Journal O Anatomy And Physiological Studies
Journal ofensOpsSAc ceAnatomy and Physiological StudiesResearch ArticleAqueous Leaf Extract of Alafia Barteri Maintained RenalIntegrity in Diabetic Wistar RatsAdeeyo Olusola Atilade1, Ogunniyi, Oluwatobi Victoria1, Dare Babatunde Joseph2, Ebiwonjumi Adetunji Segun1, OjoWaliu Adetunji1, Okeniran Olatayo Segun3Anatomy Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences Ladoke Akintola University of TechnologyAnatomy Department, Osun State University, Nigeria3Department of Anatomy, University of Gitwe, Rwanda12AbstractThe preliminary phytochemical studies of Alafia barteri extract revealed the presence of reducing sugar, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids andanthraquinones. This research work was carried out to determine some effects of aqueous extract of Alafia barteri on the histology of kidney,blood glucose level, and average body weight of diabetic Wistar rats.Twenty (20) Wistar rats weighing between 75kg -120kg were divided into (4) groups of five (5) animals. Group 1 was made of normoglycaemicanimals that received 2m/s of water. Group 2 consisted five normoglycaemic rats that received 400mg/kg of Alafia barteri aqueous extract.Group 3 were diabetic (hyperglycaemic) animals that received 2m/s of distilled water. Group 4 were diabetic animals that received 400mg/kg of Alafia barteri extract. The administration was done for 6 weeks, animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation. The kidneys wereremoved, weight and fixed in 10% formolsaline for H&E and Masson Trichrome staining.There was significant increase in the body weight of the animals in group 2 which were administered 400mg/kg aqueous extract of Alafiabarteri compared to group 1 which were administered 2m/s of water. Histological findings showed that administration of aqueous extractof Alafia barteri has a positive effect and maintained the histological architecture of the kidney. However, significant reduction in the bloodglucose level in diabetic Wistar rat treated with 400mg/kg of Alafia barteri aqueous extract was observedIn conclusion, this study showed that Alafia barteri aqueous extracts maintained renal microarchitecture and blood glucose level of a diabeticWistar rats.Keywords: Hyperglycemia, Alafia Barteri, Kidney, Diabetes and Wistar ratsBackgroundanti-hyperglycaemic drugs and insulin. Due to complicationsorthodox drugs of emphasis have been shifted to the use ofherbal products in the treatment of Diabetes mellitus [3].The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder ofmultiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycemiawith disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolismresulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, orboth [1]. The effects of diabetes mellitus include long-termdamage, dysfunction and failure of various organs.Diabetes mellitus present with characteristic symptoms suchas thirst, polyuria, blurring of vision, and weight loss [4] In itsmost severe forms, ketoacidosis or a non–ketotic hyperosmolarstate may develop and lead to stupor, coma and, in absence ofeffective treatment, death. Often symptoms are not severe, orabsent, and consequently hyperglycaemia sufficient to causepathological and functional changes may be present for a longtime before the diagnosis is made [1,4]. The long–term effectsof Diabetes mellitus include progressive development of thespecific complications of retinopathy with potential blindness,nephropathy that may lead to renal failure, and/or neuropathyThere are three main types of Diabetes mellitus. There are type1, which is insulin dependent and accounts for about 10% ofDiabetes well cases. Type 1 is usually as a result of end organreceptor resistance. It is common among adult, it accounts forabout 90% of all Diabetes cases. The third one is gestationaldiabetes which is among pregnant women. It usually disappearafter delivery, but some cases may eventually result intotype 2 Diabetes mellitus aside these three there is still somecases with a definite cases like Diabetes as a result of drugs,parereatic disease (parereatitis) [2,1].Correspondence to: Dare Babatunde Joseph, Anatomy Department Osun StateUniversity, Nigeria 2348077805474, E mail: gType 1 cases are usually treated with insulin, type 2 withJ Anat Physiol StudReceived: Feb 10, 2018; Accepted: Feb 13, 2018; Published: Feb 16, 20181Volume 2(1): 2018
