PQE Revision Guide - ABDO
Guidance for studentsPQE Revision guideIn conjunction with the 2015 Level 6Diploma in Ophthalmic Dispensing SyllabusAssociation of British Dispensing Opticians
Preliminary Qualifying ExaminationContentsPreface . page 03Location and useful information . page 03Exam application process. page 03Location of theory exams. page 03Location of practical exams . page 03Preparation . page 04Sections.page 05Section A: Single Vision LensesSection A1: Lens Measure . page 06Section A2: Focimetry . page 11Section A3: Hand Neutralisation. page 15Section B: Frame Measurements and MaterialsSection B1: Frame Measurements . page 21Section B2: Frame Materials . page 27Section C: Spectacle Fitting and Facial MeasurementsSection C1: Frame Fitting. page 33Section C2: Facial Measurements. page 35Section D: Prescription AnalysisSection D . page 41References . page 46Useful contacts . page 46Association of British Dispensing OpticiansPage 2
Preliminary QualifyingExaminationPrefaceThis book is designed to familiariseyou with your PreliminaryQualifying Examinations (PQE).The objectives for each section will becovered in detail along with hints andtips on the procedures you may wishto use. This guide is intended tocompliment, but not replace thevaluable practical teaching you willreceive from your training institute.Location and useful informationExam Application ProcessThe exam application forms can be downloaded from the examswebsite. Please be aware that the deadline for entry is 1st March for thesummer session and 1st October for the winter session.Location of Theory ExamsThe location of the theoretical exams (if applicable to you) is usually TheDoug Ellis Sports Centre, Birmingham City University, City North Campus,150 Wellhead Lane, Perry Barr, Birmingham, B42 2SY. Occasionally theremay be a venue change to The Pavillion, Moor Lane, Birmingham, B67AA, this is approximately 20 minutes drive from Birmingham city centre,and be aware parking is limited. So please check your original examletter and the ABDO examinations website to confirm your venue.Please note the theory venue is separate to the practical examinationsheld at Aston University.Location of Practical ExamsThe practical examinations are held in the Vision Sciences Building(Location 7) at Aston University campus, which is a 10 - 15 min walk fromthe city centre.We require all candidates to be present at least 30 mins before their starttime; we would recommend that you book accommodation close to thevenue. Please note there is no parking at the venue, unlessaccommodation is booked at Aston Business School.For the majority of students, you will need to be at the venue by 08.00am.On entering the building you will see a reception area, an ABDOrepresentative will be there to welcome you, check your photographicID and issue you with your timetable for the day.This reception area will be your holding area for the day, where you willfind toilets, a water dispenser and a drinks and snacks machine. For lunchoptions, there are several outlets and shops located on Aston Street.Please respect that this area is also used for Aston University clinic patientsand we therefore ask for noise to be kept to a minimum, rubbish to beplaced in the bins provided, the area kept clear and luggage stored inthe under stairs area (luggage left in this open area is at your own risk).By presenting yourself at the venue you are deeming yourself fit to sit theexamination. However we do appreciate that unforeseen circumstancescan happen on the day and therefore there will be an ABDOrepresentative contact number on your exam letter or you may leave amessage with the Vision Sciences reception on 0121 2044121.If you require reasonable adjustments to be made to your examexperience, please contact the exams department and complete theform on the website with as much notice as possible, so that thenecessary arrangements can be made.Association of British Dispensing Opticians
Aston UniversityVision Sciences BuildingPreparationWhat to take with you on the day: Your ABDO examinations letter Photographic ID Pen and calculator if requiredIn terms of equipment, you will see from the photographswithin this guide that fixed and rotating focimeters areprovided for each student sitting the examinations in theUK. In terms of rulers and tools; we will endeavour tosupply a wide range, but you are permitted to bring yourown if preferred.What to wear on the day:You will be seeing real patients so we expect smartbusiness attire to be worn, as you would in a real practice.The practical skills of a dispensing optician can be taughtwith relative ease. To achieve the consistency andaccuracy required we recommend you practice theacquired skill with a systematic approach on a regularbasis in the months leading up to your professionalexaminations.Aston University - Vision Sciences buildingAston University - Vision Sciences building receptionPage 4
