Commentary On National Building Code (Part 4) – Fire And .
Document No. :: IITK-GSDMA-Fire03-V3.0Final Report :: C - Fire CodesIITK-GSDMA Project on Building CodesCommentary on National Building Code(Part 4) – Fire and Life SafetybyG.B.MenonFire Adviser, Govt. of India {Retd.} CochinEx-Chairman CED-22 Fire Fighting Sectional CommitteeBureau of Indian Standards.J.N.VakilAsst.General Manager{Retd},TAC/GIC,AhmedabadEx-Chairman CED-36 Fire Safety Sectional CommitteeBureau of Indian Standards.
This document has been developed under the project on BuildingCodes sponsored by Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority,Gandhinagar at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. The views and opinions expressed are those of the authors and notnecessarily of the GSDMA, the World Bank, IIT Kanpur, or the Bureauof Indian Standards. The Commentary is based on the Final Document of Part 4 Fire andLife Safety, which is under print. Suggestions of the authors for certainmodifications in the Code have been forwarded to BIS separately Comments and feedbacks may please be forwarded to:Prof. Sudhir K Jain, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur208016, email: nicee@iitk.ac.in
Commentary on National Building Code (Part 16.17.18.19.FOREWORD & SCOPETERMINOLOGYFIRE PREVENTIONLIFE SAFETYFIRE PROTECTIONOCCUPANCYWISE REQUIREMENTSTables 1 to 18Table 19Tables 20 to 22Table 23Table 24ANNEX ‘A’ &TABLES 25 & 26 - Calorific Values of common Materialsand Typical Values of Fire Load DensityANNEX ‘B’- Broad Classifications of Industrial &Non-Induatrial Occupancies intodifferent degree of HazardANNEX ‘C’ - Fire Protection Requirements forHigh Rise BuildingsANNEX ‘D’ - Fire Protection Considerations forVenting in Industrial BuildingsANNEX ‘E’ - Guidelines for Fire Drill and EvacuationProcedures for High Rise Buildings4-99 - 1616 - 4545 - 6767 - 7979 - 109110 - 123124125 - 126127 - 135136 - 137ANNEX ‘F’- List of StandardsANNEX ‘G’- List of FiguresANNEX ‘H’- Govt. of India, Min. of UD & PA(Delhi Division) Notification dated 28th Aug. 2002188 - 196197Page 3138 - 140141 - 144145 - 160161 - 172173 - 187198-200IITK-GSDMA-Fire03 - V3.0
Commentary on National Building Code (Part 4)NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIAPART 4 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY-2005(Second Revision of SP 7-Part 4)CODECOMMENTARYFOREWORDFOREWORDThis part of the Code deals with safety from fire.It specifies the demarcation of fire zones, restrictionson construction of buildings in each fire zone,classification of buildings based on occupancy, typesof building construction according to fire resistance ofthe structural and non-structural components and otherrestrictions and requirements necessary to minimisedanger to life from fire, smoke, fumes or panic beforethe buildings can be evacuated. The Code recognizesthat safety of life is more than a matter of means ofexits and accordingly deals with various matters whichare considered essential to the safety of life.Fire protection techniques have to be based on thefire behavior characteristics of different materials andstructural elements of buildings. The activities pursuedby the occupants of buildings must also be taken intoconsideration for assessing the extent of hazards, andmethod should then be devised by which the hazardscould be minimised. An indefinite combination ofvariables is involved in the phenomenon of fire, all ofwhich cannot be quantified. The requirements of thisCode should, therefore, be taken as a guide and anengineering design approach should be adopted forensuring a fire safe design for buildings. It would alsobe necessary for this purpose to associate qualifiedand trained fire protection engineers with the planningof buildings, so that adequate fire protection measurescould be incorporated in the building design right fromthe beginning.Absolute safety from fire is not attainable in practice.The objective of this part is to specify measures thatwill provide that degree of safety from fire which canbe reasonably achieved. The Code endeavours to avoidrequirements that might involve unreasonablehardships or unnecessary inconvenience or interference with normal use and occupancy of buildings, butinsists upon compliance with minimum standards forfire safety necessary in public interest. For ensuringcompliance of fire protection equipments/installationsto the laid down quality requirements, it is desirable touse such equipments/installation duly certified underthe BIS Certification Marks Scheme.A broad overview of the contents of the Foreword (asshown on the left), is outlined below:(i)Part-4 of NBC deals with the requirementsnecessary to minimise danger to life and propertyfrom fire and adopts an integrated approach.(ii)Fire Protection techniques should be based on firecharacteristics of building materials and elements ofstructure, and requirements of the Code should beadopted in toto for ensuring a fire safe design andconstruction of buildings.(iii) For this, qualified and trained fire experts have to beclosely associated with the building industry, rightfrom the planning and design stage of the building.(This aspect has been strongly advocated by theStanding Fire Advisory Council, Govt. of India also,which is the highest policy making body for the FireProtection Services in the country.