Stylistic And Linguistic Analysis Of A Literary Text Using .
ῌStylistic and Linguistic Analysis of a Literary Text Using Systemic Functional GrammarNoriko Iwamoto M.A.K.Halliday ῌtransitivity !" # % &' ()*!" , - ῌthe ideational function ./0 1 %23!"45 67 5 89 5 :; 5 5 5 ?@ )A BCDEFG # HIG JKLM NOP6QR 5 AP6 S75 TU5 P6V W X5 YG ZIG [ \] QH )0 a bcde%f gOFGhGF d )ij # H d k 5 l mnoMp q1) \5 ZIrs noMp ῌtuῌvw kx \ bcy !" H) z{ 5 HI !} )YI) ) 1 !" #Key words : functional grammar ; transitivity ; stylistics ; narrative ;gender . IntroductionThis article explores the relationship between linguistic structuresand socially constructed meaning in a narrative text. Byemploying Halliday’s transitivity framework, the article attempts
ῌto reveal the ideology and power relations that underpin aliterary text from a semantico-grammatical point of view. Thisstudy seeks common ground where systemic grammar andnarrative, which have long been considered separate disciplines,can meet. . Narrative as a linguistically constructed worldWe humans beings often put our experiences and thoughts intostories. Narrative refers to storytelling, both written and spoken,including oral narrative. A narrative constructs a world usingvarious linguistic resources. A narrative is a microcosm of howpeople act, feel, and think, and what they value as an individualor as a member of a community or institution. There are nditspresentation. One of the most widely adopted is that of Labov andWaletsky ῌ 301 , who presented structural stages for narrativeanalysis that have been widely accepted. The stages are : .Abstract, ,. Orientation, -. Complicating Action, . Evaluation, /.Results / Resolution, /. Coda ῌLabov and Waletsky 301 . , It isimportant to note the ways in which the structural stages of anarrative can be ordered, controlled, and even manipulated inorder to encode ideological assumptions, and also to get acrosssome ideas. This is especially true of the evaluation stage ῌwhichis a sort of representation of narrative, where many linguisticdevices can be used. In this way, “the ability to narrate has to beseen as a creative artifact and therefore not necessarily a
Stylistic and Linguistic Analysis of a Literary Text Using Systemic Functional Grammar ῌrepresentation of actual events” ῌDavies ,**/ : 33 .Critical discourse analysis ῌCDA , a politicized school ofdiscourse analysis, attempts to uncover the underlying ideologyor worldview of the text under consideration. For example,Fairclough ῌ 323, 33/ , Fowler ῌ 311, 320 , and Fowler, Hodge,Kress,andTrew ῌ 313 adoptvariouslinguisticanalyses,including transitivity and modality, to uncover ideas andevaluation in newspapers, advertisements, narratives, and othertexts and to reveal that they are not objective retellings of ndideologically situated retellings. By extension, Bell ῌ,*** makessignificant points about the ways that institutional structureinfluences discourse type. As such, narrative research should beinterdisciplinary, blurring and crossing boundaries of linguisticand social studies and literary pursuit.One of the regrettable points about the critical discourse analysistradition is that they seem to have given the impression that theirapproach has been focused on foregrounding examples oflinguistic and stylistic deviance. An important point this articlehopes to make is that linguistic, stylistic, or interdisciplinaryanalysis of a text should not always be oriented towardsuncovering examples of deviant linguistic patterns ; it can be usedbeneficially for clarifying characteristics and meanings in anytext whether conventional or nonconventional features including literary and nonliterary ones.
