save money7- Parents must teach their children how to work in thevegetable garden8- Small children can help in the vegetable garden
16If all your answers were correct, youcan step up the first rung of the ladder.Congratulations!Answers to test 31- T2- F3- T4- F5- T6- T7- T8- TIf two or more of youranswers were incorrect,please review the topics inChapter 1ExpertChapter 9Chapter 8Chapter 7Chaper 6chapter 5Chapter 4Chapter 3Chapter 2Chapter 1
Chapter 2What is needed to plant a garden?Do you wantto plant agarden?Then let’s seehow to plantone.Yes.17
18Enthusiasm and willingness arethe most important things, andyou will also need other elements.In order to plant a gardenyou need:1- A garden plan.2- Available land.3- Some garden tools. and the knowledge you will find inthis manual!!!
It is important to know what weare eating and to use the gardenfor improving our nutritionBefore planning the gardenlet s find out what the familyneeds.In order to know what weneed per month we prepare ashopping list:Let s find out how muchvegetables our family andthe community eat (howmuch do they consumeapproximately)Knowing the demand makesit easier to plan our garden,planting those vegetables wealready know and adding newones, which will improve ionGreen beansCauliflowerCorianderParsleyOtherAfter doing some researchwith our family and thecommunity, let us find outthe real demand by asking the health service or adoctor19
201- What is a garden plan?In order to make a garden plan,you will have to answer thefollowing questions:Which are the vegetables thatgrow best in the area?What is the sowing and harvesting time of each one?If there are any doubts, ask thelocal technician.Which are the vegetables thatyou would like to plant?You will find a lot of help in thisManual.How much do you want to produce of each vegetable?Only enough for family use?Enough to sell?There is information at the endof this manual on how mucheach kind of vegetable producesin 10 m. furrows so you will beable to calculate how much landis needed for each vegetable.
. As you already know, not allvegetables grow in the same season.21It is necessary to know the local climate.Talk with your neighbours.Write the dates hereIn tropical countries write down:Rainy seasonDry seasonSome vegetables need to beplanted in warmer seasons andothers are more resistant tocold weather. Look at the chartat the end of this manual to findout which they are.
22As you know, not all vegetablescan be planted at any altitude.When planning our vegetable garden we should know at whichaltitude above sea level we are located and know what is possible to plant.2.000 - 3.000 m1.000 - 2.000 m0 - 1.000 mNote: 1 m approx. 3.3 feet
To start, it is better to choose wellknown vegetablesYou have probably already planted vegetables andknow which grow best in your area.There are vegetables that are easier to grow thanothers and these are better to start with:Easy vegetables:Swiss bbageBeansYou should try new plants littleby little and in a short time youwill be:Expert horticulturists!23
24There are vegetablesthat occupy more space.If the surface is limited, it is better to plantvegetables that occupy less space.Test 41- Potatoes and beans occupy.space. (a lot of - less)2- If the land is small, it is preferable toplant.(carrots-pumpkin)3- It is necessary to know the. of the area, in orderto know when to inpotatoesbeansLeafyvegetablescarrots
We will continue with the gardenplan. The following information isuseful in planning your garden.Garden plan:1- Crop rotation2- Inter-planting3- Relay planting4- IntercroppingAnswersto test 41- a lot of2- carrot3- climate25
26What is crop plant rotation?It is not a good idea to alwaysplant the same vegetables inthe same place in the garden.You should rotate your plants;this means to change the typeof vegetables planted eachseason.TomatoThis way you will avoid:- The depletion of the samenutrients in the soil.EggplantRemember that:You should not rotatewith vegetables ofthe same family.- The appearance of manyweeds, pests and diseases.PotatoesGreen pepper
Vegetables are grouped intodifferent familiesSolanaceousFamily:TomatoesEggplantGreen eousFamily:Pumpkin MelonWatermelon27BeansTo m a t oKnowing the main vegetablefamilies is very useful. Thechart at the end of this manualexplains the vegetable familiesof all the vegetables you maywish to plant.Remember that:It is a good idea torotate withvegetables ofdifferent familiesLettuceOnion
28What is interplanting?For example: it ispossible to plantclimbing vegetables onpoles with low heightvegetables.It’s planting two or more speciesin alternating rows.By doing this you:- Take better advantage of the landand minerals- Have better weed control
How do you relay plant?Remember that there are vegetables thatcan be sown several times a year. Withthese it is possible to plant on differentdates.This is relay planting. This method lets youhave continuous vegetable production.For example: you can sow seeds at 30day intervals for the following vegetables:lettuce,swiss chart, and radish. So you willalways have fresh vegetables!It is not necessary to applythis for vegetables thatstore well for long periods,like pumpkin, onion, potato and garlic.29MarchWrite down thesowing dates inthe calendar.
