Sexual Dimorphism In Adult Indian Dry Skulls

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Shabana Bowsiya /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 7(8), 2015,566-570Sexual Dimorphism in Adult Indian Dry SkullsShabana BowsiyaSaveetha Dental College and Hospitals,Chennai.AbstractIdentification of skeletal remains play a major role in forensic medicine. It is difficult to identify a mutilated body whenconstructing a biological profile. Sex determination is the most important and the initial step in individual identification. In thisstudy, 50 adult indian dry skull of unknown sex is studied on the basis of their morphological differences for sexdetermination. The study of 8 morphological features of the skull ( general appearance, supra orbital ridge, orbits, zygomaticarch, mastoid process, palate, mandible and external occipital protuberance) that are commonly used for sex determination isdone. Sexual dimorphism plays a major role in forensic anthropology. By determining the sex, various other features can beeasily identified.Keywords-Sexual dimorphism, skull, mastoid process, orbit, palate, zygomatic archINTRODUCTIONThe main objective of this research is to identify the sex ofthe person using the individual bones. It is the mostcommon & critical problem faced by anatomist, forensicscience experts & anthropologist. Hence it plays animportant role in identification. Individual bones have beenused for identifying sex of the individual as bones of thebody are last to perish after death, next to enamel of teeth.Almost all bones of the human skeleton show some degreeof sexual dimorphism. [8,9,10]Sex of the person can bedetermined using pelvis if cranium is not available forstudy. In cases where entire skull is not found, mastoidplay an important role in sex determination as it is themost dimorphic bone of skull.[1] The mastoid region, afragmentary piece of skull is ideal for sexdetermination as it is resistant to damage due to itsanatomical position at the base of skull and itstoughness. The skull measurements vary significantly indifferent ethnic groups of the world and number ofresearch/studies are too few for Indian population. Inthis study,50 adult human skulls of South Indianpopulation were studied to determine accuracy ofmastoid process in sex determination.[2] Comas andComa also found that cultural activities must be consideredwhen evaluating characteristics, especially thoseconcerning work distribution and activities amongst thesocial group in question. They concluded that it is rarewhen identification of sex cannot be established. This is inaccordance with the findings of Correa-Ramirez, whoconcluded that it is possible to achieve a level of 75 to 80%accuracy by cranium examination alone.Studies on sexingskeletons using otseometric measurements have beenreported.(3,4) The metrical method has been widelyemployed in the determination of sex. It involvessubjecting the measurements of a set of parameters tovarious analyses. Discriminant function analysis,however,is a statistical method that explores thedifferences betweengroups by determining whichcombination of variables can best predict sex. In thismethod, the measurements of the different parametersare taken as independent variables, whereas sex is setas a dependent variable.[5,6] Moreover, this methoduses discriminant function equations that are populationspecific, thus making it the best method for sexdetermination. As South India is composed of aheterogeneous population rich in ethnic and culturaldiversity, and craniofacial growth is influenced byracial, ethnic, sexual and dietary differences(7),standard data of the local population is fundamental in es.[11,12]METHODSTotal 50 skulls were examined and parameters such aslength of mastoid process , breadth of mastoid process,length of palate, breadth of palate, Bizygomatic breath ,orbital length, orbital breath were taken in both male andfemale skulls. These skulls are examined from Saveethadental college and hospitals, Poonamalle ,Chennai. Onlyskulls in good condition and with recorded sexidentification were included. Skulls that were damaged,Table incomplete or without sex identification wereexcluded from the study. Measurements were recordedfor each cranium, using digital vernier callipers. All themeasurements were obtained with sliding calliper tothe nearest millimetre, as per standard anthropologicalconventions and then Maxilla-Alveolar index, Size ofpalate was calculated. In skulls with protruding teeth,where it was difficult to take measurement withsliding calliper, spreading calliper was used. All themeasurements were taken after taking biometrictraining and by single observer to avoid any interobserver error.DISCUSSION AND RESULTSAt the end of the study we came to know that the averagelength of mastoid process in male is found to be 22.52 mmwhile in female is found to be 22.51and breadth of themastoid process in male is found to be 12.04 mm while infemale it's found to be 8.31 mm. The length of the palate inmale is found to be 51.98mm while in female it's found tobe 47.48mm, breadth of the palate in male is found to be61.36 mm while in female it's found to be 55.02mm,Bizygomatic breadth in male is found to be 120.42 mmwhile in female it's found to be 108.38, orbital length inmale is founded as 32.09 mm while in female it's found tobe 34.23,orbital breadth in male is found to be 40.54mmwhile in female its found to be 38.24. Thus these areoverall results.566