Preliminary Qualifying ExaminationSectionsThe examination is divided into the following sections:ASingle vision lenses1 hour totalCandidates will be required to complete the following tasks and record:A1Use a lens measure to find the base curve, cross curve and sphere curve of two uncut lenses.15 minsA2Use a focimeter to find the powers of a pair of glazed toric lenses, locate the vertical positionof the optical centres and the optical centre distance.15 minsA3Hand neutralise a pair of spectacles glazed with toric lenses, locate the vertical position of theoptical centres and the optical centre distance.30 minsBFrame measurements and materials1 hour totalCandidates will be required to measure and record:B1A range of measurements for a fixed pad bridge frame, regular bridge frame and a framewith pads on arms.30 minsB2Identify and list types of frame construction and materials.30 minsCSpectacle fitting and facial measurementsC1Candidates will be required to demonstrate their ability to:1 hour total Adjust a plastics material frame to fit a patient, and discuss tools used.10 mins Adjust a metal frame to fit a patient, and discuss tools used.10 mins Adjust a rimless frame to fit a patient, and discuss tools used.10 minsC2Take a full set of facial measurements from a patient.30 minsDSingle vision prescription analysis and lens descriptionCandidates will be required to demonstrate, at preliminary level, their ability to discuss andinterpret a variety of single vision prescriptions and prescribers’ comments as well as a verbaldescription of three lenses: General typeMaterialFormEdge finishAdditional featuresAssociation of British Dispensing Opticians30 mins total
Preliminary Qualifying ExaminationSection A: Single vision lensesSection A1: Use of lens measureObjective:15 minutesTo find the base curve, cross curve and sphere curve ontwo uncut lenses using the lens measure provided.Equipment provided: see picture opposite Lens measure Optical flat (mirror or glass plate) A fine-pointed lens marking pen Frame ruler Optical protractor A1 answer sheet Scrap paperMethod:1.Clearly enter your candidate number and box setnumber on the answer form.2.Select lens number 1.3.Zero the lens measure using the optical flat, toensure it reads zero. If the reading is not zero, youmust adjust, or compensate. If there is a fault withthe lens measure you can request for it to bechanged.4.Mark the optical centre of the lens using thefocimeter or protractor provided.5.Place the lens measure on the front surface of thelens. The central leg should coincide with the opticalcentre marking, and ensure that the lens measure isperpendicular to the lens surface. Gently rotate thelens, observing the lens measure scale for variation.6.If there is no variation then this is the sphericalsurface and should be recorded as the spherecurve value.7.If the reading varies with rotation, then this is thetoroidal surface, and both the minimum andmaximum values will need to be recorded. Thelowest numerical value is the base curve and thehighest is the cross curve.8.Then repeat the above for the back surface.9.Repeat this procedure for lens number 2.Usually the front surface is convex and will be recordedas a positive value(s). The back surface will usually beconcave and you should therefore be recording anegative value.Tolerances:For the base, cross and sphere curve: /-0.25 dioptres.Tips: When practising this section aim for 5 mins per lensallowing 5 mins to double check your answers. Ensure the signs of the curves make sense to the form ofthe lens All answers should be to two decimal places. Ensure this section is completed in the time allowed as itwill be collected during the examinationSuggested reading: Ophthalmic Lenses and Dispensing(M Jalie) Chapter 1 Practical Ophthalmic Lenses(M Jalie and L Ray) Experiments 5, 19, 20The next two pages show the form you will see in theexamination. Following that, we have created a table foryou to practice and record 24 toric lenses. We advise thatyou have your answers checked by your supervisor inpractice.Do not assume the toroidal surface is always on the backsurfaceEnsure that you have recorded the correct lensidentification number on your answer sheet and that yourvalues make sense in terms of the form of the lens.Be aware that some lens measures may measure morethan one index, which is clearly marked on the lensmeasure dial. All exam lens sets should be measured onthe 1.523 lens scale.Page 6