30It is important to plan the sowing.It is important to keep inmind that for a productivegarden you should at alltimes have seedlings.Fill the bottle with substratemade of 1/2 of soil, 1/4 ofsharp sand and 1/4 of compost.Cover the seeds and waterevery 3 days.
In order to keep an active gardenit is necessary to keep track inachTomatoBroccoliCauliflowerCabbageCelery31That s why I always keepbottles with seedlings. So thatmy garden lasts!Days inseedbed30-35354530303045Seedsper bottle3012930303030SowingfrequencyDays nthlymonthly
32It is possible to sow earlyseason crop seeds andlate season cropseeds.Early seasoncrops:Late seasoncrops:RadishLettuceCarrotOnionThis is intercrop planting andwith this method you:- Can take better advantage ofspace.- Leave less room for weeds.Test 5Complete each sentence using one of thefollowing words:deep-same-fresh1- The same vegetable shouldn’t always beplanted in the.place.2- It is a good idea to rotate a.rooted vegetable byone with shallow roots.3- Intensive planting lets you alwayshave.vegetables.
2- Available land33Size of the garden:BoxesThe ideal size of the gardendepends upon the size of theland that you have, and howwell you use it. If the space isvery small, you won t be ableproduce all the vegetables yourfamily needs, but it will let yousave money and always havefresh and nutritious vegetables.If you use your backyard garden properlyyou can increase theplanting spaceHydroponic containerGreen living wallsAnswers for Test 51- same2- deep3- freshAt the end of this manualyou will find more usefulinformation for a plantingsystem for very smallspaces
34The garden should be welllocated, this is very important.Look for the bestlocation of the gardentaking into accountthe following:- As close to the house as possible,in order to avoid theft.- Near a non- contaminated watersource, for watering.- With lots of sun!- Away from high trees.- Clean drainage or channels sothat excess rainwater does notflood the garden or your neighbor’syard.- Footpaths to walk on withoutstepping on the crops.
. protection is needed againstwind, excess sun and hightemperatures.35In windy areas, look for a placeprotected by trees or build somesort of protection.Shelters can be constructedwith branches to obtain a semishade.
363 - Some toolsSpade - flat, to mark and to cut the soilwhen it is soft.Spade - pointed, when theground is hard.Shovel - wide, for loading and unloadingearth, compost, etc.Keep all your tools clean andwell sharpened. Wash themafter every use then rub themwith an oiled rag.
37Garden - fork, to turn the soiland remove stones.Hoe - to break up the soil, tobreak the crust, to removeweeds and to draw up furrows.The narrower the blade, thebetter it adapts to hard earth.Rake - to break the soil crust,to remove lumps, to prepare thesowing bed and to cover theseeds.Weeding hoe - to break the soilcrust and to weed near theplant.
38Dibbers or Transplanters - madefrom tree branches. Are useful formaking holes where the seedlings willgo and to hold the soil.Trowel - to help move seedlings totheir planting spot.Watering can – to water seedlings andnew plants with a light sprinkle. (Aperforated can or a hose with sprinklernozzle can also be used).
39Test 6Place a “T” if the sentence is true and an“F” if it is false.1- It is important to prepare a good gardenplan before starting.1What are thenecessary elements toplant a garden?2What is a garden plan?3What are thecharacteristics andlocation of the land?4Which tools arenecessary?2- It is necessary to find out through thelocal technician which vegetables growbetter in the area.3- All vegetables must be cultivated whenthere is no danger of frost.4- Rotating crops means to always plant themin the same place in the garden.5- Rotating crops avoids the same nutrients beingexhausted from the soil.6- The tomato, potato, red pepper andeggplant are from the Solanaceous family.7- Vegetables from different families cannotbe planted together.