ῌ . ,. Pioneering linguistic and stylistic analyses of literary textsThis section introduces some of the previous literature onconventional attitudes towards life are reflected in languagepatterns.As a groundbreaking example of nonstandard usage oflanguageexpressingaworldview,Halliday’sarticle ῌ 31 “Linguistic function and literary style: An inquiry into thelanguage of William Golding’s The Inheritors” is an influential one.In this work Halliday discusses the patterns of transitivity,including what processes, participants, and circumstances ῌtheseterms are explained in section ,. . occur in the clause orsentence. He proceeds to illustrate how they are used by Goldingto imply “cognitive limitation,” a decreased sense of causation andan incomplete recognition of how human beings can control theworld, as experienced by the main character, Lok, a Neanderthalman whose world is being taken control of by the people of amore “advanced” world. Also, there is Kennedy’s ῌ 32, analysisof a scene from Joseph Conrad’s The Secret Agent. Kennedyanalyzes the verbs used, examining why the sequential murderscene in the story stylistically gives the impression of distanceand detachment, as if the murderer were not responsible for whatshe was doing. In the same article Kennedy also analyzes Joyce’s“Two Gallants” from the collection Dubliners, clarifying the powerrelationship between the two men using some elements of
Stylistic and Linguistic Analysis of a Literary Text Using Systemic Functional Grammar ῌsystemic functional grammar. There is Burton’s ῌ 32, feministstylistic analysis of a sequence from Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar.Burton reveals an unequal power relationship between themedical staff ῌthe doctor and a nurse and a female patient, andthus demonstrates that the helpless patient could not influenceanything in regard to communication and other things going onin the hospital, while the doctor and the nurse actively influencedwhat was happening. Similar to this is Kies’s ῌ 33, “The uses ofpassivity: Suppressing agency in Nineteen eighty-four,” ll’smasterpiece. Kies’s analysis reveals how the actions and thoughtsof a man in a totalitarian state are rendered passive and helplessby the power of the state. Robson and Stockwell ῌ,**/ introducelexical and discoursal patterns and other linguistic devicesemployed in writings for women, including cooking recipes.,. Transitivity llinguisticframework for uncovering the main linguistic features of acertain literary discourse. The analysis of transitivity and itsapplication to literary discourse in this article basically followsHalliday’s theoretical framework. This section introduces thetheory, and section . has to do with the application of transitivityto its use in literary discourse.
ῌῌ,. . Transitivity as an ideational function of language- In Halliday’s terms, transitivity is a part of the ideational functionof the clause. . The ideational function of the clause is concernedwith the “transmission of ideas.” Its function is that of“representing ‘processes’ or ‘experiences’: actions, events, processesof consciousness and relations” ῌ 32/ : /- . The term “process” isused in an extended sense, “to cover all phenomena andanything that can be expressed by a verb : event, whetherphysical or not, state, or relation” ῌHalliday 310 : /3 . Hallidayfurther notes that the “processes” expressed through language arethe product of our conception of the world or point of view. Henotes :Our most powerful conception of reality is that it consistsof “goings-on” : of doing, happening, feeling, being. Thesegoings-on are sorted out in the semantic system of thelanguage, and expressed through the grammar of theclause ῌT he clause evolved simultaneously in anothergrammatical function expressing the reflective, experientialaspect of meaning. This is the system of TRANSITIVITY.Transitivity specifies the different types of process that arerecognized in the language, and the structures by whichthey are expressed ῌHalliday 32/ : * .The semantic processes expressed by clauses have potentiallythree components, as follows :