Instructions to candidatesYou are required to measure and record thefollowing of two uncut lenses. base curve cross curve sphere curvePlease ensure your Candidate Number and BoxNumber are clearly written in the spacesprovided.Time allowed: 15 minutesPreliminary Qualifying ExaminationSection A1Lens MeasureCandidateNumberBoxNumberVenueDateLens No. 1BaseCurveCrossCurveLens No. 2SphereCurveBasecurveCrossCurvePlease leave blank(For Examiner’s use only)Lens No. 1TotalLens No.2TotalPQE Section A1 Lens Measure 0815Total A1Examiner’sSignatureSAMPLE PAPERAssociation of British Dispensing OpticiansSphereCurve
Preliminary Qualifying ExaminationSection A: Single vision lensesSection A1: Lens measure revision formLens number 1Lens number 2CheckedBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curveBase curveCross curveSphere curvePage 8
Preliminary Qualifying ExaminationSection A1: Revision notesAssociation of British Dispensing Opticians
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Preliminary Qualifying ExaminationSection A: Single vision lensesSection A2: Toric lenses (Focimetry)Objective:15 minutesTo measure and record the prescription of both lensesusing a manual focimeter. To measure and record thevertical position of both optical centres and the opticalcentre distance.Equipment provided: see picture opposite Manual focimeter A fine-pointed lens marking pen Frame ruler Lens cleaner Cleaning cloth A2 answer sheet Scrap paperMethod:1. Clearly enter your candidate number and box setnumber on the answer form2. Clearly mark your lenses R and L to avoid confusiondue to exam nerves3. If possible keep both eyes open when using thefocimeter4. Set up the eyepiece of the focimeter:Rotate the eyepiece to its maximum; ensure thetarget is out of focus by setting the scale to a highpositive or negative value. Now rotate theeyepiece inwards until the graticule is just in focus.Then set the power scale to zero. The resultingtarget and graticule should both be in focus.5. Starting with the right lens, place into the focimeterand centre accordingly.6. Record sphere and cylinder powers of the right lensand its axis.7. You can record either the plus or minus cyl form, butbe consistent in your cyl form and remain with thisformat throughout your revision and this section.8. Record the right lens axis accurately, and using thefocimeters marking device, dot the optical centre ofthe right lens.9. If necessary you may enhance the central dot withyour marker pen, but take care not to enlarge the dotwhich may cause inaccuracies in your measurements.10. Repeat for the left lens.11. Place the spectacles on your frame ruler using thevertical and horizontal scales to set each lens at thegeometric centre.12. Read the vertical position of the optical centresstating whether this falls above or below the horizontalcentre line.13. Repeat for the left lens.14. Place one optical centre on the zero of the scale andread the exact distance to the second optical centre,to measure the horizontal distance between thesetwo points.It will help you to maintain a routine to measure the rightlens first and then the left. Also note that the vertical positionof the optical centres will vary in the examination sets.Tolerances:Sphere and Cyl measurements: /-0.12 dipotre stepsAxis: measure to the nearest degree; do not round upVertical centres and optical centre distance: 1mmTips: When practising this section aim for 5 mins per lensallowing 5 mins to double check your answers Ensure all signs are present and record prescriptions totwo decimal places. Ensure this section is completed in the time allowed as itwill be collected during the examination Check on the exact meaning of horizontal centre lineand geometric centre.Suggested reading: Ophthalmic Lenses and Dispensing(M Jalie) Chapter 1 Practical Ophthalmic Lenses(M Jalie and L Ray) Experiment 49 Spectacle lenses Theory and Practice(Fowler and Petrie) Chapter 6The next two pages show the form you will see in theexamination. Following that, we have created a table foryou to practice and record the parameters of 10 pairs ofspectacles using a manual focimeter. We advise that youhave your answers checked by your supervisor in practice;we also recommend, to help you with this revision, you doyour practice spectacle checking on a manual focimeteras this skill can be easily forgotten.Association of British Dispensing Opticians
Instructions to candidatesYou are required to determine the prescription ofthe spectacles provided in the box using amanual focimeter.Also required are the vertical positions of theoptical centres in relation to the horizontal centreline, and the optical centre distance.This information should be recorded in the tablebelow.Please ensure your Candidate Number and BoxNumber are clearly written in the spaces provided.NB: The lenses must not be removed from the frame.Time allowed: 15 minutesPreliminary Qualifying ExaminationSection A2Toric Lenses eftLeave BlankSphereCylinderAxisVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLOptical Centre DistanceTotal A2PQE Section A2 Toric Lenses (Focimetry)Examiner’sSignatureSAMPLE PAPERPage 12
Preliminary Qualifying ExaminationSection A: Single vision lensesSection A2: Focimetry revision al position of opticalcentre from HCLVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLOptical Centre DistanceOptical Centre eCylinderAxisAxisVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLOptical Centre DistanceOptical Centre eCylinderAxisAxisVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLOptical Centre DistanceOptical Centre eCylinderAxisAxisVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLOptical Centre DistanceOptical Centre rCylinderAxisVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLOptical Centre DistanceCheckedAxisVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLOptical Centre DistanceAssociation of British Dispensing OpticiansChecked
Preliminary Qualifying ExaminationSection A2: Revision notesPage 14
Preliminary Qualifying ExaminationSection A: Single vision lensesSection A3: Toric lenses - Hand neutralisationObjective:30 minutesTo hand neutralise both lenses of a pair of spectacles andto record the prescription and the vertical position of theoptical centres and the optical centre distance.Equipment provided: see picture opposite Trial case lenses Cross line chart Optical protractor A fine pointed lens marking pen Frame ruler A3 answer sheet Scrap paperMethod:1. Clearly enter your candidate number and box set onthe answer form2. Clearly mark your lenses R and L to avoid confusiondue to exam nerves3. Starting with the right lens4. Using the cross line chart, dot the optical centre ofthe lens5. Mark the axis positions6. Neutralise both meridians of the lens with eitherspherical lenses or a combination of spherical andcylindrical lenses, depending on the method youhave been taught7. Ensure you systematically replace unwanted triallenses, to avoid confusion and to have themavailable for the next meridian8. Use the most positive meridian as your sphere andmeasure this axis on the protractor9. The difference between the two meridians will be yourcylinder value in a negative form10. Repeat the above for the left lens11. Place the spectacles on your frame ruler using thevertical and horizontal scales to set each lens at thegeometric centre12. Read the vertical position of the optical centresstating whether this falls above or below the horizontalcentre line13. Repeat for the left lens14. Place one optical centre on the zero of the scale andread the exact distance to the second optical centre,to measure the horizontal distance between thesetwo pointsTolerances:Sphere and Cyl: /-0.25 dipotresAxis: 5 degreesOptical centration: 2mmTips: We recommend you aim for 10 mins in total for eachlens, allowing 10 mins to confirm your answers Remember you are recording the power of thespectacles and not the power of the neutralising lenses. The protractor has 2 scales, one designed for the lensesface up and one designed for the lenses face down.Ensure you can visually estimate the axis to avoid errorswhen reading the scales This particular task requires the most practice in order togain the required accuracy.Suggested reading: Ophthalmic Lenses and Dispensing(M Jalie) Chapter 1 Practical Ophthalmic Lenses(M Jalie and L Ray) Experiments 3, 5, 7, 15, 16, 22, 29 Spectacle Lenses Theory and Practice(Fowler and Petrie) Chapter 6The next two pages show the form you will see in theexamination. Following that, we have created a table foryou to practice and record the parameters of 20 pairs ofspectacles using the trial lens set. We advise that you haveyour answers checked by your supervisor in practice.It will help you to maintain a routine to measure the rightlens first and then the left. Also note that the verticalposition of the optical centres will vary in theexamination sets.Association of British Dispensing Opticians
Instructions to candidatesYou are required to determine the prescription of thespectacles provided in the box using a trial lens set.Also required are the vertical positions of the opticalcentres in relation to the horizontal centre line, andthe optical centre distance.This information should be recorded in the tablebelow.Please ensure your Candidate Number and BoxNumber are clearly written in the spaces provided.NB: The lenses must not be removed from the frame.Time allowed: 30 minutesPreliminary Qualifying ExaminationSection A3Toric Lenses (Hand ghtLeftLeave BlankSphereCylinderAxisVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLOptical Centre DistanceTotal A3Please leave blank(For Examiners Use only)PQE Section A3 Toric Lens (Hand Neutralisation) 0815A1 TotalA2 TotalA3 TotalTotal A3Examiner’sSignatureSAMPLE PAPERPage 16
Preliminary Qualifying ExaminationSection A: Single vision lensesSection A3: Hand neutralisation revision al position of opticalcentre from HCLVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLOptical Centre DistanceOptical Centre eCylinderAxisAxisVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLOptical Centre DistanceOptical Centre eCylinderAxisAxisVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLOptical Centre DistanceOptical Centre eCylinderAxisAxisVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLOptical Centre DistanceOptical Centre rCylinderAxisVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLOptical Centre DistanceCheckedAxisVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLOptical Centre DistanceAssociation of British Dispensing OpticiansChecked
Section A3: Hand neutralisation revision al position of opticalcentre from HCLVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLOptical Centre DistanceOptical Centre eCylinderAxisAxisVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLOptical Centre DistanceOptical Centre eCylinderAxisAxisVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLOptical Centre DistanceOptical Centre eCylinderAxisAxisVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLOptical Centre DistanceOptical Centre rCylinderAxisVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLOptical Centre DistanceCheckedAxisVertical position of opticalcentre from HCLOptical Centre DistanceCheckedPage 18
Preliminary Qualifying ExaminationSection A3: Revision notesAssociation of British Dispensing Opticians
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Preliminary Qualifying ExaminationSection B: Frame measurements and materialsSection B1: Frame measurementsObjective:30 minutesTo record a specified range of measurements for aregular bridge frame, a fixed pad bridge frame and ametal frame with pads on arms using a frame ruler.Equipment provided: see picture opposite Frame ruler B1 answer sheetMethod1. Clearly enter your candidate number and box setnumber on the answer form2. Start with the regular bridge frame, working throughthe frames in the order they are listed on the answerform, to avoid confusion with exam nerves3. For the regular bridge frame you will need to measure:a. Boxed lens size; the dimensions of the rectangleformed by the horizontal and vertical tangentsto the lens shape. Note; add an allowance forthe bevel and both horizontal and verticalmeasurements should be listed hereb. Distance between lenses (DBL); the distancebetween the nearest apices of the two lenses.Note; subtract an allowance for the bevelc. Boxed Centre Distance (BCD); horizontaldistance between the two boxed centres (theintersection of horizontal and vertical lines ofeach box)d. Distance Between Rims (DBR)@10; the horizontaldistance between the nasal surfaces of bothrims, measured at 10mm below the midpoint ofthe lower edge of the bridge surfacee. Distance Between Rims (DBR)@15; the horizontaldistance between the nasal surfaces of the rims,measured at 15mm below the midpoint of thelower edge of the bridge surfacef. Apical Radius; radius of the arc forming thelower edge of the bridge viewedperpendicularly to the back plane of the front.g. Crest Height; vertical distance from the centreline of the frame to the midpoint of the loweredge of the bridge.h. Angle of side; vertical angle between a normalto the back plane of the front and the line ofthe side when opened. Right and leftmeasurements required here.i. Length to bend; distance between the dowelpoint and the ear point. Right and leftmeasurements required herej. Downward angle of drop; downward inclinationof the drop from the line of the side. Right andLeft measurements required herek. Frame head width; distance between the sides4.at the ear pointsl. Frame temple width; distance between the sides25mm behind the back plane of the frontm. Angle of let-back; horizontal angle betweenthe inner surface of the fully opened side,adjacent to the joint, and a normal to the backplane of the front. Right and left measurementsrequired hereFor the fixed pad bridge frame you will need tomeasure:a. Boxed lens size; the dimensions of the rectangleformed by the horizontal and vertical tangentsto the lens shape. Note; add an allowance forthe bevel and both horizontal and verticalmeasurements should be listed hereb. Distance between lenses (DBL); the distancebetween the nearest points of the apices of thetwo lenses. Note; subtract an allowance for thebevel.c. Boxed Centre Distance (BCD); horizontaldistance between the two boxed centres (theintersection of horizontal and vertical centrelines of each box)d. Bridge width; minimum distance between thepad surfaces of the frame measured along thebridge width linee. Bridge height; vertical distance from the bridgewidth line to the intersection point of the verticalsymmetry axis with the lower edge of the bridgef. Splay angle of pad; angle between the padplane and a normal to the back plane of thefront. Right and left measurements are requiredhere.g. Frontal angle of pad; angle between thevertical and the line of intersection of the padplane with the back plane of the front. Rightand left measurements are required here.h. Total length of side (this will be a curl side);Association of British Dispensing Opticians
5.distance between the dowel point and the tip.Right and Left measurements required herei. Frame head width; distance between the sidesat the ear pointsj. Frame temple width; distance between the sides25mm behind the back plane of the frontk. Angle of let-back; horizontal angle between theinner surface of the fully opened side, adjacentto the joint, and a normal to the back plane ofthe front. Right and left measurements requiredhereFor the metal pads on arms frames you will need tomeasure:a. Boxed lens size; the dimensions of the rectangleformed by the horizontal and vertical tangentsto the lens shape. Note; add an allowance forthe bevel and both horizontal and verticalmeasurements should be listed hereb. Distance between lenses (DBL); the distancebetween the nearest points of the apices of thetwo lenses. Note; subtract an allowance for thebevel.c. Boxed Centre Distance (BCD); horizontaldistance between the two boxed centres (theintersection of horizontal and vertical centrelines of each box)d. Angle of side; vertical angle between a normalto the back plane of the front and the line of theside when opened. Right and left measurementsrequired here.e. Length to bend; distance between the dowelpoint and the ear point. Right and leftmeasurements required heref. Distance between pad centres; horizontaldistance between the two pad centresg. Length of drop; distance from the ear point tothe extreme end of the side. Right and leftmeasurements required hereh. Downward angle of drop; downward inclinationof the drop from the line of the side. Right andleft measurements required herei. Frame head width; distance between the sidesat the ear pointsj. Frame temple width; distance between the sides25mm behind the back plane of the frontk. Angle of let-back; horizontal angle between theinner surface of the fully opened side, adjacentto the joint, and a normal to the back plane ofthe front. Right and left measurements requiredhereIt will help you to maintain a routine to measure the rightlens first and then the left.Tolerances:Frame lens measurements: /-1mmLTB, Distance between pad centres, length of drop: /-2mmHead and temple width measurements: /-5mmAngle of side and downward angle of drop: /-2.5 degreesSplay and frontal angle of pad: /-5 degreesTips: We recommend you aim for 8 mins in total for eachframe, allowing 6 mins to confirm your answers Your ans
Ophthalmic Lenses and Dispensing (M Jalie) Chapter 1 Practical Ophthalmic Lenses (M Jalie and L Ray) Experiments 5, 19, 20 The next two pages show the form you will see in the examination. Following that, we have created a table for you to practice and record 24 toric lenses.
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