40If the answers were all correct,you can go up another step.Congratulations!Answers fortest 61- T2- T3- F4- F5- T6- T7- FExpertChapter 9Chapter 8Chapter 7Chaper 6If two or more answerswere not correct, youshould review thematerial in Chapter 2chapter 5Chapter 4Chapter 3Chapter 2Chapter 1
Chapter 341Why is it important to take care ofthe soil in the garden?If the carpenterdoes not take careof his hand saw.it will break. andthe carpenter will beleft without work.If the dairy farmerdoes not take care ofhis cows. they willdie. and he will beleft without his dairy.If the gardener doesnot take care of hissoil. the ground willdie. and he will be leftwithout his crop.The soil is a livingthing that can also dieif we don’t take careof it.
42The soil is aliveAlthough we do not see thembecause they are very small,the soil is inhabited by millionsof insects and plants that arebeneficial to your vegetables.These are microorganisms. If themicroorganisms die, the soil also“dies” and will not be able to nourishplant growth.We must not destroy so quicklywhat took nature millions of years tocreate.It is important to take care of the soiland give it back the nutrients thatwere used to produce the harvest.But first, let’ssee what goeson in the soil.
43The microorganisms in the soilare almost always very busydecomposing plant and mineralwaste.They prepare the soil nutrientsthat serve as plant food.Vegetation andanimal wasteWaterNutrientsOrganic matterRocks and minerals
44What is humus?Humus is organic matter in itsfinal state of decomposition.Decomposition is caused bymicroorganisms in the soil.Soils rich in humus have manynutrients and are more porous.Porous soils retainmore water and aremore fertile.
Important! One of the mostessential jobs in your home gardenis to add organic matter to the soil.Why?Organic matter: increases the capacity ofsandy soils to retain water. softens heavy soils (clay),increasing aeration and improving root growth.Sandy soilsThe water drains very fastand dries more easily serves as food for the soilorganisms.Clayey soilsWhere can organic matter for the home gardenbe obtained?Soils with organic matter45
46There are many typesof organic matter1- Organic fertilizer or “compost”.2- Worm humus.3- Farm-animal manure.Test 7Complete the following sentences:1- Soil organisms are.(alive-dead)2- Plants absorb useful.fromthe soil. (food-nutrients)3- Soils rich in humus are. (poor-productive).4- If you add organic matter to clayey soilit. (hardens-softens)All of these improve thesoil but some have moreadvantages than others! Wewill look only at the mostbeneficial.
1. Compost or organic fertilizer47Organic fertilizers can be prepared in the home garden.The materials you need areeasy to get: kitchen leftovers,vegetable scraps and animalmanure.Animal manureLet’s find out how to preparecompost!Vegetable scrapsKitchen leftoversAnswersto test 71234-alivenutrientsproductivesoftensOrganic fertilizer
48Important!Never prepare organic compost with:Cat or dog excrement which can carry diseases andmake people sick.Weeds with seeds that contaminate the ground.Toxic plants (like eucalyptus leaves, walnut leaves)which prevent the growth of other plants.Plants treated with herbicides.Scraps of infected plants.Poisonous plants.Glass, metal and plastic, materials that do not decompose.Leftover fats and meats that decompose very slowlyand produce a stench.
One way is to make acompost heap 49Once you have enough manure, vegetable scraps and kitchen leftovers,you can start an organic compost heap Note: (1 inch 2.5 cm & 100 cm 1 m)2m1.50-1.50cm10-15 cm30-60 cmChoose a place that stays dryand sunny ; loosen the soil 30cm to 60 cm deep, without tilling.5cm10-15cmBury a two-metre-high pole inWithout flattening the underthe centre. Place the first layer oflayer, add a layer of kitchen andstraw or dry stems on the loosevegetable scraps.soil.5cm5cm10-15cmSprinkle a small amount of ashor lime to avoid bad odourswhen the decomposition starts.Make the next layer with manure.Then add another layer of soil.The heap has to be watereddaily.
50Keep placing more layersin the same way“Remember that the compost heap shouldn’t bemore than 1.50 m. or lessthan 75 cm. high.”1.50 mWhen the heap has quite a lotof layers and has reached aheight of approximately 1.50 m(4-5 feet):- The compost heap should be
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