Stylistic and Linguistic Analysis of a Literary Text Using Systemic Functional Grammarῌ ῌ the process itself, which will be expressed by the verbphrase in a clause.ῌ, the participants in the clause, which refer to the rolesof entities that are directly involved in the process :the one that does, behaves or says, together with thepassive one that is done to, said to, etc. Theparticipants are not necessarily humans or evenanimate; the term “participant entities” would be moreaccurate ῌHalliday 310 : 0* . The participant entitiesare normally realized by noun phrases in the clause.ῌ- the circumstances associated with the process, whichare typically expressed by adverbial and prepositionalphrases.ῌHalliday 32/ : * ῌ *, Transitivity is an important semantic concept in the analysis ofrepresentation of reality, in that transitivity enables us to analyzeand represent the same event and situation in different ways. Thetransitivity patterns can also indicate the certain mind-set orworldview “framed by the authorial ideology” ῌFowler 320 : -2 in literary texts.,. ,. The relevance of the transitivity framework to the analysisof literary discourseTransitivity has been a popular part of the analytic tool in theschool of critical discourse analysis. The transitivity model
ῌ provides a means of discovering how certain linguistic structuresof a text encode the particular worldview or ideological stance ofa reader/speaker. As Fowler notes :Linguistic codes do not reflect reality neutrally; theyinterpret, organize, and classify the subjects of discourse.They embody theories of how the world is arranged:world-views or ideologies ῌ 320 : ,1 .Thus, selection from the transitivity system can suggest differentmind-sets or worldviews, including a traditional or an unusualmind-set reflected in language.The first principle of a transitivity analysis is to uncover theprinciple “who or what does what to whom or what?” Put simply,transitivity refers to the relationship between the action of anActor and its effect upon the Goal ῌthe terms Actor and Goal areexplained in section ,. -. . ./ However, unlike traditionalgrammar, and following Halliday’s tradition, the term transitivityis used here more as a semantic concept than simply as asyntactic description. In traditional grammar, transitivity ispurely a syntactic description; it is based on whether a verb takesan Object or not. The former is called a transitive verb while thelatter is an intransitive verb. 0 Nevertheless, in any analysis oftransitivity based on the semantic description rather than apurely syntactic one, as Halliday notes, one of the important
Stylistic and Linguistic Analysis of a Literary Text Using Systemic Functional Grammarῌ questions is whether there is an implication of an animateindividual ῌActor/Agent intentionallydoingtheactiontoanother entity ῌGoal .Transitivity patterns are also subject to social and cultural factorsas well as any individual mind-set. Different social structures andvalue systems require different patterns of transitivity. In order toget a picture of what is happening from the viewpoint of one’ssubjective reality involved in the story, the following process ishelpful.ῌ Isolate the process per se, and determine whichparticipant ῌwho or what is doing each process ;ῌ, Determine what sorts of process they are, and whichparticipant is engaged in which type of process ;ῌ- Determine who or what is affected or seems to beaffected by each of these processes.ῌcf. Burton 32, : ,*, I shall now systematize the transitivity model to make it relevantto my analysis. I first introduce major process types and theirsubclassifications, then the participant roles that are directlyinvolved in the processes.
ῌ,. -. Transitivity model,. -. . Types of processesTransitivity processes can be classified into material, relational,mental, verbal, behavioral, and existential processes, according towhether they represent processes of doing, being, sensing, saying,behaving, or existing, respectively. The following sections accountfor these major processes realized in the transitivity system, andthe participant roles that are involved in the processes.,. -. . . Material processesMaterial processes are processes of doing in the physical world.Material processes have two inherent participants involved inthem. The first of these is the Actor, which is an obligatoryelement and expresses the doer of the process. The second is theGoal, which is an optional element and expresses the person orentity ῌwhether animate or inanimate affected by the process. Inaddition to these two inherent participant roles, there is an onalinformation on the “when, where, how, and why” of the process.The Circumstantial meaning is realized, not in nominal phrases, 1 but as either adverbial phrases or prepositional phrases, and so issubsidiary in status to the process. Circumtance expressessupplementary information, such as place, time, extent, matter,manner, duration, condition, means, etc.The following examples illustrate these constructions :