(iv) While the Code prescribes only the minimumstandards of fire protection and fire safety ofbuildings, both in the interests of the occupants ofthe buildings and also in the public interests, nothingin the Part prohibits adoption of higher standards.Also, it will be necessary for all concerned to complywith all requirements of fire safety as prescribed infire-related legislative provisions.(v) Detailed coverage has been provided about the HalonPhase-Out policy guidelines as well as thedevelopment and adoption of the Standards on HalonAlternatives. In fact, this subject has been dealt within detail under Commentary Section F-5.3. Asmentioned therein, 12 new Indian Standards onHalon Alternatives are already under publication, asascertained from the BIS, and 19 existing IndianStandards, where there are references on Halon, areunder revision/upgradation.(vi) The final revised version of Part-4 NBC is under printand expected to come out soon by June 2005(according to BIS sources) The material projectedin the ‘Code’ part of this document is a reproductionof the final revised version of NBC Part 4, which wassent for printing, as obtained from the BIS.While providing guidelines for minimising chances ofoccurrence of fire through passive fire protectionPage 4IITK-GSDMA-Fire03 - V3.0
Commentary on National Building Code (Part 4)CODECOMMENTARYmeasures, this part does not intend to cover allaspects of general fire prevention including sources ofignition. Nor does it cover the prevention of accidentalpersonal injuries during the course of normal occupancyof buildings.This part while recognising that panic in a building onfire may be uncontrollable, deals with the potential panichazard through measures designed to prevent thedevelopment of panic. Experience indicates that panicseldom develops even in the presence of potentialdanger, so long as occupants of buildings are movingtowards exits which they can see within a reasonabledistance and with no obstruction or undue congestionin the path of travel. However, any uncertainty as tolocation or adequacy of means of egress, thepresence of smoke or fumes and the stoppage of traveltowards the exit, such as may occur when one personstumbles and falls on stairs, may be conducive to panic.Danger from panic is greater when a large number ofpeople are trapped in a confined area.Experience has shown that concealed spaces within abuilding such as space between ceiling and falseceiling, horizontal and vertical ducts, etc, tend to actas flues/tunnels during a fire. Provision should,therefore, be made to provide fire stopping within suchspaces.Nothing in this part of the C ode shall be construed toprohibit better types of building construction, moreexits or otherwise safer conditions than the minimumrequirements specified in this part.Compliance with this part shall not be construed aseliminating or reducing the necessity for otherprovisions for safety of persons using a building orstructure under normal occupancy conditions. Nor shallany provisions of this Code be construed as requiringor permitting any addition that may be hazardousunder normal occupancy conditions.One of the major points brought out in this part is thelimitation of heights and areas of buildings based onfire safety of the occupants. Individual municipalcorporations are free to alter Table 19 based on localconditions, but the ratios of areas as maintained in theTable for different occupancies and types ofconstruction shall be adhered to.Advantage has been taken of the developments,particularly in fire resistance rating of materials,designating types of construction in a rational mannerand relating the area limitations of differentoccupancies to different types of construction.Page 5IITK-GSDMA-Fire03 - V3.0
Commentary on National Building Code (Part 4)CODECOMMENTARYHalons (halogenated hydrocarbons) which exihibitexceptional fire fighting and explosion prevention/suppression characteristics have been found topossess high ozone depleting potential. They comeunder Group II of Annex A of the Montreal Protocal onSubstances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, theinternational environment agreement for phasing outozone depleting substances. Due to increasingevidence that the ozone layer is getting depleted at afaster rate than thought earlier, the developmentcountries accelerated their phase-out schedule with aview to achieving 100 percent phase-out of halons by1 January 1994, instead of the earlier target date of 1January 2000 after which only essential use of halonswas allowed. For developing countries like India, thetotal phase-out of halons is to be achieved by 1 January 2010, as per the Montreal Protocol, unless adecision is taken in between to hasten up thephase -out of ozone depleting substances. India,having become a signatory to the Protocol in June 1992,is committed to abide by the Montreal Protocol decisions. In accordance with Ministry of Environment andForests, Government of India, Ozone DepletingSubstances(Regulations), Rules, 2000, the manufacture of halon based fire extinguishers andextinguishing systems have been phased out by1 January 2001. Meanwhile, the practical implicationsof the phasing out of the halons cover, by the large, thefollowing aspects:(a) Availability of halons will be