Fundamentals Of Classical Arabic VOLUME ONE - Lesson Eleven

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Lesson Eleven: The Active Participle[ ﻞ ﻢ ﹶﺍﹾﻟﻔﹶﺎﻋ ﺍﺳ ]Most Arabic words are derived from three base letters that join togetherto establish a meaning. Placing these letters on various patterns producesdifferent, but related words. Lessons Eleven through Fifteen cover severalcommonly encountered noun forms.PRINCIPLE ONEThe active participle ( ﻞ ﹶﺍﹾﻟﻔﹶﺎﻋ ﻢ ﺍﺳ ) refers to a person who does the actiondescribed by the base letters. For example, the letters ﻝ - ﻉ - ﻑ mean, “todo” and its active participle ﻞ ﻓﹶﺎﻋ refers to “one who does.”PRINCIPLE TWOThe active participle has both masculine and feminine forms.29 Placing thethree base letters on the pattern ﻞ ﻓﹶﺎﻋ produces the masculine form of the ) ﻑ , ‘ain ( ) ﻉ , and lām( ) ﻝ positions in this pattern with ﺩ - ﺏ - ( ﻉ to worship) creates ﺎﺑﹺﺪ ( ﻋ a maleactive participle. For example, replacing the fā’ (who worships) [figure 11.1].PRINCIPLE THREEThe feminine form of the active participle is constructed by placing thebase letters on the pattern of ﺓ ﺎﹺﺑﺪ ( ﻋ a female who worships).29 ﻋﻠﹶﺔ ﻓﹶﺎ . Thus, ﺩ - ﺏ - ( ﻉ to worship) becomesAll Arabic nouns, both living and non-living, are classified as either masculine or feminine.For example, the word ﺲ ﺷﻤ (sun) is feminine while the word ﺎﺏ ﻛﺘ (book) is masculine. Themasculine form is used to refer to male beings or masculine objects. The feminine form is used torefer to female beings or feminine objects.

54FUNDAMENTALS OF CLASSICAL ARABIC ﻞ ﻓﹶﺎﻋ MASCULINE ACTIVE PARTICIPLEStep One: Separate the lettersof the model ﻉ ﻝ ﻑ ﺍ ﹺ Step Two: Replace the base letters ( ﻝ - ﻉ - )ﻑ with corresponding new letters ( ﺩ - ﺏ - )ﻉ ﺏ ﺩ ﻉ ﺍ ﹺ Step Three: Reattach the lettersof the word to form the masculineactive participle ﺎﺑﹺﺪ ﻋ A MALE WHO WORSHIPS orA WORSHIPERFIGURE 11.1

The Active Participle55FORMING THE MASCULINE ACTIVE PARTICIPLEPRINCIPLE FOURArabic words enter four grammatical states (lesson five). Of these, nouns ).enter three30: (1) rafa’ ( ﺭﻓﹾﻊ ), (2) nasb ( ﺐ ﻧﺼ ), and (3) jarr ( ﺮ ﺟ Nouns express these states through either (1) changes in voweling on thelast letter of the word or (2) changes in lettering at the end of the word.PRINCIPLE FIVEMost singular Arabic nouns, whether masculine or feminine, expresschanges in their grammatical states through changes in voweling on the lastletter of the word. Two dammahs ( ٌ ) indicate the state of rafa’ ( ﺭﻓﹾﻊ ), twofathahs ( ً ) indicate the state of nasb ( ﺐ ﻧﺼ ), and two kasrahs ( ٍ ) indicate ).31 This is illustrated in table 11.3 (the final table ofthe state of jarr ( ﺮ ﺟ this lesson) for both masculine singular and feminine singular forms ofthe active participle.PRINCIPLE SIXLike verbs, Arabic nouns also have a dual form.32 The dual is producedfrom the singular by (1) altering the voweling of the last letter and (2)adding a designated ending. This ending reflects the grammatical state of ” ﹾﺍ isthe word. If the word is in the state of rafa’ ( ﺭﻓﹾﻊ ) then the suffix “ ﻥ added; whereas if the word is in either the state of nasb ( ﺐ ﻧﺼ ) or jarr ), the ending “( ﺮ ﺟ ﻳ ﹺﻦ ” is added. These endings are used for both themasculine and the feminine as illustrated in table 11.1. For example, ﺎﺑﹺﺪ ﻋ 30These grammatical states result from the interactions of nouns with other words in asentence. For example, if a noun is the subject of the sentence, it takes on the grammatical stateof rafa’ ( ﺭﻓﹾﻊ ). The goal of the beginner is to realize that grammatical states exist and to memorizetheir various forms. A discussion of the roles of words in sentences and what causes theirgrammatical states is found in advanced Arabic grammar books.31The presence of a double vowel is known as tanwīn ( ﻦ ﻮﻳ ﻨ ﹺ ﺗ ).32The dual is used to refer to two individuals or two objects.

