The History Of Religion In Egypt: Ancient, Coptic .

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The History of Religion in Egypt:Ancient, Coptic Christianity & IslamMs. Sharlyn ScottDesert Vista HSWorld History & Geography

Ancient Egyptian Religion It had its roots in Egypt’sprehistory, and lasted formore than 3,000 years.– Details of religious belief changedover time as the importance ofparticular gods rose and declined,and their intricate relationshipsshifted.– At various times certain godsbecame preeminent over theothers, including the sun god Ra(sometimes known as Amun Ra)and the mother goddess Isis.

For a brief period, inthe aberranttheologypromulgated by thepharaoh Akhenaten,a single god, theAten, replaced thetraditionalpantheon.

– Role of the Pharaoh Formal religiouspractice centered onthe pharaoh, who wasbelieved to possess adivine power by virtueof his kingship. The pharaoh acted asan intermediarybetween his peopleand the gods, and hewas obligated tosustain the godsthrough rituals andofferings so that theycould maintain order inthe universe.

Therefore, thestate dedicatedenormousresources to theperformance ofthese rituals andto theconstruction oftemples wherethey were carriedout.

– Individual Egyptians Individuals could interactwith the gods for their ownpurposes, appealing for theirhelp through prayer orcompelling the gods to actthrough magic. These popular religiouspractices were distinct from,but closely linked with, theformal rituals andinstitutions. The popular aspect ofreligious tradition grewmore prominent throughoutEgyptian history as the statusof the pharaoh declined.

– Funerary Practices The Egyptians madegreat efforts toensure the survivalof their souls afterdeath.– They providedtombs, grave goods,and offerings in aneffort to preserve thebodies (throughmummification) andspirits of thedeceased, andprovide them withmaterial comforts inthe afterlife.

– Legacy The overall Egyptiansystem of religionendured, even throughseveral periods offoreign rule, until thecoming of Christianity inthe early centuries C.E. Egyptian religion leftbehind number religiousmonuments andwritings, as well assignificant influence oncultures both ancientand modern.

Coptic Christianity– History The Copts claim direct descent fromancient Egyptians; the word copt isderived from the Arabic word qubt(“Egyptian”) Egypt was Christianized during thefirst century C.E., when the countrywas part of the Roman Empire.– According to Coptic tradition,Mark, disciple of Christ,established the first patriarchatesin Alexandria in 42 C.E., and theline of patriarchal (authority)succession has been unbrokensince then.

Egyptian Christianitydeveloped distinct dogmasand practices during themore than two centuriesthat the religion was illegalunder Roman law. By the 4th century C.E.,when Constantine madeChristianity the officialreligion of the RomanEmpire, Coptic traditionswere sufficiently differentfrom those in Rome andConstantinople to causemajor religious conflicts.

Dissension wouldpersist for 150 years,until most Coptsseceded from themain body ofChristianity becauseof the decision of theCouncil ofChalcedon thatChrist had a dualnature, human anddivine.– Copts maintain thatChrist has one single,divine nature(monophysitism)

The Coptic Churchdeveloped separatelyfrom other EasternChurches.– The Coptic Church’sclerical hierarchy hadevolved by the sixthcentury.– A patriarch, referred to asthe pope, heads thechurch, and is traditionallybased in Alexandria.– A synod or council ofsenior priests is responsiblefor electing or removingpopes.

– Copts in Islamic Egypt After 647 C.E., all ofEgypt was under Islamicrule. Christians and Jewswere protected, but didhave to pay a tax to theMuslim government. Most Coptic Christiansconverted to Islam, andwithin 200 years, CopticChristians were aminority. By the 10th century, theArabic language hadreplaced Coptic as theprimary spoken language. Today, this indigenousChristian sect. ranges from3-10 million.

Islam– Early Islam was intenselyexpansionist. Religious fervor, aswell as economic and social factors,fueled this expansionism. Conquering armies and migratingtribes swept out of Arabia and spreadIslam. By the end of the Islam’s first century,Islamic armies had reached far intoNorth Africa and eastward andnorthward into Asia. Among the first countries to comeunder their control was Egypt, whichArab forces invaded in 640 C.E.

– Amr ibn al As, anIslamic convert andcontemporary of theProphet Muhammad,would be the militarycommander in chargeof the conquest ofEgypt. By 641 C.E., he hadconquered Cairo andrenamed the city AlFustat. By 647 C.E., after thesurrender ofAlexandria, the entirecountry was underIslamic rule.

– Islamic Rule Amr allowed CopticChristians and Jews tocontinue their beliefs asprotected people.– Jews and Christians inMuslim territories couldlive according to theirown religious laws asdhimmis (toleratedsubject peoples) butwould have to give upcertain political rightsand pay a special tax. By the 9th century C.E.,most Egyptians hadconverted to Islam

A Shi’ah dynasty, theFatimids, conqueredEgypt in 969 C.E. andruled the country for200 years.– Although the Fatimidsendowed numerousmosques, shrines, andtheological schools, theydid not firmly establishtheir faith (Ismailia Shi’ahIslam) in Egypt.– Numerous sectarianconflicts among FatimidIsmailis after 1050 mayhave been a factor inEgyptian Muslimacceptance of Saladin’s(Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibnAyyūb), of the KurdishAyyubids, reestablishmentof Sunni Islam as the statereligion in 1171.

Al Azhar Universitywas established asone of firstuniversities in theworld by theFatimids, and Saladinwill keep it butchange it from Shi’ahtheologicalorthodoxy to Sunni.

The Mamluks, theformer slaves andbodyguards of theAyyubids, willestablish their ownempire in Egyptuntil the Ottoman’smake Egypt part oftheir empire in 1517.

Source of Images All images used were my own photographsfrom Fulbright-Hays Summer 2010 seminarin Egypt

Egyptian Christianity developed distinct dogmas and practices during the more than two centuries that the religion was illegal under Roman law. By the 4 th century C.E., when Constantine made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire, Coptic traditions were sufficiently different from those in Rome and Constantinople to cause

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