Shabana Bowsiya /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 7(8), 2015,566-570S.No1)2)3)4)ParametersLength Of Mastoid ProcessBreadth Of Mastoid ProcessLength Of PalateBreadth Of PalateBizygomatic BreadthOrbital LengthOrbital 4Female(mm)22.518.3147.4855.02108.3834.2338.24MPM – Length of palate in maleLMPF - length of palate in femaleBPM – breadth of palate in maleBPF – breadth of palate in female567

Shabana Bowsiya /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 7(8), 2015,566-570LMPM – length of mastoid process in maleLMPF – length of mastoid process in femaleBMPM – breadth of mastoid process in malesBMPF – breadth of mastoid process in females568

Shabana Bowsiya /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 7(8), 2015,566-570OLM – orbit length in malesOLF – orbital length in femalesOBM – orbital breadth in maleOBF – orbital breadth in female569

Shabana Bowsiya /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 7(8), 2015,566-570BBM – bizygomatic breadth in malesBBF – bizygomatic breadth in femalesCONCLUSION:In the present study, sex determination usingcraniofacial morphometry parameters was established forthe South Indian population. Our findings could be ofclinical importance, interest to forensic anthropologists andvalue in genetic studies. The craniofacial parametersderived for sexual dimorphism serves as a framework forfuture studies comparing the craniofacial anatomy ofindigenous racial groups.1).2)3)4)REFERENCESCollet D. Modeling binary data. London: Chapman and Hall, 1991.Maccullagh P, Nelder JA. Generalized linear models. 2nd edn,London: Chapman Hall, 1991.Pagano M, Gauvreau K. Princípios de Bioestatística. São Paulo:Thonson, Traduction: 2nd ed, 2004:506.Faerman M, et al. DNA Analysis reveals the sex of infanticidevictims. Nature 1997;385:212.5)Harvey W. Effects of sex, race, heredity and disease on oraltissues. Dental Identification & Forensic Odontology, London,Henry Kimpton Publishers 1976:36-43.6) Hochmeister MN, et al. Confirmation of the identity of humanskeletal remains using multiplex PCR amplification and typing kits.J Forensic Sci 1995: 40:701-5.7) Jarreta MBM. La prueba del ADN en Medicina Forense, 1st ed.Barcelona: Masson, 1999:342.8) Sivagami AV, et al.A simple and cost-effective method forpreparing DNA from the hard tooth tissue, and its use in polymerasechain reaction amplification of amelogenin gene segment for sexdetermination in an Indian population. Forensic Sci Int2000;110:107-15.9) Stone AC, et al. Sex determination of ancient human skeletonsusing DNA. Am J Phys Anthropol 1996; 99:231-8.10) Valdés CG. Antropologia Forense. Madrid: Taller Escuela ArtesGráficas, 1991:569-615.11) Kahanoha L. em 1966 in Valdés CG. Antropologia Forense, 1st ed.Madrid, Taller-Escuela Artes Gráficas, 1991:568-600.12) Holland TD. Sex determination of fragmentary crania by analysisof the cranial base. Am J Phys Anthropol 1986;70:203-8.570

METHODS Total 50 skulls were examined and parameters such as length of mastoid process , breadth of mastoid process, length of palate, breadth of palate, Bizygomatic breath , . Pagano M, Gauvreau K. Princípios de Bioestat

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