Fundamental Of Internet Programming
Fundamental of Internet ProgrammingAMBO UNIVERISTYWOLISO CAMPUSCOLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATICSDEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYFundamentals of Internet Programming HandoutByAYANTU GUYE BERISAWoliso, Oromia, EthiopiaJune, 2020Compiled by Ayantu G.Page 1
Fundamental of Internet ProgrammingChapter 1Internet Technologies and ProtocolsWhat is Internet? It is a world-wide global system of interconnected computer networks. A computernetwork is the interconnection of many individual computers to exchange message.Network is a group of two or more computer connected together. It uses the standard Internet Protocol TCP/IP. Every computer in internet is identified bya unique IP address. IP Address is a unique set of numbers which identifies a computerlocation. Domain Name server (DNS) is used to give name to the IP Address so that usercan locate a computer by a name. For example, a DNS server will resolve a name http://www.google.com to aparticular IP address to uniquely identify the computer on which this website ishosted. Internet is accessible to every user all over the world. So, Internet is a network ofnetworks.Advantage of Internet Information sharing Communication i.e social networking Sharing of resourceDisadvantage of Internet Threat to personal information Virus attack Spamming Cyber crimeTerminology Learning about the Internet can be a bit confusing at first, but it becomes a lotsimpler if you can become familiar with some of the terminology used when talkingabout the Internet. Here is a list of common words and phrases that you might hear.Compiled by Ayantu G.Page 2
Fundamental of Internet ProgrammingA. On-line You may sometimes hear people talk about “being on-line”. This is just anotherway of saying that they are using the Internet.B. World-Wide-Web (WWW) Tim Berners-Lee, a physicist in Switzerland, invented the World Wide Web in1992 as a way to organize and access information on the Internet.C. Web browser A web browser is a program that runs on users' computers and allows them toview and interact with the web pages on the World Wide Web. The most commonweb browsers are called Internet Explorer and Google Chrome.D. Hypertext Hypertext is a text document that contains links to other text document. It allows a user to move from one web page to another by using a mouse to clickon special hypertext links. For example, a user viewing web pages that describe airplanes mightencounter a link to jet engines from one of those pages. By clicking on thatlink, the user automatically jumps to a page that describes jet engines.E. Webpage Webpage is a single document that may contain text, graphics, and icon. They are created using HTML.F. Web site It is a group of well-structured and interlinked webpages.G. Uniform Resource Locator (URL) To visit a Web site, users type the URL, which is the site's address, into the webbrowser. An example of a URL is www.yahoo.com. A complete URL is generally made up of three components: the protocol, the sitename, and the absolute path to the document or resource as shown in the figurebelow:Compiled by Ayantu G.Page 3
Fundamental of Internet ProgrammingH. Web server A web server is a computer that stores a web site, and is responsible for checkingrequests for viewing that web site. Client computers send requests for particular URLs to the web server, which thenfinds the appropriate web page, and sends it back to the client computer. A web server on the Internet must have a permanent Internet connection, so thatwhenever a client computer requests a URL, the web server can respond straightaway.I. Internet Service Provider (ISP) A company that provides Internet connections to customers.J. Protocol It is a set of rules that govern the communication.K. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/HTTPS) It is a communications protocol. It defines mechanism for communication between browser and the web server. Itis also called request and response protocol because the communication betweenbrowser and server takes place in request and response pairs. Simply, it is themeans by which computers on the WWW communicate. HTTPS is the secure version of HTTP. It is used on web sites where sensitiveinformation such as bank details is exchanged.L. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) It is the language used to write web pages on the WWW.M. Extensible Markup Language (XML) It is an alternative language for writing web pages. Whereas HTML pages describethe format of the data’s presentation, pages written in XML describe only how thedata is structured.Compiled by Ayantu G.Page 4
