JAIMC The Journal Of Allama Iqbal Medical College

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PATRONProf. Arif TajammalPrincipalAllama Iqbal Medical College/Jinnah HospitalCHIEF EDITORRakhshanda FaridASSOCIATE EDITORHamid Mehmood ButtAftab MohsinFarhat NazRashid ZiaMANAGING EDITORMuhammad ImranSTATISTICAL EDITORMamoon Akbar QureshiDESIGNING & COMPOSINGTalal PublishersShoaib Khan (Finland)Saad Usmani (USA)Bilal Ayub (USA)M. Hassan Majeed (USA)Adnan Agha (Saudi Arabia)Zeeshan Tariq (USA)Umar Farooq (USA)EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARDAmatullah ZareenZubair AkramNadeem Hafeez ButtAyesha ArifKashif IqbalTariq RasheedNaveed AshrafMoazzam Nazeer TararTayyab AbbasAamir NadeemTehseen RiazMuhammd AkramMeh-un-NisaAmbereen AnwarRashid SaeedMuhammad AshrafMuhammad Abbas RazaAzim Jahangir KhanFouzia AshrafShahnaz AkhtarSyed Saleem Abbas JafriShahzad AvaisTayyab PashaMuhammad Nasrullah KhanEhsan ur RehmanRubina AlsamAshraf ZiaKhurshid KhanFarhat SultanaGulraiz ZulfiqarAmeena AshrafJAIMCThe Journal of Allama Iqbal Medical CollegeApril - June, 2019, Volume 17, Issue 02Learning Style Preferences of Medical Students: A Single Institute Based Experience from PakistanSabeen Farhan, Aysha Ghayyur, Saira Munawar, Shahzad Hussain, Subhan Saeed1Impact of Occupational Stress and Career Growth on Organizational Commitment among NursesMehvish Kiran, Muhammad Hussain, Mohammad Afzal, Syed Amir Gillani5Academic Performance of Boarders and Day Scholars During First ThreeYears of MBBS in AIMCMuneeb Ahmad, Fatima Tahir, Mamoon Qureshi15Association of Short Interpregnancy Interval with Scar DehiscenceNazima Niazi, Huma Tahseen, Nasreen Alam, Zahida Noreen19Trans-Vaginal Ultrasound; An Adjunct to Trans-Abdominal Ultrasound inEctopic PregnancyAisha Asghar, Rafia Irum, Faiza Siddique, Ahsen Nazir Ahmed, Syed SaqibRaza BukhariComparison of Analgesic Effects of Tramadol and Lignocaine in Reductionof Propofol Induced PainFaridah Sohail, Mudassar Aslam, Syed Mehmood Ali, Mohammad Saqib,Zahid HanifKnowledge, Attitude and Practice of Breast Self Examination (BSE)among Female Medical Students of Allama Iqbal Medical College,Lahore, PakistanMaryam Ahdnan Bakhtiar, Maria Saeed, Naheed Pirzada242934An Analysis of the Electrocardiographic Changes in Patients Presenting withAcute Ischemic StrokeMutiullah Khan, Muhammad Azhar Shah, Muhammad Latif, Muhammad SalmanAfzal, Muzzamil Kataria41Frequently Isolated Pathogens from Burn Wound Patients and their Susceptibility PatternsSadia Ikram, Niveen Asher, Bilal Farooq, Aksa Rehman, Ikram-ul-Haq, ShaguftaHussainCorrelation between Calcium Phosphorus Product and Hypertension in PatientsUndergoing HemodialysisShoaib Islam, Mamoon Akbar Qureshi, Maryam Sajjad, Abdul Azim Baig,Farooq Meher, Adil Manzoor46Delayed Presentation of Osteosarcoma Patients: An Important CausativeFactor in Limb Amputations — A Case SeriesAmbereen Anwar Imran, Ameena Ashraf, Muhammad Imran, Sana Afroze,Farhana Ali, Muhammad Akhtar, Saira Ahsan59Relative Quantification of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (icam-1) andVascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C (VEGF-C) in Colorectal CarcinomaAssociated with AgeMujahid Habib, Rakhshindah Bajwa, Ambreen Anwar, Ahsan Sattar Sheikh,Shahid Habib Ansari, Ume Habiba Safia65The Correlation of Prolactin Levels with Infertility- A Tertiary Setup StudyIram Inam, Shazia Ali, Shazia Sehgal, Sadia Sarwar71PUBLICATIONOFFICE55Department of Community Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Allama Shabbir Ahamed UsmaniRoad, Lahore (Pakistan). Ph: 99231453, E-mail: cmedaimc@gmail.com, drelmo@hotmail.com