Joseph DB (2018) Aqueous Leaf Extract of Alafia Barteri Maintained Renal Integrity in Diabetic Wistar Ratswith risk of foot ulcers, amputation, Charcot joints, and featuresof autonomic dysfunction, including sexual dysfunction.People with diabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular,peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular disease [5].affected by chronic hyperglycaemic. This study was carriedout to add to the information in the literature on the effects ofthe plant extract on the kidney of diabetic Wistar rats.AimsAlafia barteri is a high climbing, scandent shrub with smallwhite or pink flowers; it is reportedly used in the treatmentof sickle cell anaemia, toothache, rheumatism, fever, andinflammation [6]. Leaf infusion and root decoctions are usedin Nigeria and other African countries as a remedy for malaria(Olowokudejo et al., 2008). Phytochemical constituents ofthe ethanol extract of leaf and root showed the presence oftotal polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloidsand terpenoids (Lasisi et al., 2012). Hamid and Aiyelaagbe(2011) reported the presence of reducing sugars, glycosides,flavonoids and anthraquinones for all the extracts. Steroidsfrom the ethylacetate and methanol extract. Only ethanolextract contained saponins. Adekunle and Okoli (2002) [2]reported the antifungal properties of the ethanol and aqueousleaf extracts, while the antibacterial and antifungal propertiesof the hexane, ethylacetate and methanol extracts of the stemwas investigated by Hamid and Aiyelaagbe (2011). Methanolextract showed inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli andPseudomonas aeruginosaat 25 to 200 mg/ml, while the hexaneand ethylacetate extracts showed inhibition against E. coliand P. aeruginosaat varied concentrations. The brine shrimp(Artemiasalina) lethality assay for possible cytotoxicity wasmoderate. However, the leaf was higher in cytotoxicity ascompared to the root fractions (Lasisi et al., 2012).The aim of this study is to painstakingly assess the effectsof Alafia barteri on the diabetic Wistar rats by studying thehistology of the kidney.Materials and MethodsPlantAlafia barteri was obtained in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.The leaf was identified with Voucher Number LHO 407 andauthenticated at the Department of Pure and Applied Biologyof Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Oyo State.Extraction ProcedureThe extraction of Alafia barteri leaf was carried out at theLaboratory of Chemistry Department of University of Ilorin,Kwara State. The extraction procedure started by air drying theAlafia barteri at room temperature for five days. After whichit was grinded with mortar and pestle into it powdery form.At the laboratory, the powdery form of Alafia barteri leaf wasimmersed in water for two days for the soluble active ingredientto dissolve in it, and then it was filtered and the filtrate wastransfered into the extractor for another three days till theextract is concentrated and the temperature of the extractorwas regulated to 37 C so that the active ingredient will bepreserved. It was then collected and stored in a refrigerator forpreservation.The urinary organs consist of the right and left kidneys andurethers, the urinary bladder and the urethra. These organs areresponsible for the production, storage, and passing of urine.Many harmful products (that results from the metabolism)are removed from blood through urine. These include ureaand creatinine that are end products of protein metabolism(Rohtak, 2006, Inderbir Singh, 2007). Each kidney has aconcave medial border, the hilumn through where nerves enter,blood and lymph vessels enter and exit. The functional unitof the kidney is nephron. There are 1 to 1.4millon nephronsper kidney. Nephron consists of several discrete structuresthat are essentially consist of a filtration apparatus connectedwith a series of tubules. The tubule system of the nephronfacilitates the recovery of the nutrients, the excretion of waste,and the maintenance of osmotic pressure (Inderbir, Singh,2007). Histologically the kidney has an outer cortex and aninner medulla. The medulla consists of 8-15 conical structurescalled renal pyramids plus the cortical tissues at its base andalong its side constitutes a rena lobe. The major divisions ofeach nephrons are: renal corpuscles, proximal convolutedtubules, thin and thick limbs of nephron loop, distal convolutedtubules and collecting tubules (Inderbir, Singh, 2007). Severalcollecting tubules of nephrons from collecting ducts whichcarry urine to the calyces and the ureter. Cortical nephrons arelocated almost completely in the cortex while juxtamedullarynephrons