Stylistic and Linguistic Analysis of a Literary Text Using Systemic Functional Grammarῌ JohnkickedtheActor Process : materialῌ, Johnhitball.Goalthe man very hard.Actor Process : materialῌ- The boat sailedActor ῌProcess : materialGoalCircumstance : Mannerin the bay.Circumstance : PlaceOf course, it is possible to reverse ActorῌGoal in a passive form,placing a Goal at an initial position and Actor at the end of thesentence, such as :ῌ, ῌ The manGoalwas hitby John.Process : materialActorMaterial processes can be further subclassified according towhether the process is performed intentionally or spontaneouslyand whether by an animate Actor or inanimate Actor ῌfor detailssee, for example, Berry 311a, Halliday 310 .2 Ergative analysisThe standard analysis of transitivity may well be expanded toinvolve the supplementary analysis of ergative analysis. Hallidayholds that “all transitivity systems, in all languages, are some
ῌblend of these two semantic models of processes, the transitiveand ergative” ῌ 33. : 01 . In the same way, Davidse ῌ 33, : *1 says that the grammar of material processes is “Janus-headed,”that is, it is regulated by the two distinct systems of transitivityand ergativity.In the transitivity model, the central participant roles are Actorand Goal, and the interest is on whether or not the process isdirected by the Actor towards a Goal, as in “John kicked the ball.”According to this, in the transitivity model, “the window” in thesentence “The window broke” is labeled as an Actor althoughsemantically it is an affected participant or an enforced actor,which may be a little problematic labeling. Ergative interpretationprovides a solution on this point.While the transitivity system realizes a process and extensionmodel ῌHalliday 33. : 0,ῌ- and is Actor-centered, the ergativesystem is Goal-centered ῌcf. Davidse 33, : -, / ; Fawcett 32* : .* . Goal is called Medium in ergative analysis. The centralparticipant roles of the ergative system are Medium and Agent orCauser. A Medium is “the entity through which the process comesinto existence,” as its name suggests ῌHalliday 33.: 0- . Hallidaydefines the concept of Medium in the following terms : ῌT he Medium is the nodal participant throughout thesystem. It is not the doer, nor the causer, but the one that iscritically involved, in some way or other according to theparticular nature of the process.ῌHalliday 33. : 0/
Stylistic and Linguistic Analysis of a Literary Text Using Systemic Functional Grammar ῌThe Process and the Medium together form the nucleus ofῌHalliday 33. : 0. an English clause.Davidse ῌ 33, : -, slightly expands the definition of Medium to“the generalized single participant which has neither true agencynor real affectedness associated with it.” As such, Medium isequivalent to the Actor in an intransitive ῌi. e., non-Goal-directed sentence and the Goal in a transitive sentence. The Agent isequivalent to the Actor in Goal-directed material processes.Ergative analysis is a beneficial supplement, providing an extrastratum or rank to the standard interpretation of transitivityanalysis that will be adequate for most purposes. The following isa double analysis of example sentences to illustrate how theῌstandard transitive and the ergative interpretations interrelatewith each other.ῌ. The recruits marched.Transitive analysis :ActorProcess : materialErgative analysis :MediumProcess : material“The recruits marched” because they were made to do so by thegeneral, thus “the recruits” will be an enforced Actor or Mediumbut not an Agent. In transitive analysis another participantfunction, Initiator must be introduced to account for theexecutive role. Thus, the participant roles of each analysis will beas follows.
ῌῌ/ The general marchedthe recruits.Transitive analysis : InitiatorProcess : materialActorErgative analysis :Process : materialMediumAgentHere is another example, “I broke the window,” and “The windowbroke,” which is analyzed as follows in each interpretation.ῌ0 Ibrokethe window.Standard analysis :ActorProcess : materialGoalErgative analysis :Agent Process : materialῌ1 MediumThe window broke.Standard analysis :ActorProcess : materialErgative analysis :MediumProcess : material,. -. . ,. Relational processes : from Action to BeingRelational processes are concerned with the process of being inthe world of abstract relations. Normally, an abstract relationshipthat exists between two participants associated with the processis considered, but unlike the case of material process, a participantdoes not affect the other participant in a physical sense. Examplesare “John is talented,” and “John is the exandcontroversial ῌfor example, see Eggins 33. : ,// . For the present