PATRONProf. Arif TajammalPrincipalAllama Iqbal Medical College/Jinnah HospitalCHIEF EDITORRakhshanda FaridASSOCIATE EDITORHamid Mehmood ButtAftab MohsinFarhat NazRashid ZiaMANAGING EDITORMuhammad ImranSTATISTICAL EDITORMamoon Akbar QureshiDESIGNING & COMPOSINGTalal PublishersShoaib Khan (Finland)Saad Usmani (USA)Bilal Ayub (USA)M. Hassan Majeed (USA)Adnan Agha (Saudi Arabia)Zeeshan Tariq (USA)Umar Farooq (USA)EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARDAmatullah ZareenZubair AkramNadeem Hafeez ButtAyesha ArifKashif IqbalTariq RasheedNaveed AshrafMoazzam Nazeer TararTayyab AbbasAamir NadeemTehseen RiazMuhammd AkramMeh-un-NisaAmbereen AnwarRashid SaeedMuhammad AshrafMuhammad Abbas RazaAzim Jahangir KhanFouzia AshrafShahnaz AkhtarSyed Saleem Abbas JafriShahzad AvaisTayyab PashaMuhammad Nasrullah KhanEhsan ur RehmanRubina AlsamAshraf ZiaKhurshid KhanFarhat SultanaGulraiz ZulfiqarAmeena AshrafJAIMCThe Journal of Allama Iqbal Medical CollegeApril - June, 2019, Volume 17, Issue 02Comparison of Three Different Doses of 0.75%hyperbaric Bupivacaine inSpinal Anaesthesia for Perineal SurgeryMuhammad Aslam Khan, Mudassar Aslam, Muhammad Hamza, MuhammadSaqib, Zahid Hanif, Omer Ajmal76Perinatal Outcome in Prolonged PregnancyLubna Jawad, Sobia Zafar, Aaliya Tayaba, Maryam Hussain & Khaula Khatoon82Effectiveness of Inpatient Rehabilitation on Functional Outcome and Pain inBurn PatientsMemoona Sarwar, Farrukh Aslam Khalid, Malhika Umar, Muhammad YounasMehrose, Moazzam Nazeer Tarar91Spectrum of Coronary Artery Disease Among ETT Positive Patients Undergoing Coronary AngiographyNajeeb Ullah, Azmat Ehsan Qureshi, Ali Amar Shakeel96Agreement between Findings of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and CellBlock Preparation in Malignant Focal Liver LesionsAiman Raza, Rahat Sarfraz, Muhammad Imran, Sana Ahmed, Rohma Ahmed101Prevelance of Vitamin D Deficiency in Working Pakistani Females at LahoreMuhammad Zafar Iqbal, Sobia Zafar, Humna Mian Faiz Rasul, Sajid MumtazKhan, Mehran Khan107Psychological Effects of Scar Among Patients in Burn Centre, JinnahHospital, LahoreHamza Saeed, Habib Sultan, Hafiza Sadia Saqib, Hooria Asif, Huma Arif, ZakaUllah Khan111Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Zoonotic Diseases Spread Through Pets and Birds among the Families of Medical Students of Allama IqbalMedical CollegeHadiqa Sheikh, Muhammad Abdullah Moeez Khan116Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Vitamin DDeficiency Among the Female Medical Students of AIMCMuhammad Omer Farooq, Maryam Khalid, Mizna Ali, Mehwish Naz, Hasnat Ali120Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in Male and Female Doctors Workingin Various Units of Jinnah Hospital LahoreAisha Khalid Zaidi, Arham Amir Khawaja124Frequency, Causes and Impact of Smoking among Undergraduate StudentsAbdul Mueez Alam, Ahmad Qadri, Ali Mohtashim129Comparison of Serum Adiponectin Levels in Migraine Patients and ControlsMaria Anwar, Javaria Latif, Tabinda Kazmi, Warda Anwar, Shumaila Dogar,Ambreen Anjum135Diagnostic Accuracy of Frozen Section in Differentiating Benign and Malignant Thyroid Lesions by Taking Paraffin Section Histopathology as GoldStandardSadaf Noor, Hamna Salahuddin, Muhammad Akhtar, Muhammad Imran140Awareness and Self-Assessment Tool of Breast Cancer Among the MedicalStudents of Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore.Omer Khalid, Noman Shahzad144PUBLICATIONOFFICEDepartment of Community Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Allama Shabbir Ahamed UsmaniRoad, Lahore (Pakistan). Ph: 99231453, E-mail: cmedaimc@gmail.com, drelmo@hotmail.com