restricted;(b) Non-standard halon extinguishers, likeaerosol type, shall not be permitted;(c) Discharge of halons for training/testing, etcshall not be permitted;(d) All efforts shall be made for avoidingminimising halon emissions at various levelssuch as production, fire equipment manufacture, use, service and maintenance;(e) Since ‘drop-in’ substitutes for halons are notlikely to be available on a commercial scale inthe near future, wherever possible, instead ofhalon, use of suitable alternative extinguishing media/methods will be resorted to even accepting some trade-offs, if necessary; and(f) Halons shall be restricted for ‘essential uses’only, for protection of critical fire, explosion, riskareas which would otherwise result in seriousimpairment of an essential service to society, orpose an unacceptable threat to life, theenvironment, or national security.Page 6IITK-GSDMA-Fire03 - V3.0
Commentary on National Building Code (Part 4)CODECOMMENTARYNOTE - Detailed instructions which will be issued bythe Government of India from time to time forimplementation of the Country Programme for thephasing out of Ozone depleting substances (ODS) andregarding permitting use of halons for applications tillthe availability of proper substitutes, shall have to becomplied with.The first version of this part was formulated in 1970and first revision was brought out in 1983. Subsequentlythe first revision of this part was modified in 1997through Amendment No. 3 to 1983 version of the Code.This modified version of this part included few tablesfor the fire resistance ratings of various building components such as walls, columns, beams and floors.The requirements for wet riser, downcomer, automaticsprinkler installation, high velocity (10-15 lpm/s) waterspray or foam generating system, etc, for buildings weremodified. Annex giving guidelines for selection of firedetectors had been deleted and relevant IndianStandards on fire alarm system and smoke detectorshad been referred. Also, Annex for determination offire loads and fire load density for arriving at theclassification of occupancy hazard and calorific valuesof some common materials were included. Annex forbroad classification of industrial and non-industrialoccupancies into low. Moderate and high hazard, hadalso been included.As a result of implementation of this part, some usefulsuggestions have emerged. This draft revision has,therefore, been prepared to take care of the same. Thesignificant modifications incorporated include:(a) The text has now been divided into thefollowing broad clauses :(1) Fire Prevention - covering aspects of fireprevention pertaining to design andconstruction of buildings on passive fireprotection measures, also describing thevarious types of building materials and their firerating.(2) Life Safety - covering life safety provisions inthe event of fire and similar emergencies, alsoaddressing construction and occupancy featuresthat are necessary to minimise danger to life fromfire, smoke, fumes or panic.(3 Fire Protection - Covering the significantappurtenances and their related componentsand guidelines for selecting the correct type ofequipment and installation meant for fireprotection of the building, depending upon theclassification and type of the building.Page 7IITK-GSDMA-Fire03 - V3.0
Commentary on National Building Code (Part 4)CODECOMMENTARY(b) The classification of building based onoccupancy has been elaborated, with:(1) Starred hotels now covered as a newsubdivision A-6 under occupancy Group AResidential.(2) Heritage structures and archeologicalmonuments now covered under subdivisionD-3 occupancy Group D Assembly buildings.(3) Mixed Assembly Occupancies-D-6 andunderground/elevated railways now covered asa new subdivision D-7 under occupancy GroupD Assembly buildings.(4) TV stations now covered under subdivision E-5of occupancy Group E Business buildings.(c) The minimum capacity of smoke exhaustequipment has been increased to 12 air changesper hour.d) For the external stairs for exit requirements,the width and treads have been increased to1250 mm and 250 mm respectively.e) Under the requirements for institutionalbuildings the clear width of all required exitswhich serve as egress from hospital or infirmarysection has been increased from 1.5 m to 2 m.Also, provision of patient -lift has been included.f) Due cognizance of halon phase outprogramme has been taken, while specifyingprovisions in this draft with respect to fireprotection using fire extinguishers/systems.Page 8IITK-GSDMA-Fire03 - V3.0