are located close to the medulla having long loops inthe medulla. There is traditional claim of anti-hyperglycaemiceffect of Alafia barteri, kidney is one of the target organJ Anat Physiol StudExperimental AnimalTwenty (20) Wistar rats weighing between 75g-120g werepurchased from a laboratory in Osogbo. They were brought tothe Animal House of the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences,Ogbomoso. They were acclimatized for two weeks. Theanimals had free access to fat pellets and water.Induction of HyperglycaemiaHyperglycaemia was induced in 10 rats overnightfasted randomly selected rats by a single intraperitonealadministration of allosan at 120 mg/kg bw (Lal, Korner andMastsuo 2000). Allosan was dissolved in citrate buffer (0.1m,pH 4.5) just prior to injection. Hyperglycemia was allowedto develop for 72hours (Lenzen, 2008). Animals with FastingBlood Glucose 250 mg/dl were considered hyperglycemic(Tende et .al., 2011) and were included in this study. Controlanimals (n 5) received a single intraperitoneal injection of0.1M citrate buffer (1ml/kg bw; pH 4.5)Experimental DesignTwenty Wistar (20) rats were divided into four (4) groups of five(5) animals each. Group 1 was made of five normoglycaemicanimals that received 2m/s of distilled water, Group 2consisted five normoglycaemic rats that received 400mg/kg ofAlafia barteri extract, Group 3 were diabetic (hyperglycaemic)animals that received 2m/s of distilled water, Group 4 were2Volume 2(1): 2018
Joseph DB (2018) Aqueous Leaf Extract of Alafia Barteri Maintained Renal Integrity in Diabetic Wistar RatsBody weight, Feed weight and Photomicrographdiabetic animals that received 400mg/kg of Alafia barteriextract.The body weight was measured weekly i.e. once every week.The feed weight was measured on a daily basis and thephotomicrograph of the slides was taken at the histopathologydepartment, University of Ilorin teaching hospital, Ilorin.AdministrationAll the animals were given feeds and water. The animals weretreated daily through oral route of administration at around9:00am for 42days. The animals were weighed at alternatedays. The blood glucose of the animals was measured everyweek.Statistical AnalysisData were analyzed using SPSS. Data were expressed as mean /- standard error of the mean (Mean SEM). Mean valueswere compared using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA).P value less than 0.05 (P 0.05) were taken to be statisticiansignificant. All graph were drawn with SPSS.Collection of OrgansAt the end of the third week the animals were sacrificed bycervical dislocation. The abdomen accessed and the kidneywas removed weighed and fixed in 10% formol saline forhistological staining. Blood was also collected from theanimals for Renal Function Test.ResultsThe results shows that the average glucose level of the ratsin control and the animals treated with the Alafia barteri leafaqueous extracts are insignificant in the differences. However,surge increases in the blood glucose was observed in the animalfollowing treatment with the 120 mg/kg bw dose of allosan. Asignificant reduction in the blood glucose was observed in the5th and 6th week following administration of Alafia barteri leafaqueous extracts as shown in the figure 1 and 2.Histological TechniquesThe harvested kidneys were fixed immediately in 10%formol saline. The purpose of fixation is to preserve tissuespermanently in as life-like a state as possible (Weiss et al.,2010). The kidneys were fully immersed into the 10% formolsaline as soon as possible after the removal of the kidneys toprevent autolysis.Figure 3 and 4 showed significant reduction in the bodyFigure 1: Mean plot of glucose level of animal.160140GLUCOSE LEVEL120100806040200week-2 week-1 week0 week1 week2 week3 week4 week5 week6WEEKSgroup1group2group3group4Figure 2: Graph and Error bar of Blood Glucose of Rat.J Anat Physiol Stud3Volume 2(1): 2018
Joseph DB (2018) Aqueous Leaf Extract of Alafia Barteri Maintained Renal Integrity in Diabetic Wistar Ratsweight of the untreated diabetic animals, however, significantincreases was noticed in the diabetic animals treated with theAlafia barteri leaf aqueous extracts and the animals that weretreated only with the Alafia barteri leaf aqueous extracts.the he negative control showed histo-renal integrity to bemaintained. Presences of the bowman;s capsule,Plates 3C and 4C showed Trichrome stained renal tissue ofuntreated diabetic animals. Tubule with mild haemorrage,degenerating glomeruli and consequent loss of glumerili.Plate 3A and 3B revealed basic features of histology ofthe kidney, with intact bowman’s capsucle and glumerulidemonstration.Histo-architectural observation revealed clearly, loss of thebowman’s capsule, the renal tubules and characteristicallydistal and proximal convoluted tubules as observed in plate1 C and 1D, relative to the control animals both positive andFigure 3: Mean plot of weight of animal.160140120WEIGHT100806040200week-2 week-1 p2group3group4Figure 4: Graph and Error Bar of Mean Weight of Rat.0.0090.008relative pFigure 5: Graphical Illustration of Relative Weight of Animal.J Anat Physiol Stud4Volume 2(1): 2018