PATRONProf. Arif TajammalPrincipalAllama Iqbal Medical College/Jinnah HospitalCHIEF EDITORRakhshanda FaridASSOCIATE EDITORHamid Mehmood ButtAftab MohsinFarhat NazRashid ZiaMANAGING EDITORMuhammad ImranSTATISTICAL EDITORMamoon Akbar QureshiDESIGNING & COMPOSINGTalal PublishersShoaib Khan (Finland)Saad Usmani (USA)Bilal Ayub (USA)M. Hassan Majeed (USA)Adnan Agha (Saudi Arabia)Zeeshan Tariq (USA)Umar Farooq (USA)EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARDAmatullah ZareenZubair AkramNadeem Hafeez ButtAyesha ArifKashif IqbalTariq RasheedNaveed AshrafMoazzam Nazeer TararTayyab AbbasAamir NadeemTehseen RiazMuhammd AkramMeh-un-NisaAmbereen AnwarRashid SaeedMuhammad AshrafMuhammad Abbas RazaAzim Jahangir KhanFouzia AshrafShahnaz AkhtarSyed Saleem Abbas JafriShahzad AvaisTayyab PashaMuhammad Nasrullah KhanEhsan ur RehmanRubina AlsamAshraf ZiaKhurshid KhanFarhat SultanaGulraiz ZulfiqarAmeena AshrafJAIMCThe Journal of Allama Iqbal Medical CollegeApril - June, 2019, Volume 17, Issue 02148Frequency of Dental Caries and Oral Hygiene Practices Among Students ofKinnaird College for Women LahoreSobia Malik, Raheela YasminRisk Factors of Mortality in Pulmonary Tuberculosis153Umer Usman, Muhammad Saqib Musharaf, Nayyer Manzoor ElahiHow the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Effects the Outcome of BI-Iositive Airway 157Pressure Ventilation in Patients of Chronic Bronchitis with Acute Type-2Respiratory Failure (RF)?Riaz Hussian, Safia Ashraf, Asif Aleem, Syed Touseef BukhariMedical Resident's Perspectives Regarding Professionalism and Challenges to 162ProfessionalismZareen Amjad, Amtullah Zarreen, Kamran Ch. Muhammad Shahid, H M Amjad,Aakif Yousaf, Maria Shahid, Shomaila, Warda, Asma, Luqman Sadique, Shehzad AfzalComparison of Serum Visfatin and Aldosterone Levels in Obese and Non-Obese 168Primary Hypertensive SubjectsNaghmana Lateef , Syeda Ijlal Zehra Zaida, Ayesha Fazal, Tanvir Ali Khan SherwaniEtiology and Demographic Factors of Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia amongChildrenRizwana Nawaz,Muhammad Iqbal Javaid, Masuma Ghazanfar, Sajjad Haider,Muneeza Natiq, Rabia Ahmed and Ambereen Anwar173Accuracy of Classifying Lung Cancer Biopsies With Routinely Used LungCarcinoma Immunohistochemical Markers on Limited Biopsy MaterialSalahuddin H, Babar K, Noor S, Tanvir I, Saleemi MO, Munir A, Farooqi Z,Udeen N179Frequency and Clinicopathological Features of Patients with BCR-ABl 1Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Presenting in a Tertiary Care HospitalMuneeza Natiq, Farah Arif, Rabia Ahmad, Muhammad Iqbal Javaid, MasumaGhazanfar, Ambereen Anwar184Awareness and Acceptability of Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine in PakistaniWomenNudrat Sohail, Rashida Sultana190Trends of Self-Medication in Patients of Acne VulgarisAbeer Fahad, Nida Kafayat, Lamees Mahmood Malik, Nadia Ali Azfar, TariqRashid, Mohammad JahangirCorrelation between Clinical and Dermoscopic Diagnosis in Patients of PlantarWartsSahrish Rashid, Nadia Ali Azfar, Lamees Mahmood Malik, Naima Aliya, ShaistaUmbreen, Khadija Aftab Malik, Tariq Rashid.Prevalence of Surgical Site Infection in a New Orthopaedic Ward of a TertiaryCare HospitalMuhammad Bilal, Muhammad Shakeel Basit, Abdul Hannan, Rajia Liaqat,Marium Hameed, Qasim Raza NaqviThe Expanding Horizon of Diagnostic Cytopathology; 38-Years' InstitutionalData Analysis with Forecasting of Future TrendsAmbereen Anwar Imran, Iman Imran, Ameena Ashraf, Muhammad ImranEfficacy of Glycolic Acid Peeling in MelasmaKhadija Malik, Lamees Mahmood Malik, Saima Ilyas, Shaista Umbreen, SahrishRashid, Naima Aliya,Tariq Rashid195PUBLICATIONOFFICE199202206210Department of Community Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Allama Shabbir Ahamed UsmaniRoad, Lahore (Pakistan). Ph: 99231453, E-mail: cmedaimc@gmail.com, drelmo@hotmail.com