Fundamental of Internet Programming XML provides a standard format for the movement of data in and betweenapplications. The data in an XML file usually requires some other application to interpret the dataand display it in a useful format.N. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) It is a group of experts who meet regularly to develop common protocols for theevolution of the WWW. The W3C agrees on standards for HTML, XML and other web technologies, and forhow web browsers should interpret them.Web development tools A number of tools exist for use by web authors (i.e. people who write web sites). HTML/XML: HTML and XML are the two main languages used for writing webpages. Web authors can use a simple text editor such as Notepad to enter theHTML/XML commands. The final page can then be viewed using a webbrowser.Client-server architectureThe data processing is split into distinct parts. A part is either requester (client) or provider(server). The client sends during the data processing one or more requests to the servers toperform specified tasks. The server part provides services for the clients.How the Web works? What happens when a browser requests an HTML document over the Internet?1. The user types a URL into the Web browser to identify which Web page they wouldlike to view.2. The browser parses the URL and requests a DNS server using broadcast IP. It thensends the URL to the DNS to resolve the IP address. In other words, it convertsappdev.com to 206.191.222.239.Compiled by Ayantu G.Page 5
Fundamental of Internet Programming3. The browser then uses the IP address to send the HTTP packet to the browser’s ISPconnection, which passes it to the next server, routing it from server to server until itreaches the destination Web server.Figure 1: A request is made to the server.4. The Web server locates the request page either on its hard drive or cached inmemory.5. The Web server sends its contents back to the requested browser.Figure 2: -The page is located and returned to the client machine.6. The browser interprets the HTML formatting instructions and displays the content tothe user.Website validation1.Authorship: Who put up the site? The name of the individual or organization creating the site should be clearlystated. The site should list the credentials of the author, whether it is an individual or anorganization. The site should provide a way for users to contact the author and to makecomments or ask questions.Compiled by Ayantu G.Page 6
Fundamental of Internet Programming2. Purpose: Every site has a reason for being on the web A site’s purpose should be clear and its content should reflect its purpose, be it toinform, entertain, persuade, educate or sell. Bias (if any) should be clearly stated through a mission statement or “about us”section or elsewhere on the site.3. Content & Currency: Is the information authoritative and up to date? The information should be accurate and the site should be updated regularly,especially if the topic is time-sensitive. The site’s content should be easy to read and easy to understand by its intendedaudience. The site should offer enough information to make it worth visiting.4. Technical Aspects A search function should be provided for sites with large amounts of information. You should not have to pay to view the information on the site. Spelling and grammar should always be correct. Links to more information should be provided. Graphics on the site should be relevant and appropriate to the content. Advertising should be limited.Putting it all together: If the website you found provides: Author name, acceptable author credentials and a way to contact the author. A clear statement of purpose or mission. accurate information (as measured by the citations for information on the site ORby what you already know about the topic OR by comparing it to informationfrom an authoritative source) up-to-date informationCompiled by Ayantu G.Page 7
Fundamental of Internet ProgrammingChapter 2HTMLWhat is Markup language? A markup language is a programming language that is used to make text more interactiveand dynamic. It can turn a text into images, tables, links etc.What is Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)? It is the standard markup language for creating Web pages. It is a language for describing web pages. HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text HTML documents are also called web pages It consists of a series of elements HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content HTML elements are represented by tags HTML tags label pieces of content such as heading, paragraph, table, and so on Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to render the content of the pageWhat is HTML Tag? HTML tags are element names surrounded by angle brackets: tagname content goes here. /tagname HTML tags normally come in pairs like p and /p The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag The end tag is written like the start tag, but with a forward slash inserted before the tagnameThe structure of an HTML elementCompiled by Ayantu G.Page 8