Joseph DB (2018) Aqueous Leaf Extract of Alafia Barteri Maintained Renal Integrity in Diabetic Wistar RatsPlate 1A. (x100) H&E staining of group 1showing;- normal renal tubule (white arrow),- glomeruli (red arrow),- bowman’s space (black arrow).Plate 1B. (x100) H&E staining of group 2showing;- normal glomeruli (red arrow),- renal tubule ( white arrow),- interstitium appear normal (slender dark arrow).Plate 1C. (x100) H&E staining of group 3showing;- glomerulosclerosis (second black arrow),- dilated tubule (red arrow),- juxtaglomerular cells (first black arrow).Plate 1D. (x100) H&E staining of group 4showing;- glomeruli recovering from glomerulosclerosis(red and black arrow).Plate 1:Plate 2A. (x400) H&E staining of group 1showing;-normal glomeruli ( red arrow),convoluted tubule ( black arrow),podocyte ( white arrow).Plate 2C. (x400) H&E staining of group 3showing;- thickened bowman’s capsule (black arrow),- diffuse intercapillary glomerulosclerosis(red arrow).Plate 2B. (x400) H&E staining of group 2showing;- bowman’s capsule (red arrow),- tubules (black arrow).Plate 2D. (x400) H&E staining of group 4showing;- recovering glomerulosclerosis (black arrow),- renal tubule ( red arrow).-Plate 2:J Anat Physiol Stud5Volume 2(1): 2018
Joseph DB (2018) Aqueous Leaf Extract of Alafia Barteri Maintained Renal Integrity in Diabetic Wistar RatsPlate 3A. (x100) Trichrome staining of group 1showing;- glomerular ( red arrow),Plate 3C. (x100) Trichrome staining of group 3showing;- renal tubule (red arrow),- tubule with mild haemorrage (white arrow),- degenerating glomeruli (black arrow).Plate 3B. (x100) Trichrome staining of group 2 showing;- the glomeruli ( white arrow).- tubule ( black arrow).Plate 3D. (x100) Trichrome staining of group 4 showing;- recovering glomeruli (white arrow).Plate 3:Plate 4A. (x400) Trichrome staining of group 1showing;- renal tubules ( red arrow),- interstitum shows very mild haemorrhage(black arrow).Plate 4B. (x400) Trichrome staining of group 2shows;- proximal convoluted tubule (back arrow),- glomeruli ( red arrow).Plate 4C. (x400) Trichrome staining of group 3shows;- degenerating glomeruli with mild haemorrage(black arrow)Plate 4D. (x400) Trichrome staining of group 4showing;- bowman’s space ( red arrow),- recovering glomerulosclerosis (black arrow).Plate 4:J Anat Physiol Stud6Volume 2(1): 2018
Joseph DB (2018) Aqueous Leaf Extract of Alafia Barteri Maintained Renal Integrity in Diabetic Wistar RatsDiscussionhad a significant effect on the weight of the animals, exertreduction in the blood glucose of the diabetic animals andmaintained histo-renal architecture.In the study, the blood glucose of the group 1 and 2 fluctuatedthroughout the experimental period but there was no period itwent above normal. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolicdiseases characterized by elevated blood glucose levels(hyperglycemia) resulting from defects in insulin secretion,insulin action or both [7]. The blood glucose of these two groupremained normal throughout (Figure 1). This showed that waterand Alafia barteri, have no effect on a normoglycaemic state.The blood glucose of the animals in group 3 remained normalbefore the induction of diabetes, but started increasing from theweek 1 anrd remained high up to the end of the experimentalperiod (Figure 2). Several studied had shown that distilledwater had no effect on a diabetic state [8-11] in agreement withthis study. However, animals that were induced to be diabeticin group 4, showed significant reduction in the blood glucose.There was a significant drop at the end of the 6th week. Thisshowed that Alafia barteri has some antihyperglycaemic effect.Some antihypergycaemic effects of Alafia barteri had beendocumented, which is in agreement with this study [2].References1. Adeeyo OA, Caxton-Martins EA, Ofusori DA, Ashamu EA,Omotoso EO et al. (2008) Comparative histological features ofthe pancreas in fruit – eating bat (Eidolon – helvum) and Pangolin(Manis Tricuspis). J Cell and Animal Bio 2: 134 – 139. [ViewArticle]2. Adekunle AA, Okoli SO (2002) Antifungal activity of the crudeextracts of Alafia barteri. AGRIS. [View Article]3. Ozturk Y, Atlan VM, Vildizoglu N (1996) Effect of experimentalDiabetes and insulin on smooth muscle functions. Pharmacol Rev48: 69-112. [View Article]4. Yamagishi S, Maeda S, Matsui T, Ueda S, Fukami K, et al.