PATRONProf. Arif TajammalPrincipalAllama Iqbal Medical College/Jinnah HospitalCHIEF EDITORRakhshanda FaridASSOCIATE EDITORHamid Mehmood ButtAftab MohsinFarhat NazRashid ZiaMANAGING EDITORMuhammad ImranSTATISTICAL EDITORMamoon Akbar QureshiDESIGNING & COMPOSINGTalal PublishersJAIMCThe Journal of Allama Iqbal Medical CollegeApril - June, 2019, Volume 17, Issue 02The Frequency of Indications of Emergency Obstetrical Hysterectomy inPatients Presenting at Jinnah Hospital, LahoreSumaira Riaz, Tayyaba Rashid, Farah Siddique, Aysha Cheema, Sabahat Khan214Assessment of WHO Safety Checklist for its Significance in General Surgery:A Prospective Cross-Sectional StudyMajeed A, Zakir M, Kamran M Ch, Abbas T.219Clinical and Etiological Spectrum of Pancytopenia in Pediatric PopulationAdmitted in Tertiary Care Hospital of LahoreMuhammad Umer Razaq, Ali Raza, Misbah Tahir, Maliha Asif, Sabeen Fatima,Ammar Bin Saad222Shoaib Khan (Finland)Saad Usmani (USA)Bilal Ayub (USA)M. Hassan Majeed (USA)Adnan Agha (Saudi Arabia)Zeeshan Tariq (USA)Umar Farooq (USA)EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARDAmatullah ZareenZubair AkramNadeem Hafeez ButtAyesha ArifKashif IqbalTariq RasheedNaveed AshrafMoazzam Nazeer TararTayyab AbbasAamir NadeemTehseen RiazMuhammd AkramMeh-un-NisaAmbereen AnwarRashid SaeedMuhammad AshrafMuhammad Abbas RazaAzim Jahangir KhanFouzia AshrafShahnaz AkhtarSyed Saleem Abbas JafriShahzad AvaisTayyab PashaMuhammad Nasrullah KhanEhsan ur RehmanRubina AlsamAshraf ZiaKhurshid KhanFarhat SultanaGulraiz ZulfiqarAmeena AshrafPUBLICATIONOFFICEDepartment of Community Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Allama Shabbir Ahamed UsmaniRoad, Lahore (Pakistan). Ph: 99231453, E-mail: cmedaimc@gmail.com, drelmo@hotmail.com