Fundamental of Internet ProgrammingThe minimal structure of HTML documents:1. Identifies the document as written in HTML.2. The head provides information about the document.3. A descriptive title is required.4. The body contains the content that displays in the browser.HTML Element The !DOCTYPE html declaration defines this document to be HTML version 5 The html element is the root element of an HTML page The head element contains meta information about the document The title element specifies a title for the document The body element contains the visible page content The h1 element defines a large heading The p element defines a paragraphHeading Tags Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for your headings. HTML also has six levels of headings, which use the elements h1 , h2 , h3 , h4 , h5 , and h6 . While displaying any heading, browser adds one line before and oneline after that heading.Example !DOCTYPE html html head title Heading Example /title /head body h1 this is heading 1 /h1 h2 this is heading 2 /h2 h3 this is heading 3 /h3 h4 this is heading 4 /h4 h5 this is heading 5 /h5 h6 this is heading 6 /h6 /body /html Compiled by Ayantu G.Page 9
Fundamental of Internet ProgrammingParagraph Tag The p tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs. Each paragraphof text should go in between an opening p and a closing /p tag as shown below inthe example: !DOCTYPE html html head title Paragraph Example /title /head body p Here is a first paragraph of text. /p p Here is a second paragraph of text. /p p Here is a third paragraph of text. /p /body /html Line Break Tag Whenever you use the br / element, anything following it starts from the next line.This tag is an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closingtags, as there is nothing to go in between them. The br / tag has a space between thecharacters br and the forward slash. If you omit this space, older browsers will havetrouble rendering the line break.Example !DOCTYPE html html head title Line Break Example /title /head body p Hello br / You delivered your assignment on time. br / Thanks br / Mahnaz /p /body /html Compiled by Ayantu G.Page 10
Fundamental of Internet ProgrammingCentering Content You can use center tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell. !DOCTYPE html html head title Centring Content Example /title /head body p This text is not in the center. /p center p This text is in the center. /p /center /body /html Horizontal Lines Horizontal lines are used to visually break-up sections of a document. The hr tag creates a line from the current position in the document to the right marginand breaks the line accordingly. For example, you may want to give a line between twoparagraphs as in the given example below: !DOCTYPE html html head title Horizontal Line Example /title /head body p This is paragraph one and should be on top /p hr / p This is paragraph two and should be at bottom /p /body /html Again hr / tag is an example of the empty element, where you do not need openingand closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them. The hr / element has aspace between the characters hr and the forward slash. If you omit this space, olderbrowsers will have trouble rendering the horizontal line.Nonbreaking Spaces In cases, where you do not want the client browser to break text, you should use anonbreaking space entity instead of a normal space.Compiled by Ayantu G.Page 11
Fundamental of Internet Programming For example, when coding the "12 Angry Men" in a paragraph, you should use somethingsimilar to the following code: !DOCTYPE html html head title Nonbreaking Spaces Example /title /head body p Angry Men." /p /body /html HTML Links HTML links are defined with the a tag: a href "url" link text /a . The link'sdestination is specified in the href attribute. Attributes are used to provide additionalinformation about HTML elements.Example: - a href "https://www.w3schools.com/html/" Visit our HTML tutorial /a HTML image HTML images are defined with the img tag. The source file (src), alternative text (alt), width, and height are provided as attributes.Example: - img src "smiley.gif" alt "Smiley face" height "42" width "42" HTML Lists HTML lists are defined with the ul (unordered/bullet list) or the ol (ordered/numbered list) tag, followed by li tags (list items):Example !DOCTYPE html html head title HTML list Tag /title /head body h1 this is first group /h1 p Following is a list of vegetables /p ol li Beetroot /li Compiled by Ayantu G.Page 12