(2012) Role of advance glycation end production (AGEs) andoxidative stress in vascular complication in diabetes. Biochimicaof Biophysica Acta 1820: 663-671. [View Article]5. Yusuf Uthman A, Olusola A Adeeyo, Emmanuel O Salawu,Bernard U Enaibe, Olusegun D. Omotoso (2012) Allium cepaProtects Renal function in Diabetic Rabbit. World J Life Sci andMed Res 2: 86-90. [View Article]The weight parameters of animals in group 1 remained normalthroughout the experimental period. Group 2 animals showeda significant increase in their weight which indicates thatAlafia barteri leaf extract has an effect on the body weight.Group 3 and 4 animals showed a decrease in their body weighttwo weeks after the induction of diabetic this is in accordancewith the work of [12]. The histological findings of the kidneyshowed that the glomeruli, distal convoluted tubules werenormal in group1and 2 animals (Plates 1A, 1B, 2A and 2 B).This showed that water and Alafia barteri, had no adverse effecton the histology of the kidney. In diabetic untreated (group3) animals, there was glomerulo-sclerosis and distortionof both proximal and distal convoluted tubules. There wasgeneral distortion of cytoarchitecture of the kidney (Plate 3Cand 4C). This showed that diabetic state had serious adverseeffect on the histology of the kidney. This is in agreement withvarious studies in the literature that said that diabetic statecaused nepropathy (Adeeyo et al; 2013). In other studies by[5] it was discovered that diabetes mellitus is associated withglomerulosclerosis which is also in agreement with this study.In group 4 animals, (Plates 3D and 4D), the diabetic animalswere treated with aqueous extract of Alafia barteri. The platesshowed some regeneration of glomeruli and organizationof the cytoarchitecture of the kidney. This meant that Alafiabarteri extract some protective effect on the kidney of diabeticanimals. This could be explained by the antihyperglycaemicaction possessed by Alafia barteri. Since the aqueous extractof the plant was able to bring about antihyperglycaemic effect,then it should be able to prevent nephropathy that is usuallyassociated with diabetic state. Some plant like Allom cepawhich had antihyperglycaemic effect was able to preventnephropathy in diabetic animals as reported by [5]. Thisfinding is in agreement with the present study.6. Burkill HM (1985) The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. 2ndEdition. Volume 1, Families. [View Article]7. Meier JJ, Lin JC, Butler AE (2006b) Direct evidence of attemptedbeta cell regeneration in an 89-year-old patient with recent-onsettype 1 Diabetes. Diabetol 49: 1838-1844. [View Article]8. Eiziril DL Sandler S, Ahnstrom G and Wesh M (1991) Exposureof pancreatic islet to different alkylating agents decreasesmitochondrial. DNA content but only streptozotocin inducerslong-lasting functional impairment of B-cells. BiochemPharmacol 42: 2275-2282. [View Article]9. Kimble SM, Joystick GS, Kamala PL, Vida SM (1996) effecacyof Coccinia indica WandA in Diabetes mellitus. J Res AyurvedaSridhar 17: 77-84. [View Article]10. Kim J, Knag S, Park G (2007) Ameliorative ant diabetics activityof dangnyosolao, Chinese herbal Medicine in diabetic rat. Bio SciBiotechnol Biochem 71: 1527-1534. [View Article]11. Ebong PE, AtanguhoI J, Eyong EU, Egbung GE (2008)The antidiabteic efficiency of combined extracts from two.Continental plants: Azadirachta indica (A. Juss) (Neem) andVernonia amygdalina (Doc) (African. Bitter leaf). AmJ BiochemBitoechnol 4: 239-244. [View Article]12. Leuwenberg AJM (1997) Series of revisions of ApocynaceaeXLIII. Alafia Thouars Kew Bulletin 52: 769–839. [View Article]13. Oliver (Apocynaceae) and ChasmantheradependensHochst.(Menispermaceae). Hamdard Medicus 45: 52–56. [View Article]14. Dalziel JM (1937) The useful plants of West Tropical Africa.Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administrations,London, United Kingdom. pp: 612. [View Article]15. Irvine FR (1961) Woody plants of Ghana, with special referenceto their uses. Oxford University Press, London, United Kingdom.pp: 868. [View Article]16. Osemeobo GJ, Ujor G (1999) Non-wood forest products InNigeria. Data collection and analysis for sustainable forestmanagement in ACP countries – Linking national and internationalConclusionThe result of this study showed that Alafia barteri leaf extractJ Anat Physiol Stud7Volume 2(1): 2018