ORIGINAL ARTICLEJAIMCLEARNING STYLE PREFERENCES OF MEDICAL STUDENTS: ANEXPERIENCE FROM PAKISTAN12345Sabeen Farhan , Aysha Ghayyur , Saira Munawar , Shahzad Hussain , Mamoon AkbarSubhan Saeed1Department of Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College (AIMC),Jinnah Hospital Lahore, Pakistan2Department of Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College (AIMC),Jinnah Hospital Lahore, Pakistan3Department of Anatomy, Gujranwala Medical College, Pakistan; 4Department of Neurosurgery,5Allama Iqbal Medical College (AIMC),Jinnah Hospital Lahore, Pakistan; Department of CommunityMedicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College (AIMC), PakistanAbstractBackground: The learning style is learner's own way of understanding, interpreting and retaining obtainedinformation. Many factors can influence students learning style by knowing the learning preferences. Themedical teachers can develop their own strategies to serve this noble purpose.Objective: The objective of the study was to ascertain the preferred learning style of the students of medicalfield by using VAK Learning styles self-assessment questionnaire.Method: It is a Cross sectional study performed at Gujranwala Medical College from January to April 2018.One hundred and eighty (180) 1st year and 2nd year medical students participated in the study. Aquestionnaire based on VAK Learning style self-assessment was used to evaluate the learningpreferences/modes in terms of visual (V), auditory (A) kinesthetic (K) preferences. Data entered andanalyzed in Excel and presented as frequency and percentages.Results: Among first year medical students 42.8% preferred Auditory mode followed by 26.3% Kinestheticand 23.0% visual mode and in second year 33.5% auditory, 32.5% visual and 13.4% kinesthtic mode oflearning. Only 6% of first year and 1% of second year students have selected more than one learning mode inequal percentage.Conclusion: The Auditory mode is the top most preferred mode followed by visual and kinesthetic amongmedical students, very few students in our research has multimodal learning preferences.KEYWORDS: VAK Learning styles, teaching learning strategies, Medical studentsLearning style” is the personal preference anddefinitely the right of every learner. It is acomplete, comprehensive and affective indicator ofa learner’s learning process that shows how he15perceives and react to the learning environment.Academic attainment is based on the learner’slearning method selection. The learning art can befurther classified into externally regulated plans (i.e.books and teachers) and the self-regulated plans.Research over the time proves that different students9,13,14have different learning styles.Different teaching methods used for medicalstudents are; discussions and practical’s (hands on)or the lectures and tutorial, etc. On the other hand,students learning preference is a very less exploredJAIMC Vol. 17 No. 2 April - June 2019domain but in fact the most important one. Thestudies conducted worldwide shows quite variationin the results perhaps due to the various teachingmodalities used in different parts of the world.For the better learning environment it is mandatory to have the recognition of learning styles so thatthe students can be guided to opt for the appropriatestrategy. Bruner16,17 described how humans assembleinformation from the environment via these 4sensory modes; Visual ( diagrams or flow charts etc )Auditory (listening or interacting), Visual/Iconic(reading/writing) and Kinesthetic ( touch or smell).Medical arena has been loaded with many tools andmodels of learning over the time like experimentallearning, books followed by digital learning and1