Fundamental of Internet Programming li Ginger /li li Potato /li li Radish /li /ol h2 this is second group /h2 p Following is a list of fruits /p ul li Apple /li li Banana /li li Mango /li li Strawberry /li /ul /body /html HTML Comments Comment is a piece of code which is ignored by any web browser. It is a good practice toadd comments into your HTML code, especially in complex documents, to indicatesections of a document, and any other notes to anyone looking at the code. Commentshelp you and others understand your code and increases code readability. HTML comments are placed in between !-- . -- tags. So, any content placed with-in !-- . -- tags will be treated as comment and will be completely ignored by thebrowser. In HTML there are three types of comments those are described as follows:1. Single commentExample !DOCTYPE html html head !-- Document Header Starts -- title This is document title /title /head !-- Document Header Ends -- body p Document content goes here. /p /body Compiled by Ayantu G.Page 13
Fundamental of Internet Programming /html 2. Multiline Comments So far we have seen single line comments, but HTML supports multi-line comments aswell. You can comment multiple lines by the special beginning tag !-- and ending tag - placed before the first line and end of the last line as shown in the given examplebelow. Example !DOCTYPE html html head title Multiline Comments /title /head body !-This is a multiline comment and it canspan through as many as lines you like.-- p Document content goes here. /p /body /html 3. Conditional Comments Conditional comments only work in Internet Explorer (IE) on Windows but they areignored by other browsers. They are supported from Explorer 5 onwards, and you can usethem to give conditional instructions to different versions of IE. Example !DOCTYPE html html head title Conditional Comments /title !--[if IE 6] Special instructions for IE 6 here ![endif]-- /head body p Document content goes here. /p /body /html Compiled by Ayantu G.Page 14
Fundamental of Internet ProgrammingHTML Frames HTML frames are used to divide your browser window into multiple sections where eachsection can load a separate HTML document. A collection of frames in the browserwindow is known as a frameset. The window is divided into frames in a similar way thetables are organized: into rows and columns.Disadvantages of Frames There are few drawbacks with using frames, so it's never recommended to use frames inyour webpages. Some smaller devices cannot cope with frames often because their screenis not big enough to be divided up. Sometimes your page will be displayed differently ondifferent computers due to different screen resolution. The browser's back button might not work as the user hopes. There are still few browsersthat do not support frame technology.Creating Frames To use frames on a page we use frameset tag instead of body tag. The frameset tag defines how to divide the window into frames. The rows attribute of frameset tag defines horizontal frames and cols attribute definesvertical frames. Each frame is indicated by frame tag and it defines which HTML document shall openinto the frame.Following is the example to create three horizontal frames: !DOCTYPE html html head title HTML Frames /title /head frameset rows "10%,80%,10%" frame name "top" src "/html/top frame.htm" / frame name "main" src "/html/main frame.htm" / frame name "bottom" src "/html/bottom frame.htm" / noframes body Your browser does not support frames. /body /noframes /frameset Compiled by Ayantu G.Page 15
Fundamental of Internet Programming /html Let's put the above example as follows, here we replaced rows attribute by cols and changedtheir width. This will create all the three frames vertically: !DOCTYPE html html head title HTML Frames /title /head frameset cols "25%, 50%, 25 %" frame name "left" src "/html/top frame.htm" / frame name "center" src "/html/main frame.htm" / frame name "right" src "/html/bottom frame.htm" / noframes body Your browser does not support frames. /body /noframes /frameset /html HTML Tables HTML Tables is used to preset data in rows and columns format. A Table is thecollection of rows and rows is the collection of columns. tr stands for table rows. Toadd a row in a table table row tags are used. td or th is used to put the columninside the row. Whereas td means table data and th means table head.Syntax: table tr td row1col1 /td td row1col2 /td /tr /table Example table border "1" tr th Name /th th Email /th Compiled by Ayantu G.Page 16
Fundamental of Internet Programming /tr tr td phptpoint /td td phptpoint@gmail.com /td /tr tr td phptpoint blog /td td blog@gmail.com /td /tr /table In the above example a table is created have 3 rows and 6 columns where each rowcontains 2 column. tr tag is used to create a row while td or th is used to createcolumn. tr comes in between table tag while td or th comes in between tr .How to merge table column When you want to merge 2 or more than 2 column (cell), use colspan property of tdcolspan "2″ or th colspan ”2″ . Example table border "1" tr th colspan "2" User Details /th /tr tr th Name /th th Email /th /tr tr td phptpoint /td td phptpoint@gmail.com /td /tr tr td phptpoint blog /td td blog@gmail.com /td Compiled by Ayantu G.Page 17