ῌStylistic and Linguistic Analysis of a Literary Text Using Systemic Functional Grammaranalysis, it is sufficient to identify the following two principalprocess types : the attributive mode in intensive processes and theidentifying mode in intensive processes. Intensive, being one ofthe three main relational types ῌi. e., Intensive, Circumstantial,and Possessive , expresses an “x is y” relationship, whileCircumstantial denotes an “x is at y” relationship, and Possessive,an “x has y” relationship. Each of the three types can appear intwo distinct modes :Attributive : “y is an attribute of x”Identifying : “y is the identity of x”Since only the attributive mode and the identifying mode inintensive processes are of particular relevance to the presentstudy, a detailed explanation of the other types ῌCircumstantialand Possessive is unnecessary here.,. -. . ,. . Intensive attributive ggeststherelationship of “x carries the attribute y,” where a quality,classification,oradjective ῌAttribute isassignedtoaparticipant ῌCarrier . The relationship between the Attribute andthe Carrier is commonly expressed by the verb be. The Carrier isalways realized by a noun or a nominal phrase, and the Attributeby an adjective or a nominal phrase, for example :
ῌῌ2 JohnCarrierῌ3 JohnCarrieristalented.Process : relationalAttributeisa talented boy.Process : relationalAttributeAlthough the most typical intensive verb is be in English, variousintensive attributive synonyms are possible, as the followingexamples illustrate :She kept quiet.They seemed terrified.He looked puzzled.He became ill.She turned angry.It seemed perfect.The copular verbs in parenthetic phrases can be omitted, such asin the text shown in section -ῌ., “Claire, ῌbeing pale fromEngland ” One of the important characteristics of the intensiveattributive process is that it cannot be passivized; the Subjectcommonly coincides with the Carrier, and rarely with theAttribute. The reason why an attributive clause is not reversiblein this way is that the intensive attributive mode virtuallyinvolves “only one independent nominal participant, the Carrier,with the Attribute functioning to encode the ascription assignedto the Carrier” ῌfor more, see Eggins 33. : ,/1 . For example, it isimpossible to reverse the following intensive attributive sentence,“She became sad,” to make ῌ“Sad was become by her.” However,
Stylistic and Linguistic Analysis of a Literary Text Using Systemic Functional Grammarῌῌthere seem to be some exceptions, particularly when the relationalprocess is analyzed in combination with the material process ῌseeFawcett 321 regarding the double roles of Agent-Carrier .,. -. . ,. ,. Intensive identifying processesThe intensive identifying process in relational processes differsfrom the intensive attributive process in both semantic andgrammatical senses. In a semantic sense, an identifying process isnot concerned with “ascribing or classifying, but defining.” So theintensive identifying process can be characterized as “x serves todefine the identity of y” ῌEggins 33. : ,/2 , as in “John is thepresident.”In a grammatical sense, unlike the attributive process, whichincludesonlyoneindependentparticipant ῌCarrier ,theidentifying process contains two independent participants: aToken that is a holder, form, or occupant that stands to bedefined, and a Value that defines the Token by giving the Token“meaning, referent, function, status, or role” ῌHalliday 32/ : / .Both the Token and the Value are expressed by nominal phrases.The identifying process is reversible, because the identifyingprocess involves two independent nominal participants, unlike theattributiveprocess,whichcontainsparticipant ῌthe Carrier . For example :onlyoneautonomous
ῌ ῌ * JohnTokenisthe president.ῌProcess : relationalValueThe presidentisJohn.ValueProcess : relationalTokenNormally, a semantic judgment will suggest which part of thesentence is Token or Value. A useful test to distinguish these twomay be :Token will always be Subject in an active clauseValue will always be Subject in a passive clauseῌEggins 33. : ,0* The commonest intensive identifying verb is be, but othersynonymous intensive verbs exist, such as stand for, make, mean,or express.,. -. . -. Mental processesMental processes encode the meanings of feeling or thinking.They differ from material processes, which express concrete,physical processes of doing. Mental processes are “internalized”processes, in contrast to the “externalized” processes of doing andspeaking ῌSimpson 33- : 3 . Unlike the case of material process,it is odd to ask “What did X do to Y?” in mental process.Grammatically, all mental processes involve two participants:
Stylistic and Linguistic Analysis of a Literary Text Using Systemic Functional Grammarῌ Senser ῌthe conscious being who is involved in a mental processby feeling, thinking, or perceiving and Phenomenon ῌthat whichis felt, thought, or perceived by the conscious Senser ῌEggins 33.: ,.,ῌ-; Halliday 33.: 1 . Mental process verbs can besubcategorized into three types: Cognition ῌverbs of thinking,knowing, understanding , Affection ῌverbs of liking, loving,fearing, hating , and Perception ῌverbs of seeing, hearing ῌHalliday 33. : 2 . Examples of each type are as follows.Cognition : ῌ ISenserAffection :ῌ , ISenserPerception : ῌ - ISenserdon’t understandhis theory.Process : mentalPhenomenonfearthe coming war.Process : mentalPhenomenonheardthe musicProcess : mentalPhenomenonin the basement.Circumstance : PlaceThe participant roles of Senser and Phenomenon are sometimesinadequate; as previously mentioned, the presence of Actor/Agentand Goal / Affected / Medium are “relevant across all three majorprocess-types, including mental processes” ῌFawcett 321 : - .For example, “John” in “John saw the picture” and “John looked at
ῌthe picture” exhibit different meanings ; while John in the formermay be purely a Senser ῌi. e., “the picture came into John’sview” , “John” in the latter example occupies the double role ofAgent-Senser, in the sense that “John” consciously looked at thepicture. As a result, the presence of the double roles ofAgent-Senser ῌe. g., “II’m thinking about getting a new car” andAffected-Senser ῌe.g., “II was frightened by the ghost” should berecognized.,. -. . . Verbal processesA verbal process is the process of saying, and it exists on theborderline between mental and relational processes. Just likesaying and meaning, the verbal process expresses the relationshipbetween ideas constructed in human consciousness and the ideasenacted in the form of language ῌHalliday 33. : *1 . Examples ofverbal processes are “I said I am happy” and “The chairpersoncalls for the meeting.” Note that “saying” is used in an extendedsense and the “speaker” need not be a conscious being ῌunlike aSenser in mental process , hence a verbal process includes anykind of exchange of meaning, such as “The booklet tells you howto find a job” or “The clock says it is ten.” The participant who isspeaking is called Sayer, the addressee to whom the process isdirected is Target, and what is said is Verbiage, for example :ῌ . The committeeSayerannouncedthat the new bill will be passed.Process : verbalVerbiage
Stylistic and Linguistic Analysis of a Literary Text Using Systemic Functional Grammarῌ / ISayertoldherProcess : verbalTarget Verbiage ῌhow to play the piano.The element “what is said” may be either directly quoted orindirectly reported. Disregarding clause complexity, or rankshift,as Halliday says ῌ 33.: .* , I shall simplify the labeling asfollows, as this will suffice for our present analysis.ῌ 0 HeSayerῌ 1 HeSayersaid“I’m tired.”Process : verbalVerbiagesaidhe was tired.Process : verbalVerbiage,. -. . /. Behavioral gicalandpsychological behavior, and they are on the borderline betweenmaterial and mental processes. Behavioral processes “representouter manifestations of inner workings, the acting out ofprocesses of consciousness and physiological states” ῌHalliday 33. : *1 . Behavioral processes are the least salient of Halliday’ssix process types, and the boundaries of behavioral processes areindefinite. The participant who is behaving is called Behaver.Like the Senser, Behaver is usually a conscious being, but theprocess is more like one of doing, as in material processes.
ῌFor example:ῌ 2 Johnis crying.BehaverProcess : behavioralSome other examples of behavioral processes are sit, dance, sing,lie ῌdown ῌnear material processes , think, watch, look, listenῌnear mental processes , talk, gossip, grumble, chatter ῌnear verbalprocesses , smile, laugh, cry, frownῌphysiological processesexpressing states of consciousness , sleep, breathe, cough, yawnῌother physiological processes ῌHalliday 33. : -3 .,. -. . 0. Existential processesThe last remaining process type is called existential. Theseprocesses are processes of existing and happening, as in “Therewas a little house on the big prairie,” “There isn’t enough space,”or “Has there been any problem?”Existential sentences typicallyhave the verb be, and the word there is necessary as a Subjectalthough it has no representational function. The object or eventthat is being said to exist is called Existent. An Existent can beany kind of phenomenon, such as a thing, person, object,institution or abstraction, action, or event. Existentials arerepresented as follows.ῌ 3 There wasa little houseProcess : existential Existenton the big prairie.Circumstance : Place