LEARNING STYLE PREFERENCES OF MEDICAL STUDENTS: AN EXPERIENCE FROM PAKISTANamong models; Fleming’s VAK model, VARKmodel, Kolb Learning Style Model, HoneyMumford Model18 etc. VAK (Visual, Auditory andKinesthetic) is an easy, accessible and commonlyused model. VAK learning model was develop bypsychologist in 1920s.The simplicity and usefulnessof the VAK model made it the most popular inteacher’s community but it is equally important tounderstand that different groups of pupil will havedifferent strengths and preferences.The best style of learning for individuals is toavoid dependency upon any single style andsimilarly the best learner is one who is capable ofadopting the style according to the learningsituation. Aim of this study is to establish the impact,effectiveness and efficacy in terms of VAK model oflearning on the medical students and to determinetheir learning preference among visual, auditory andkinesthetic modes, so that it can help both thestudents and the teachers to create a better learning19environment. Anu et al. studied the student’slearning style of different medical colleges in TamilNadu and the results were similar, among 430 1st andnd2 year students, they found 70.6% preferredmultiple learning styles followed by 6.5%, 12.6%and 10.3% selected visual, aural and kinestheticmode of learning respectively, by a different inventory of VAK questionnaire.OBJECTIVEDetermination of the preferred learning stylewith the help of VAK Learning style self-assessmentquestionnaire among the medical students.METHODSIt is a cross-sectional study, conducted atGujranwala Medical Collage, Pakistan on first andsecond year medical students. After approval fromethical review board (ERB) of the collage, A samplesize of 180 was calculated in a stratified sample withconfidence level of 95% and acceptable difference 0.05 and total size of population (first year andsecond year) of 300 number and proportion in each2stratum of 150 Optimal allocation:180 (90 in eachstrata). Assuming 70.6% preferred multiple learningstyles from study of Annu et al.19A standardized VAK questionnaire consistingof 30 question was asked from each student. VAKconsist of 3 components of Visual (A), Auditory (B)and Kinesthetic (C) options. Candidates wereallowed to select more than one options if they foundsuitable. Pre- set questionnaire of 3 pages was distributed after a concise description of purpose of thestudy to the volunteer participants. The questionnaire was recollected after 20 minutes and werelater evaluated to obtain the results. Data was enteredand analyzed in Excel and presented as frequencyand percentages.RESULTSOut of 180 participants, 91 were from first yearMBBS and 89 from second year MBBS. Among the91 first year students all were multimodal in terms onquestions but if we see the percentages 23.0%students preferred the visual mode of study, 42.8%opted the auditory options more and 26.3% selectedthe kinesthetic mode of learning more while thosewho selected all three in exactly equal percentagewere 3.2% and who selected visual and auditory bothin equal percentage 2.1% and those who selectedvisual and kinesthetic in equal percentage were 1%and auditory and kinesthetic were also 1%, whilenone of the students left the questionnaire empty.Comparison of First and Second Year MedicalStudents in learning preferencesVol. 17 No. 2 April - June 2019JAIMC

Sabeen FarhanDISCUSSIONMedical students of this era depict a wide scopeof not only age, gender, culture, ethnicity, experiencebut also in learning styles and preferences. Thisdiversity is indeed challenging to meet the exactneeds of the fresh minds. Educational worldunderstands and appreciates the usefulness ofstudents awareness of different methodologiesavailable and there role in academic carrier and1,2success. The acronym VAK holds three importantsensory modalities related to learning and preservinginformation. In this study; Visual, Auditory andKinesthtic choices were provided to 1st and 2nd yearmedical students to ascertain their learning preferences in form of a questionnaire. All students exhibits multimodal preferences, which dynamicallyindicate that the data presentation should beversatile. Previously conducted many studies worldwide also reported the similar results,3-5 however inthose studies the percentage for multimodal learningpreference varies from 59 - 85%.5-8 This shows thatthe activities blend in teaching to activate andenhance the visual, aural and kinesthetic sensationslead to learn students more effectively and efficiently. Usage of multimedia in teaching is the bestexample.Among uni-model learning style, according tothis research the most preferred mode is Auditory(42.8% first year, 33.7% second year) followed byvisual and kinesthetic modes. This figure is actuallydifferent from most of the work done on this topicand is actually the area of interest, why is this so,what is the reason behind it? Is it the effect ofJAIMCVol. 17 No. 2 April - June 2019influence on the students, from most of the years ofearly learning or this is something else like genetic orenvironmental difference. Indeed this was the firstlearning style from which our insisters learnt andtransmitted that information from generation togeneration, or it’s the time to transform our learnersmind by experiencing the other learning styles aswell. Our results are almost comparable to the study5done by Nuzhat et.al in which the auditory modewas the most preferred mode among the Saudimedical students. While the studies conducted inTurkey by Baykan and Nacar9 and Poonam kharb4et.al in India reported kinesthetic as the activelearning style among students while another study10Lujan and DiCarlo reported that Read/Write is themost preferred mode among the students of Indiana,USA. Although, this variation in learning style/preferences can be explained on the foundation ofteaching modalities used at pre medical levels.In fact, no single learning approach/strategycan work for all students, regardless how good thestrategy is and so the mismatched Learning methodologies may adversely affect learning process.11,12This comes to the point that the medical educatorsmay also be provided with the appropriate trainingprograms in order to develop a better student teacherlearning relationship. This was the concept whichgives rise to the new term “integrated learning style”(ILA).The limitation of the study is its small samplesize and this is the reason that its findings cannot beapplicable to all the medical students. In future, morevast canvas for research is required. But will thisdifference of learning style do make a difference inindividual performance in medical field or not, stillneed to be answered , from the phase of preclinical to clinical.CONCLUSIONThe most common uni-modal preferenceamong the medical undergraduates in our setting isAuditory followed by Visual and Kinesthetic among3