Fundamental of Internet Programming /tr /table How to merge table rows When you want to merge 2 or more than 2 rows in a single row, use rowspan property of td rowspan ”2″ or th rowspan ”2″ Example table border "1" tr td rowspan "2" /td td /td /tr tr td /td /tr /table Nested Table Nested table means how to use table inside a table. Multiple times you need to use tableinside a table. When you want to use a table inside a table write the syntax of table inbetween your cell i.e either td or th . Example html body table border "1" bgcolor "gray" width "200" height "200" tr th tablealign "center"border "1"bgcolor "#F8F8F8"width "100"height "100" tr th Inner Table /th /tr /table /th Compiled by Ayantu G.Page 18
Fundamental of Internet Programming /tr /table /body /html Definition and Usage The table tag defines an HTML table. An HTML table consists of the table elementand one or more tr , th , and td elements. The tr element defines a table row, the th element defines a table header, and the td element defines a table cell. A more complex HTML table may also include caption , col , colgroup , thead , tfoot , and tbody elements.HTML Buttons HTML buttons are defined with the button tag. The button tag defines a clickablebutton. Inside a button element you can put content, like text or images. This is thedifference between this element and buttons created with the input element. Example: -Two button elements that act as one submit button and one reset button (in aform): form action "/action page.php" method "get" First name: input type "text" name "fname" br Last name: input type "text" name "lname" br button type "submit" value "Submit" Submit /button button type "reset" value "Reset" Reset /button /form HTML Forms HTML Forms are required, when you want to collect some data from the site visitor. For example, during user registration you would like to collect information such as name,email address, credit card, etc. A form will take input from the site visitor and then will post it to a back-end applicationsuch as CGI, ASP Script or PHP script etc. The back-end application will perform required processing on the passed data based ondefined business logic inside the application.Compiled by Ayantu G.Page 19
Fundamental of Internet Programming There are various form elements available like text fields, text-area fields, drop-downmenus, radio buttons, checkboxes, etc. The HTML form tag is used to create an HTML form and it has following syntax: form action "Script URL" method "GET POST" form elements like input, textarea etc. /form Form Attributes Apart from common attributes, following is a list of the most frequently used formattributesS.No Attribute Description1ActionBackend script ready to process your passed data.2MethodMethod to be used to upload data. The most frequently used areGET and POST methods.3TargetSpecify the target window or frame where the result of the scriptwill be displayed. It takes values like blank, self, parent etc.4EnctypeYou can use the enctype attribute to specify how the browserencodes the data before it sends it to the server. Possible valuesare: application/x-www-form-urlencoded This is the standardmethod most forms use in simple scenarios. mutlipart/form-data This is used when you want toupload binary data in the form of files like image, word fileetc.HTML Form Controls There are different types of form controls that you can use to collect data using HTMLform:1. Text Input Controls There are three types of text input used on forms:A. Single-line text input controls: is used for items that require only one line of user input,such as search boxes or names. They are created using HTML input tag. Here is abasic example of a single-line text input used to take first name and last nameCompiled by Ayantu G.Page 20
Fundamental of Internet Programming !DOCTYPE html html head title Text Input Control /title /head body form First name: input type "text" name "first name" / br Last name: input type "text" name "last name" / /form /body /html Attributes: -Following is the list of attributes for input tag for creating text field.S.NoAttributeDescription1TypeIndicates the type of input control and for text input control it willbe set to text.2NameUsed to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to berecognized and get the value.3ValueThis can be used to provide an initial value inside the control.4SizeAllows specifying the width of the text-input control in terms ofcharacters.5maxlength Allows specifying the maximum number of characters a user canenter into the text box.B. Password input controls: This is also a single-line text input but it masks the character assoon as a user enters it. They are also created using HTML input tag. Here is a basicexample of a single-line password input used to take user password: !DOCTYPE html html head title Password Input Control /title /head body form User ID : input type "text" name "user id" / br Password: input type "password" name "password" / Compiled by Ayantu G.Page 21