Commentary on National Building Code (Part 4)NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIAPART 4 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY-2005(Second Revision of SP 7-Part 4)CODE1.COMMENTARYSCOPEThis part covers the requirements for fireprevention, life safety and fire protection ofbuildings. The code specifies construction,occupancy and protection features that arenecessary to minimise danger to life and propertyfrom fire.2.TERMINOLOGY2.0.For purpose of this part, the following definitionsshall apply.F2.TERMINOLOGYF2.1. Automatic Fire Detection and AlarmSystema)Partial coverage by this system is not desirable.The detectors have to be properly installed,maintained and tested to ensure adequate fireprotection. Both audible and visual alarms are usedto alert the occupants through a central controlpanel.2.1. Automatic Fire Detection and AlarmSystem:Fire Alarm system comprising components forautomati cally detecting a fire, initiating an alarmof fire and initiating other actions as appropriate.Note:- This system may also include manual fire alarmcall points.Fig-01(a) Typical Automatic Fire Alarm System.(Fig-01(b) is given under clause F4.18.)b) “ The initiation of other actions” as stated in thedefenition, is achieved by interfacing of other controldevices in the building, like elevator control, fire doorcontrol, HVAC systems control etc. of the fire alarmsystems. NFPA 72 requires that all fire protectionsystems in a protected premises, be connected tothe fire alarm system.2.2. Automatic Sprinkler System:A system of water pipes fitted with sprinklerheads at suitable intervals and heights anddesigned to actuate automatically, control andextinguish a fire by discharge of water.F2.2. Automatic Sprinkler System:a)Page 9Automatic sprinklers have the unique properties ofautomatic detection of fire (since they incorpor tethermo-sensitive devices), control and extinguishment of fire by automatically releasingwater of activation in specific patterns and quantities over designated areas. The system has cometo be universally recognised as the most effectivefire protection installation for the building/premises,which need protection. Large area, high rise,assembly,hotels, warehouses, manufacturing facilities and such other buildings, will benefit substantially by its provision. The fact that sprinkler systemsounds the fire alarm alerting the occupants of a firecondition, and since sprinkler discharge can con-IITK-GSDMA-Fire03 - V3.0
Commentary on National Building Code (Part 4)CODECOMMENTARYtrol, suppress and even extinguish a fire, contributes largely to life safety as well.b)2.3. Building:Any structure for whatsoever purpose and ofwhatsoever materials constructed andevery part thereof whether used as humanhabitation or not and includes foundations, plinth,walls, floors, roofs, chimneys, plumbing andbuilding services, fixed platform, varandah,balcony, cornice or projection, part of a buildingor anything affixed thereto or any wall enclosingor intended to enclose any land or space andsigns and outdoor display structures. Tents,Shamianahs, tarpaulin shelters, etc, erected fortemporary and ceremonial occasions with thepermission of the Authority shall not beconsidered as buildingHowever, sprinkler system fails to serve theirintended purpose, if they are put to non-automaticmode.F2.3 Building:a)The defenition of building as given in Parts 2, 3 & 4of NBC is self explanatory.Note: For information only:- The defenition of building isquite elastic in various International Codes. In all AmericanCodes (including Uniform Fire Code 2003, InternationalBuilding Code 2003) the defenition adopted is: “Any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any useor occupancy”. A reference to a building includes part of thebuilding also.b)A building need not necessarly be inhabited. Temporary structures need not be construed as buildings.2.4. Building, Height of:The vertical distance measured in the case offlat roofs, from the average level of the groundaround and contiguous to the building to theterrace of the last livable floor of the buildingadjacent to the external wall; and in the case ofpitched roof up to the point where the externalsurface of the outer wall intersects the finishedsurface of the sloping roof, and in the case ofgables facing the road, the mid point betweenthe eaves level and the ridge. Architecturalfeatures serving no other function except that ofdecoration, shall be excluded for the purpose ofmeasuring heights.F2.4. Building, Height of:It is to be mentioned that building height has beengiven various defenitions in different local BuildingRegulations and Codes. The defenition adopted inParts 2, 3 & 4 of NBC is a widely accepted one, andgenerally in conformity with international practice.2.5. Combustible Material:The material which either burns itself or addsheat to a fire. When tested for non-combustibilityin accordance w
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA PART 4 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY-2005 (Second Revision of SP 7-Part 4) CODE COMMENTARY FOREWORD A broad overview of the contents of the Foreword (as shown on the left), is outlined below: (i) Part-4 of NBC deals with the requirements necessary to minimise danger to life and property from fire and adopts an integrated .
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2012 International Building Code while the Florida Building Code 6th Edition is based off of the 2015 International Building Code. The Florida Building Code 6th Edition is scheduled to replace the Florida Building Code 5th Edition as of 12/31/2017. This course focuses on the following subjects: Building Height & Building Area Modifications
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I-1. Code of Practice I-2. Promotion Code for Prescription Drugs I-2. Promotion Code for Prescription Drugs is part of I-1. Code of Practices, and it sets forth detailed rules for member companies to follow in promotion. II-1. Commentary on the Code of Practice II-2. Commentary on the JPMA Promotion Code for Prescription Drugs III.