LEARNING STYLE PREFERENCES OF MEDICAL STUDENTS: AN EXPERIENCE FROM PAKISTANthe medical students.RECOMMENDATIONSSingle approach teaching is outdated now.Hence, it is vital for the educator’s to be aware ofvarious learning styles and should put there allefforts to fill the gap between the teaching style andthe learning strategy. So that, an effective learningteaching environment can flourish. Here, I wouldlike to introduce a new term INTEGRATEDLEARNING STYLE (ILS). In my view point it willhelp the students as well as the educators to get amore targeted approach towards the problematicissues or the difficult areas and also opens a newgateway for the educational researchers.Although these results are a bit different frommost of the studies conducted as students of this partof the world preferred more auditory as the preferredmode. This is still a research able areas that why thepreference of these students is different from otherstudents in different parts of the world. Either it isinfluenced by the ways they have been taught in theirearly schoolings (cultural/environmental) or it hassome genetic influence.CONFLICT I OF INTEREST: Declared none.678910111213REFERENCE123454Williamson MF, Watson R L Learning stylesresearch: Understanding how teaching should beimpacted by the way learners learn: Part III:Understanding how learners personality stylesimpact learning. Christian Education journal.2007;4(1):62-77.Sternberg R, Grigorenko E, Zhang L. Styles oflearning and thinking matter in instruction andassessment. Perspectives on Psychological Science.2008; 3(6): 486-506.Heidi L. Lujan and Stephen E. DiCarlo. First-yearmedical students prefer multiple learning styles.Adv Physiol Educ 30: 13-16, 2006.Poonam Kharb, Prajna P Samanta,Manisha Jindal,Vishram Singh. The Learning Styles and thePreferred Teaching-Learning Strategies of First YearMedical Students. DOI;10.7860/JCDR/2013/5809.3090.Ayesha Nuzhat et all,Learning style preference of141516171819medical students: a single institute experience fromSaudi Arabia, International Journal of medicaleducation 2011:2:70-73.Bahadori M, Sadeghifar J, Tofighi S, MamikhaniJA, Nejati M. Learning Styles of the Health ServicesManagement Students: a Study of First yearStudents from the Medical Science Universities ofIran. Australian Journal of Basic and AppliedSciences. 2011; 5(9): 122-27.Ding Y, Liu J, Ruan H, Zhang X. LearningPreferences to Physiology of UndergraduateStudents in a Chinese Medical School. IJEME.2012; 2(2):1-5.Choudhary R, Dullo P, Tandon R V Genderdifferences in learning style preferences of first yearMedical students. Pak J Physiol. 2011;7(2): 42-45.Baykan Z, Nacar M. Learning styles of first yearmedical students attending Erciyes University inKayscri,Turkey. Adv Physiol Educ. 2007; 31: 15860.Lujan H, DiCarlo S. First-year medical studentsprefer multiple learning styles. Adv Physiol Educ.2006; 30(1):13-16.Felder RM, Brent R. Understanding studentdifferences. Journal of Engineering Education.2005; 94(1): 57-72.Minotti JL Effects of learning-style-based homework prescriptions on the achievement and attitudesof middle school students. NASSP Bulletin. 2005;89:67-89.Breckler J, Joun D, Ngo H. Learning styles ofphysiology students interested in health professions.Adv Physiol Educ.2009; 33:30-6 .Hughes JM,Fallis DW, Peel JL, Murchison DF.Learning styles of orthodontic residents. J DentEduc. 2009; 73:319-27.Keefe JW. Reston, VA: National Association ofSecondary School Principals; 1987. Learning Style:Theory and Practice.Bruner JS. Cambridge: Harvard University Press;1967. Towards a Theory of Instruction.Norman G. When will learning style go out of style?Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2009; 14:1-4.Bhalli MA, Khan IA, Sattar A. Learning style ofmedical students and its correlation with preferredteaching methodologies and academic achievement;J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad.2015 oct-dec; 27(4):837-42.Anu S, Anuradha S, Meena T. Assessment oflearning style preference among undergraduatestudents using VAK assessment tool. Int J Med ClinRes 2012; 3:229-33.Vol. 17 No. 2 April - June 2019JAIMC

ORIGINAL ARTICLEJAIMCIMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND CAREER GROWTHON ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AMONG NURSES1234Mehvish Kiran , Muhammad Hussain , Mohammad Afzal , Syed Amir GillaniFaculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, PakistanAbstractIntroduction: Organizational commitment is a challenge for the nursing profession. Each organization hasown environment for professional, and this impact on employ’s organizational commitment. In order toincrease job commitment, efficiency, productivity, and effectiveness of employees, each organization mustreduce the level of stress and increase career development among employees through providing of the goodworking atmosphere (Ruzungunde, Murugan, & Hlatywayo, 2016).Methodology: A descriptive correlational study was carried out in Jinnah hospital Lahore among staffnurses. Total 172 female staff nurses were (Staff nurses and senior staff nurses) participated in the researchage group of 21-45 years.Results: Statistical Analysis showed that professional stress (M 4.0373, SD .41216), career development(M 4.1536, SD .84719) and organizational commitment (M 2.2483, SD .51568) had moderate level.Professional stress had a statistically significant negative impact on organizational commitment (r -.058,p 0.01) and career growth had a significant positive impact on organizational commitment (r .488**,p 0.01, 0.05).Conclusion: This study was designed with particular predictions that every organization needs to realize theimportance of organizational commitment among employees. So, it is very essential for every organization toprovide that environment which reduces the level of professional stress and increase career development.Stress-free working environment in a hospital have tremendous effect for both the organization and its staffnurses.Health organization have a very complexenvironment in which different professionalaccomplish their responsibility. Nursing professionis one of them which have own important professional responsibilities. Each organization have ownenvironment for professionals, and this impact onemploy’s organizational commitment. Organizational commitment is known as the willingness ofworkers to work hard on behalf of an organization toget the goals of an organization. There are manyfactors which affect organizational commitment, themost common factor is occupational stress andcareer growth. Many scholars described thatorganizational commitment is influenced by occupational stress and it reduce the level of employer’scommitment to their organization (Sow, 2015).Organizational commitment is also affected bycareer growth. In an organization, the employeeswho have more opportunities to build up their careerJAIMC Vol. 17 No. 2 April - June 2019growth, the level of organizational commitment ishigher among them (Haque, 2014). Organizationalcommitment enhances the abilities of theiremployees because

Najeeb Ullah, Azmat Ehsan Qureshi, Ali Amar Shakeel 96 Aiman Raza, Rahat Sarfraz, Muhammad Imran, Sana Ahmed, Rohma Ahmed Agreement between Findings of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and Cell Block Preparation in Malignant Focal Liver Lesions 101 Muhammad Zafar Iqbal, Sobia Zaf

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Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .

On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.

̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions

Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have

Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được

The logo of Allama Iqbal Medical College contains Shaheen (Eagle) which represents courage, struggle, and vision. The poetry is by the National poet of Pakistan Allama Muhammad Iqbal. About The Cartoons The cartoons are contributed by Dr. Mahvash Amir. She graduated from Allama Iqbal Medical College in 1996. She is currently residing in Dallas .

The section on illustration greatly benefited from Lys Drewett s ten years experience teaching archaeological illustration at the Institute of Archaeology and as illustrator on all my archaeological projects. Most of the illustrations derive from my field projects but, where not, these are gratefully acknowledged under the illustration. To any other archaeologists who feel I may have used .