56FUNDAMENTALS OF CLASSICAL ARABIC ﻥ ﺍ ﺎﹺﺑﺪ ( ﻋ two male worshipers) in the state of rafa’ ﻳ ﹺ ﺪ ﺎﹺﺑ ( ﻋ two male worshipers) in the states of nasb ( ﺐ ﻧﺼ ) and jarr( ﺭﻓﹾﻊ ) and ﻦ ). While the feminine, ﺓ ﺎﹺﺑﺪ ( ﻋ a female worshiper) becomes ﻥ ﺎ ﺪﺗ ﺎﹺﺑ ( ﻋ two( ﺮ ﺟ ﻴ ﹺ ﺗ ﺪ ﺎﹺﺑ ( ﻋ two female worshipers)female worshipers) in the state of rafa’ ( ﺭﻓﹾﻊ ) and ﻦ ).in the states of nasb ( ﺐ ﻧﺼ ) and jarr ( ﺮ ﺟ (a male worshiper) becomesPRINCIPLE SEVENThe plural form of Arabic nouns is produced in two distinct ways: the“broken plural” and the “sound plural.” The “broken plural” is formedby (1) “breaking” apart the singular word, (2) inserting or removingletters, and (3) changing voweling. A set pattern for these changes doesnot exist. Therefore, each broken plural must be individually memorized. ﺎﺏ ﻛﺘ (book) is ﺘﺐ ﹸﻛ ﻣ (mosque) is ﺎﺟﹺﺪ ﻣﺴ (books), while the broken plural for the singular ﺴﺠﹺﺪ For example, the broken plural for the singular(mosques). In each case the singular form was separated, letters wereinserted or removed, and voweling was changed.PRINCIPLE EIGHTThe second type of Arabic plural is called the “sound plural,” and it isused by the active participle. 33 The “sound plural” is formed from thesingular by (1) making slight alterations to the last letter of the singularand (2) adding a designated ending. This suffix varies between masculineand feminine forms and reflects the grammatical state of the word (table11.2). In the case of the masculine sound plural, if the word is in the stateof rafa’ ( ﺭﻓﹾﻊ ), the suffix “ ﻭ ﹶﻥ ” is added; whereas if the word is in either ), the ending “ ﻦ ﻳ ” is added. Forthe states of nasb ( ﺐ ﻧﺼ ) or jarr ( ﺮ ﺟ ﻭ ﹶ ﺎﹺﺑﺪ ( ﻋ many male worshipers) inexample, ﺎﺑﹺﺪ ( ﻋ a male worshiper) becomes ﻥ ﻳ ﺪ ﺎﹺﺑ ( ﻋ many male worshipers) in the states of nasbthe state of rafa’ ( ﺭﻓﹾﻊ ) and ﻦ ).( ﺐ ﻧﺼ ) and jarr ( ﺮ ﺟ 33Some singular words only use the broken plural, others only use the sound plural. Rarely, asingular word will use both the sound and broken plurals. For the most part, active participlesuse the sound plural.

The Active Participle57In the case of the feminine sound plural, if the word is in the state of rafa’( ﺭﻓﹾﻊ ), then the suffix “ ” ﹾﺍﺕ is added; whereas if the word is in either nasb ), the ending “( ﺐ ﻧﺼ ) or jarr ( ﺮ ﺟ ﺕ ” ﹾﺍ is added. For example, ﺓ ﺎﹺﺑﺪ ( ﻋ a ﺍﺕ ﺎﹺﺑﺪ ( ﻋ many female worshipers) in the state of rafa’ ﺍ ﺎﹺﺑﺪ ( ﻋ many female worshipers) in the states of nasb ( ﺐ ﻧﺼ ) and jarr( ﺭﻓﹾﻊ ) and ﺕ ).( ﺮ ﺟ female worshiper) becomesESSENTIAL NOTEThe conjugations of the active participle must be memorized (table 11.3)before moving to the next lesson.

FUNDAMENTALS OF CLASSICAL ARABIC58TABLE 11.1FORMING THE DUALBASEFORM ﻋ ﹲﻞ ﻓﹶﺎ A male doerMasculinesingular in rafa’ ﻼ ﻋ ﹰ ﻓﹶﺎ A male doerMasculinesingular in nasb ﻋ ﹴﻞ ﻓﹶﺎ A male doerMasculinesingular in jarr ﻋﹶﻠ ﹲﺔ ﻓﹶﺎ A female doerFemininesingular in rafa’ ