Kar-a-sutra : Italy, The New Domestic Landscape .

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Kar-a-sutra : Italy, the new domesticlandscape : [exhibition], Museum ofModern Art, New York, 23 May-11September 1972Research by Mario BelliniAuthorMuseum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.)Date1972Publisher[publisher not identified]Exhibition URLwww.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/1783The Museum of Modern Art's exhibition history—from our founding in 1929 to the present—isavailable online. It includes exhibition catalogues,primary documents, installation views, and anindex of participating artists.MoMA 2017 The Museum of Modern Art

kar-a-sutraItaly:the new domestic landscapeThe Museum of Modem Art, New York23 May - 11September 1972IResearch by Mario BelliniSponsored by Cassina, C&BItaliawith the contributionof Citroen andIndustrie PirelliProduced by Centro Cassina

kar-a-sutraResearch by Mario BelliniCollaborators:Dario BelliniFrancesco BinfareGiorgio OrigliaThe automobile will die out, and will kill us inthe process. It chokes our cities and poisonsthe air: it stuns us with its noise. It devoursdisproportionate amounts of expenditures.City planners, ecologists, and sociologistsjoin in decrying it. Some envision Utopiancities made to the automobile's own measure,while others propose such ingenuousconsumer remedies as special city cars or- more drastically - recommend eitherabolishing the automobile or abandoning themegalopolis. In urban areas, the crisis can beovercome only by eliminating the automobileas a means of internal communication. But inless densely populated areas, seems to be noeffective substitute for the automobile, now orin the future, as a means of non-public transport.In present-day automobiles, however, wehave no option other than to enter, sit - eitheralone or, less comfortably, in motionless groupsof five or six; smoke, think, read a bit, talk tothe passenger next to us or others behind us,switch on the radio, watch the landscape outof the comer of our eye, and finally get out.More important, we can speed along,accelerate, roar down the road like real sportsheroes, loving the automobile itself and hatingthe people in the cars we overtake; we canpermit others to admire our virility andeconomic power, of which our car is a symbol;we can implicate the car in obscene attemptsat lovemaking; we can ruin ourselves for thecar, kill others with it, or die in it ourselves.Despite all this - and precisely because of allthis - 1 believe that it makes sense today to.give more thought to the automobile, torethink the automobile, the automobile thatcan still stay with us.While it goes without saying that, sooner orlater, motors will be clear and quieter, itcertainly won't be the automatic navigationaldevices or systems of propulsion dreamed ofin science-fiction flights of fancy, nor themacabre anxiety that would make automobileinto a switfter, sure bier, that will inititiate theredemption of this fascinating mechanicalmonster.Now, immediately, we must do away with theparameters of the AUTOMOBILE-MAN systemand instead make the car a MOBILE HUMANSPACE, intended for human and notautomotive rites; a mobile space into whichone may enter and sit down, be seated evenmore comfortably, stretch out, sleep, smile,converse face-to-face, observe the outsideworld and breathe in its essence, enjoy thesun, stand up, take films while under way,change places, sit with one's back to thedriver or sideways, play cards, eat a sandwichand drink, consult a map, put away and pichup all kinds of objects, carry children andplay with them, make love in a manner notconditioned by the automobile, transportbaggage and things - many things and fewerpeople, a load of apples plus the driver,completely empty, with only the two of us andsome pillows: on the way we'll buy a horseand a piano.Why not all this, and heaven knows what elsebesides? Why not in millions of automobiles,why not for dollars millions of a day?Why exchange so many thousands of millionsof hours of life for the squalid pagan rites ofthe KAR, when we still have years and yearsof gas, oxygen, and life to bum in theautomobile? Why let ourselves be taken in bythe strategy of marketing the coupe, stunnedby motion, like astronauts or the drivers ofrace cars? Or is this perhaps just what we areunconsciously seeking, accepting it ascompensation for other voids and for thetyranny of the car itself, which we are forcedto drive in exhausting, interminable suburbanjourneys to and from work each day, or duringweekends, when we feed both our illusionsand the industry of escape from the city?I don't know if there's any way out for thishuman race composed of ex-car owners, carowners, and would-be car owners classifiedhierarchically according to cubic inches, thenumber of cylinders, horsepower, rapidity ofpickup, and maximum speed. The onlyanswer may be in the prospect of becomingless of a motorist and giving to the automobile,as its chief function, the role of providinghuman space in motion - space for moresignificant events; making it an effectiveinstrument serving our need to communicateand get to know the country, or also, thanksto its capacity for mixed transport, making italso serve as a real working tool. These rolecould be carried out in combination with,or as an alternative to, mass transport, savingus from becoming merely frustrated chauffeursenslaved by our own need to get about.It is principally in this perspective of humanspace in motion that the automobile mustdiscover own proper role, the reasons for itsown survival as a positive force. The dreamof the automobile salesman - an automobileeach year for every year of every humanbeing - cannot possibly last much longer.In any case, as a means of locomotion servingalmost exclusively individual ends, and atvery high cost, the automobile would in anycase reach some critical limit in the extent ofits indeterminate multiplication. Oneinteresting solution to the problem might beto organize a large number of vehicles of thiskind throungh a capillary network ofinternational rent-a-car companies serving theaims both of tourism and work; this wouldallow investements in time and space to bemore rationally and fully utilized.The prototype created in response to theinvitation of The Museum of Modern Art isintended only as an indication, a proposal forthe present, not as a borrowing from sciencefiction. It seems to us much more"revolutionary" at this stage in the "civilizationof the automobile" - at a time when more thanfive million automobiles are being producedand rapidly consumed each year - to proposea car that is subtly different. This proposal,however, has no reference whatsoever to theconcept of the trailer home, which is a faithfuland often grotesque miniature of the mythicalvacation house, a transportable space ratherthan an environment in motion, a totem that isa substitute for the urban way of life,conceived as a way of reproducing, anyhow

and everywhere, the same impenetrabledomestic rites.An essential feature of the new automobile,which is little more than sixteen feet long andsix and an half feet wide, is that it has thesame dimensions as a normal sedan and anextraordinary flexibility in its load capacity.It can transport a load of something upwardsof twenty-six cubic feet, besides the driver;or it can comfortably carry twelve personswith baggage. This is made possible becausethe loading surface is evenly distributed overtwenty square feet, and the interior fittingsare completely movable.But the most important innovation is the car'sability to carry more people with theirbaggage - just what is most lacking in theinterior fittings of the traditional automobile,which tends to restrict drastically thepossibility of moving about, conversing orremaining together comfortably as thecircumstances of the trip may require.The entire interior fittings of the car consistof a series of cushions, ten inches high by twofeet square, which can be variously arrangedas seats, backrests, armrests, forming apadded ensemble that can assume differentshapes: ranging from the traditional doublerow of three seats to a series of six beds,from a three-sided sofa that allows one to sitfacing the direction of the route, or sideways,can form either separate containers or aContinuous soft platform.The special characteristic of these cushionunits is their "plastic inertia", which allowsthem to be positioned and kept in placeindefinitely, always renewing their shapeafter receiving the imprints and deformationscaused by the pressure of force or of bodies,without losing their special property ofelasticity.Thus, the interior of the automobile completelycovered by such cushions becomes a"plasticfield" available indefinitely for any new kindof use and allowing people or things to leaveon them their imprint, since they are welladapted both to support and to contain.Two flat surfaces cover the luggagecompartment and the motor compartment;they may be used either to put things on, oras beds. Passengers enter the automobile bythe two side doors. The car is loaded throughthe double rear doors: by removing theplatform over the luggage compatment, thewhole interior area of the car can be openedto its full extent. To permit even moreflexibility, the roof of the car may beraised almost two feet by meafts of apneumatic device. This does affect the car'sdriving potential but increases its loadcapacity and also allows passengers to standup, change places, shift objects around in thecar, and get in and out more easily, evenwhen the car is parked or standing still.A second important characteristic of the caris that the entire top section may be openedcompletely by retreating the windows, leavingonly three roll-bars, a central cross bar, andthe windshield. Thus, the potentials of utilizingthe mobile space are greatly increased, notonly for those who like to travel in an opencar, but also for those who wish to takephotographs, make moving pictured or if theymust, shoot: as well as for those who simplydon't want any filters or partitions betweenthemselves and the environment.Considering the automobile is to be used onall kinds of terrain, we have chosen to retainthe most extraordinary "vehicular philosophy"in all the history of the automobile, proposingthe use of hydraulic suspension devices thatoffer more heights above the ground andexceptional safety and comfort en route.

EVERyTHIN ACARTO -SEEMS, IFITNoHMAL,WEREN'TALMOSTFORWHATASIFINSomeoneTHEIS ABOUTO -V"loo kins BNTECOMENORMALEIN UN AUTOMOBILE.,re rSE6EMBREREB8E,NONFOSSE-PER.dopo IETFORWARDPOSTOPEN;STANDINGTHEMFROMEyES,LENSES,L' OPSEPARATESjEXCEPTSUNSNONHONDOFUCILIC' TUTTAP1&ESTERNOSGOMSRA,NULLA: SOLOMIRROR,. . TITHEIRSONOPRESICONFRONTAREu ByTHEas if ON BEHINDANDAHEADIS&U Aft. DAN DOETR*Aa UPENTERINS,OUT,THOSEwhileLOOKINGLOOKIN THREE.SIDEWAYS.WHOSPOKE?AWkNTI6COMECOME USC4RE,PC ftC-H6CHELIKECoMIN PICKINDIANWWETROISLIKEWHy NOTONLytCOS"lFA RSIof IS -NOTHIN WORLDATTA CCOAPERTO;is, TENSE,tA.*- THEROINCOMlNCIAEVEftyoNRanxiety. .HAPPEN.prima,I; catoSOLTANTOGWAftCMNDODl FlANCO .INCHANOANCHC?LOtOONORon the Road, one can sleep*INSIDEANDOUTSIDELOOK IN THEOFTHESESEUNO SUIDA,TRAIMA 1NARySiSHEPu6 DOBHIfttOCCMI SBaRRATT,PRIVAT*.WHOANOmeditateNOTDRIVESSEE., DEPRIVEDLIBERTIESINTERN 0 ED ESTERNO,CON SLIGUI DAEYES, LOOKlNSW QUESTS, MEDITARESUARDARtSUA ft CASEU8ERTA'W EauiUBRlOE NON VEPERE.NIEALIOCCHIIMMASINARlELEICHE

AT DOS.*THEVEVERYTHINGMOW :ToEp61DAOKAINTHESONOTVTTO,DORMONOCADE REFAftIM THEAWAYWOODSDARKISFROMFEWAND SLEEPLIKEIMWORDS,THEIR.FEWLOOKS,EXPERIENCE.AND, THEyFALLING&A ND - CAST LES , TUARR3HNElNEU-AONNEL.FER.MATI , STANCH I ,FELICI,:HANNOVIAGAtAftePOCHEPlSCIATONELBulO .BOSCH EMUCHTANTOTWOAHOMEIXSABBLA ,IN TWELVE,CARS , WITHDIVIDINGONEMOREDftlVEftORMA1PlNG TD, CONINsbLrTOPlUTTOSTOUNMEMO UIDATOftEDIV1 DEftCIOPENORCLOSEDGoAROUNDEv R.y-rvnwaINP1UFARETUTTopOO TltOVAftE.A MANTENERE.SOTTO ILINCJSLOUNMOVtMENTo?mCouldAPEftTIIN DODIC.I,CHESANT' ANTONIO , ftINCANTESIMOBur, RAISEDTHEtheOR LOWERED,WORLDINTWO,ONECARRyiNStentHOWAMUCHO CHIUSI , ALTIL*lftOFuORCHfeDELBUTLA0BA&Sl,HONDOTEW DAINSI POTftEBEEDUE,PoRTAWDoNOWQUANT OUNRoomForgrawdpiaNoCUBICIN MA NoINIRlTORNOLESSAUTDMOBILIALTROTRIPRATHERTHAND* UN VIA«»IOI BAGAGUSU DUEUNUSUALBAGGAGEINTOft COR DOCONANTHEOURSELVESBUTHI HWAyVEDONOfasHOLDIN PEEON Ly SANO,THESGUARDIES PERI EM 2 AQsstsmsElNOW , TRAVELTHROUGHALUSTOPPED,THEyIT'SFEETA .HUNDREDSWORKSPACE.PERPIANOFORTEMA OAA6DlLAVORODREAMS.forTVTTOAISOCNI . . . UNCODAVUOTO,PERPERHAREMVOLAWTE.COW C CRT I ITINERAOTTOMETRlNTl,CUB II

i!ii L'automobile morira, ci fara morire, soffoca lenostre citta, ne ammorba l'aria, ci stordiscecon i suoi rumori: ingoia investimentisproporzionati; urbanisti, ecologi, sociologiconcordano nella denuncia, chi ipotizzandoutopistiche citta a misura dell'automobile, chimvocando ingenui diversivi consumisticicome le auto da citta, chi proponendo piudrasticamente l'abolizione dell'automobile ol'abbandono delle megalopoli.D'altra parte, al di fuori delle aree urbane,dove la crisi e superabile solo con laeliminazione dell'auto come mezzo dicomunicazione intemo, proprio nei territorimeno densamente insediati, non si vede conche cosa oggi e domani si possaefficacemente sostituire l'automobile qualemezzo di comunicazione non collettivo.Ma in un'automobile di oggi noi possiamoentrare, sedere spesso soli o piuscomodamente in 5 o 6, immobili, fumare,pensare, leggere un po', parlare con ilpasseggero in fianco o con gli altri di spalle,accendere la radio, sbirciare il paesaggio euscire; e soprattutto possiamo correre,accelerare, rombare come veri eroi dellosport, amare la stessa automobile e odiare glialtri sulle altre che superiamo, lasciareammirare in lei la nostra potenza virile efinanziaria di cui lei ci rassicura, coinvolgerlain osceni tentativi d'amore, rovinarci per lei,uccidere e morime.Ma nonostante tutto questo e proprio per tuttoquesto io credo che abbia senso.oggipensare ancora all'automobile, ripensarel'automobile, l'automobile che potra restarci.E se si puo dare per scontato che prima o poii motori saranno piu puliti e silenziosi, nonsaranno certo le fantascientifiche fughe inavanti sugli automatismi di navigazione o suisistemi di propulsione, ne la macabra ansiache vorrebbe fare dell'automobile una velocebara sicura, ad awiare il riscatto di questoaffascinante mostro meccanico.Bisogna ribaltare oggi, subito, i parametri delsistema AUTOMOBILE-UOMOe ricondurload essere uno SPAZIO UMANO MOBILEdestinato a riti umani e non automobilistici;uno spazio dove sia possibile entrare,sedersi; sedersi ancora piu comodi, sdraiarsi,dormire, sorridersi, conversare guardandosi,osservare il mondo estemo, respirame l'alito,godeme il sole, alzarsi in piedi, filmare inmovimento, cambiare posto, sedersicontromarcia, di traverso, e giocare a carte,mangiare un panino e bere su un appoggio,consultare una carta, riporre e riprendereogm cosa, portare bambini, giocarci, fare unamore non automobilistico, portare bagagli ecose, tante cose e meno persone, tutte melepiu il guidatore, "tutto vuoto e solo noi due equalche cuscino: in viaggio compreremo uncavallo e un pianoforte".Perche no tutto questo e chissa cosa altroancora? perche no in milioni di automobili,perche no per miliardi di lire al giomo?perche scambiare tanti miliardi di ore di vitacon gli squallidi riti pagani della MAKKINA?se in automobile dovremo ancorabruciare anni ed anni di benzina, di ossigenoe di vita, perche lasciarci fregare dallestrategie di marketing del coupe, storditi neltransfert con gli astronauti o i piloti di rallyes?O forse e proprio questo che inconsciamentecerchiamo e accettiamo oome compenso dialtri vuoti, e della tirannia stessadell'automobile che siamo costretti a condurrefaticando in interminabili marce ditrasferimento suburbano per il nostro lavoroquotidiano o per alimentare nei week-ends lenostre illusioni e l'industria della fuga dallacitta?Non so se c'e una via di uscita per questaumanita di ex automobilisti, automobilisti easpiranti automobilisti gerarchicamenteclassificati per centimetri cubicinumero di cilindri, cavalli vapore,accelerazione da fermo e velocita massima,se non nella prospettiva di diventare moltomeno automobilisti, riservando all'automobilesoprattutto il ruolo di spazio umano inmovimento, di spazio per accadimenti piusignificativi, di mezzo efficace per la nostraansia di comunicare e conoscere sul territorioo, grazie alle sue capacita di trasportopromiscuo, anche il ruolo di reale mezzo dilavoro: in combinazione od in altemativa con 1mezzi di trasporto di massa piuttosto cheridursi a frustrati chauffeur delle proprie mereesigenze di trasfenmento.E soprattutto in questa prospettiva di spazioumano in movimento che l'automobile devecercare il proprio ruolo, le ragioni dellapropria soprawivenza positiva. Anche se none pensabile che duri a lungo il sogno delmercante d'auto: un'automobile ogni anno pertutti gli anni di ogni essere umano; infatticome mezzo mobile a destinazionepressoche individuale e ad altissimi costispecifici essa troverebbe comunque unlimite critico di significato nella sua indefinitamoltiplicazione. Una soluzione interessantepotrebbe essere quella di gestire una grandequantita di vetture di questo tipo attraversouna capillare rete di compagnieintemazionali di rent-a-car per scopi diturismo e di lavoro realizzando una piurazionale ottimizzazione degli investimentinel tempo e nello spazio.II prototipo elaborato in risposta all'invito delM.O.M.A. vuole essere solo una indicazione,una proposta per oggi e non una lpotecafantascientifica, sembrandoci molto piu"rivoluzionario" proporre a questo punto della"civilta dell'automobile" mentre sono prodottee rabbiosamente consumate piu di 5.000.000di automobili all'anno, un'automobilesottilmente diversa; evitando ogm riferimentoalle roulottes, vere e proprie miniaturespesso grottesche della mitica casa per levacanze, spazi trasportabili e non ambienti inmovimento, totem sostitutivi dell'abitareurbano, concepiti per riprodurreindifferentemente e dovunque gli stessiimpermeabili riti domestici.

IV32,eUna pnma carattenstica della niiova auto,che, lunga poco piu di 5 metri e larga pocopiu di 2, si mantiene negli ingombri di unanormale berlina, e la sua straordinanaflessibilitadi carico: da 8 m di volume piu ilguidatore. a 12persone comode senzabagagli.Le possibilityd'uso dello spazio mobile sonoallora straordinariamente arricchite:non soloper chi ama viaggiare in una vettura aperta,ma per chi vuole fotografare,filmare,seproprio vuole sparare, o solo partecipareafl'ambienteche sta intomo senza filtnediaframmi.Cio e consentito dalla regolarita del piano dicarico di 6 m dalla completa amovibilitadelle attrezzature interne.Anche tenendo conto della necessity di usarel'automobilesu ogni tipo di terreno, abbiamovolutosalvare la "filosofiaveicolare"piustraordinariadi tutta la storia dell'automobileproponendo l'uso di sospensioni idrauliche,che offronopiu altezze da terra ed unaeccezionale sicurezza e comfort di marcia.Ma la risposta maggiormente innovativaestata data per la condizione di carico di piupersone con i loro bagagli: cioe proprio dove1'attrezzaturainterna dell'automobiletradizionaleentra maggiormente in crisi,limitandodrasticamente le possibility dimuoversi,di conversare, di starecomodamente insieme secondo le situazionidi viaggio.Tutta1'attrezzaturadello spazio intemo eaffidataad una sene di cuscini di 60x60x25che, diversamente disposti, sono sedili,schienali, braccioli, a formare un insiemeimbottitovariamente configurato:dallatradizionaledoppia fila di tre poltrone ai 6posti letto, dal divano awolgente su tre lati aposizionivis-a-viso trasversali al senso dimarcia, sino ai contenitoried alia piastramorbida totale.La particolaritadegli elementi-cuscino ad"inerziaplastica" e quella di assumere emantenere mdefinitamente,e di poterindefinitamentennnovare,impronte edeformazioniimpresse da forze o corpiestemi, senza perdere le loro doti di stitodi tali cuscini diventa allora"uncampo plastico"indeterminato disponibilead ogni nuova configurazioned'uso, nel qualepersone e cose possono stampare l'improntapiu adatta a sorreggere e a contenere.L'accesso all'intemodell'automobileawieneper i passeggeri dalle due porte laterali,per ilcarico dal doppio sportello posteriore:rimuovendoilpiano sul portabagagli si aprecosi completamente la sezione mtema dellamacchina.Un'estrema flessibilitad'uso e inoltreconsentita dalla possibilitydi alzare il tettodell'automobiledi 60 centimetri,conservando le doti di marcia, grazie ad undispositivopneumatico, il che consente, oltread aumentare il volume di carico, di stare inpiedi, e di spostarsi, di spostare cose, dientrare ed uscire con maggiore facilityanchedurante le soste e l'uso da fermo della vettura.Una seconda caratteristica fondamentale e lapossibilitydi aprire completamentel'automobile,dalla cintura in su, lasciando solotre roll-bars,una traversa centrale ed ilparabrezza facendo rientrare le superficivetrate.

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permit others to admire our virility and economic power, of which our car is a symbol; we can implicate the car in obscene attempts at lovemaking; we can ruin ourselves for the car, kill others with it, or die in it ourselves. Despite all this - and precisely beca

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