Fundamental of Internet Programming /form /body /html Attributes: -Following is the list of attributes for input tag for creating passwordfield.S.No AttributeDescription1Indicates the type of input control and for password inputTypecontrol it will be set to password.2NameUsed to give a name to the control which is sent to the serverto be recognized and get the value.3ValueThis can be used to provide an initial value inside thecontrol.4SizeAllows specifying the width of the text-input control in termsof characters.5maxlength Allows specifying the maximum number of characters a usercan enter into the text box.C. Multi-line text input controls: This is used when the user is required to give details thatmay be longer than a single sentence. They are created using HTML textarea tag. Hereis a basic example of a multi-line text input used to take item description: !DOCTYPE html html head title Multiple-Line Input Control /title /head body form Description : br / textarea rows "5" cols "50" name "description" Enter description here. /textarea /form /body /html Compiled by Ayantu G.Page 22
Fundamental of Internet ProgrammingAttributes: -Following is the list of attributes for textarea tag.S.No AttributeDescription1Used to give a name to the control which is sent to theNameserver to be recognized and get the value.2RowsIndicates the number of rows of text area box.3ColsIndicates the number of columns of text area box2. Checkbox Control Checkboxes are used when more than one option is required to be selected. They are alsocreated using HTML input tag but type attribute is set to checkbox.Here is an exampleHTML code for a form with two checkboxes: !DOCTYPE html html head title Checkbox Control /title /head body form input type "checkbox" name "maths" value "on" Maths input type "checkbox" name "physics" value "on" Physics /form /body /html Attributes: -Following is the list of attributes for checkbox tag.S.No AttributeDescription1Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox inputTypecontrol it will be set to checkbox.2NameUsed to give a name to the control which is sent to the serverto be recognized and get the value.3ValueThe value that will be used if the checkbox is selected.4CheckedSet to checked if you want to select it by default.3. Radio Button ControlCompiled by Ayantu G.Page 23
Fundamental of Internet Programming Radio buttons are used when out of many options; just one option is required to beselected. They are also created using HTML input tag but type attribute is set toradio. Here is example HTML code for a form with two radio buttons !DOCTYPE html html head title Radio Box Control /title /head body form input type "radio" name "subject" value "maths" Maths input type "radio" name "subject" value "physics" Physics /form /body /html Attributes: -Following is the list of attributes for radio button.S.No AttributeDescription1Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox inputTypecontrol it will be set to radio.2NameUsed to give a name to the control which is sent to the serverto be recognized and get the value.3ValueThe value that will be used if the radio box is selected.4CheckedSet to checked if you want to select it by default.4. Select Box Control A select box, also called drop down box which provides option to list down variousoptions in the form of drop down list, from where a user can select one or more options.Here is example HTML code for a form with one drop down box !DOCTYPE html html head title Select Box Control /title /head body form select name "dropdown" Compiled by Ayantu G.Page 24
Fundamental of Internet Programming option value "Maths" selected Maths /option option value "Physics" Physics /option /select /form /body /html Attributes: -Following is the list of important attributes of select tagS.NoAttribute Description1NameUsed to give a name to the control which is sent to the serverto be recognized and get the value.2SizeThis can be used to present a scrolling list box.3MultipleIf set to "multiple" then allows a user to select multiple itemsfrom the menu. Following is the list of important attributes of option tagS.NoAttribute Description1ValueThe value that will be used if an option in the select box boxis selected.2SelectedSpecifies that this option should be the initially selected valuewhen the page loads.3LabelAn alternative way of labeling options5. File Upload Box If you want to allow a user to upload a file to your web site, you will need to use a fileupload box, also known as a file select box. This is also created using the input element but type attribute is
Fundamental of Internet Programming Compiled by Ayantu G. Page 4 H. Web server A web server is a computer that stores a web site, and is responsible for checking requests for viewing that web site. Client computers send requests for particular URLs to the web server, which then finds the approp
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