Stylistic and Linguistic Analysis of a Literary Text Using Systemic Functional Grammar ῌSince no existential process example appears in the textconsidered in this article, no further explanation is needed.So far we have seen the patterns of ideational realization from asemantico-grammatical perspective: i. e., the structural andsemantic relationship within a sentence. However, the structuralrealization is not the only way of realizing ideation. Martin saysthat ideational contents ῌi. e., those expressed by transitivitypatterns can be “realized by lexical items rather than structures”ῌMartin 33, : ,11ῌ2 ; also Berry 311b : 0, ; Fawcett 32* : /-, , 2 .In some cases “the ideational content is densely packed innominal construction” ῌHalliday 33.: -/, . For example, asentence “the viaducts were constructed of masonry and hadnumerous arches in them” can be paraphrased nominally as“masonry viaducts of numerous arches” ῌHalliday 33. : -/ ῌ, . Itwill not be necessary to provide a complex, detailed analysis ofthis here. Suffice it to say that ideational content is realized inlexis as well as in grammatical relations.In a simplest sense, there are two types of vocabulary : objectiveand subjective, although their boundary is not always clear-cut.Unlike those words that express an objective quality of a thing orsituation, such as red, yellow, striped, shiny, windy, there are wordsthat denote the speaker’s subjective attitude towards a thing orsituation, or those that may arouse a particular image in a reader/
uccessful,valuable, meaningless. Halliday terms the latter type of �interpersonalelement” ῌsee footnote - , serving an “attitudinal function”ῌHalliday 33. : 2. in addition to the ideational function. Theseterms may also be called emotive terms; there are both positiveand negative emotive terms. Most of them are adjectives, butadverbs and nouns engender the same effects too ῌe.g., beautifully,ruefully, superficially poverty, illness, success, inspiration, etc. .They are associated with certain images such as those ofweakness and rough life or just the opposite, some of which areexploited in the text to be analyzed in section ., to create acertain impact and effect in
Stylistic and Linguistic Analysis of a Literary Text Using Systemic Functional Grammar,. . Transitivity as an ideational function of language-In Halliday’s terms, transitivity is a part of the ideational function of the cl
The study conducts an SFL-based stylistic analysis of Urdu short stories written by Manto - an icon in Urdu short story writing - and their corresponding English translations by Tahira Naqvi, Jai Ratan, and Khalid Hasan. Specifically speaking, stylistic profiles are made for the
The Linguistic Wars. Oxford University Press. Harris, Roy. and Talbot Taylor (eds.) (1997). Landmarks In Linguistic Thought Volume I: The Western Tradition From Socrates To Saussure (History of Linguistic Thought), Routledge. [on Frege, Saussure] Heine, Bernd. and Heiko Narrog (eds.) (2010) The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis.
A city is a kaleidoscope to observe various social and linguistic activities, where people are surrounded by numerous linguistic artifacts, such as posters, billboards, public road signs, and shop signs. Languages displayed in public linguistic artifacts are linguistic landscape (henceforth, LL). The study on the presence,
Studies applying one or both of these cross-linguistic methods have yielded six basic findings, summarized briefly as follows. (1) Cross-linguistic variation: First, the papers in this issue (and related cross-linguistic studies by these investigators and other research groups- . much more cross-linguistic research, we hope that this .
interpret linguistic decision analysis in a context of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM). 11,14-16. n the I linguistic decision analysis of an MCDM problem, the solution scheme must be formed by the following three steps: 16. the choice of the linguistic term set with its semantics, the choice of the aggregation operator of
Linguistic landscape In this study, we define linguistic landscape as 'the visibility and salience of languages on public and commercial signs in a given territory or region' (Landry & Bourhis, 1997, p. 23). Compared to other sub-linguistic fields, linguistic landscape is a new research field glob-
city using the aspects of linguistic landscape. Linguistic landscape also has more functions. Signs within the linguistic landscape serve both informational and symbolic functions and include both government and private signs. The data was found in five regions of Surabaya city and one artery road. The data include 36 pictures of road sign.
Automotive Finance Luxury Media Retail Sport Tech Move In the Decade of Possibility. Best Global Brands fl flfi Automotive 5 Welcome to Best Global Brands 2020 At a time of deep reflection, the deepest form of relevance is increasingly being driven by an uncompromising approach to fundamental human issues. Businesses that do not yet know, very specifically, which constituents they are .