Joseph DB (2018) Aqueous Leaf Extract of Alafia Barteri Maintained Renal Integrity in Diabetic Wistar Ratsefforts. EC-FAO partnership programme. Federal Department ofForestry, Ajuba, Nigeria. pp: 42. [View Article](2006) Flore analytique du Bénin. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden,Netherlands. pp: 1034. [View Article]17. Tra Bi FH, Kouamé F.N, Traoré D (2005) Utilisation of climbersin two forest reserves in West Côte d’Ivoire. In: Bongers, F.,Parren, M.P.E. &Traoré, D. (Editors). Forest climbing plantsof West Africa. Diversity, ecology and management. CABIPublishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom. pp. 167–181. [ViewArticle]19. de Ruijter, PROTA Network Office Europe, WageningenUniversity, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands.[View Article]20. De Ruijter A (2006) Alafia barteri Oliv. In: Schmelzer, G.H.&Gurib-Fakim, A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources ofTropical Africa / Ressourcesvégétales de l’Afriquetropicale),Wageningen, Netherlands. pp. 51–52. [View Article]18. Akoègninou A, van der Burg WJ, van der Maesen LJG (Editors)Citation: Atilade AO, Ogunniyi, Victoria O, Joseph DB, Segun EA, et al. (2018) Aqueous Leaf Extract of Alafia Barteri MaintainedRenal Integrity in Diabetic Wistar Rats. J Anat Physiol Stud 1: 001-008.Copyright: 2018 Atilade AO, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons AttributionLicense, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and sourceare credited.J Anat Physiol Stud8Volume 2(1): 2018
tubules and collecting tubules (Inderbir, Singh, 2007). Several collecting tubules of nephrons from collecting ducts which carry urine to the calyces and the ureter. Cortical nephrons are located almost com
table of contents introduction to alberta postpartum and newborn clinical pathways 6 acknowledgements 7 postpartum clinical pathway 8 introduction 9 physiological health: vital signs 12 physiological health: pain 15 physiological health: lochia 18 physiological health: perineum 19 physiological health: abdominal incision 20 physiological health: rh factor 21 physiological health: breasts 22
Clinical Anatomy RK Zargar, Sushil Kumar 8. Human Embryology Daksha Dixit 9. Manipal Manual of Anatomy Sampath Madhyastha 10. Exam-Oriented Anatomy Shoukat N Kazi 11. Anatomy and Physiology of Eye AK Khurana, Indu Khurana 12. Surface and Radiological Anatomy A. Halim 13. MCQ in Human Anatomy DK Chopade 14. Exam-Oriented Anatomy for Dental .
39 poddar Handbook of osteology Anatomy Textbook 10 40 Ross ,Pawlina Histology a text & atlas Anatomy Textbook 10 41 Halim A. Human anatomy Abdomen & lower limb Anatomy Referencebook 10 42 B.D. Chaurasia Human anatomy Head & Neck, Brain Anatomy Referencebook 10 43 Halim A. Human anatomy Head & Neck, Brain Anatomy Referencebook 10
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy: Anatomy is a branch of science in which deals with the internal organ structure is called Anatomy. The word “Anatomy” comes from the Greek word “ana” meaning “up” and “tome” meaning “a cutting”. Father of Anatomy is referred as “Andreas Vesalius”. Ph
Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy and Physiology Integrated Anatomy – Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, examines large, visible structures Surface anatomy: exterior features Regional anatomy: body areas Systemic anatomy: groups of organs working
Anatomy titles: Atlas of Anatomy (Gilroy) Anatomy for Dental Medicine (Baker) Anatomy: An Essential Textbook (Gilroy) Anatomy: Internal Organs (Schuenke) Anatomy: Head, Neck, and Neuroanatomy (Schuenke) General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System (Schuenke) Fo
Descriptive anatomy, anatomy limited to the verbal description of the parts of an organism, usually applied only to human anatomy. Gross anatomy/Macroscopic anatomy, anatomy dealing with the study of structures so far as it can be seen with the naked eye. Microscopic
Anatomy of a journal 1. Introduction This short activity will walk you through the different elements which form a Journal. Learning outcomes By the end of the activity you will be able to: Understand what an academic journal is Identify a journal article inside a journal Understand what a peer reviewed journal is 2. What is a journal? Firstly, let's look at a description of a .
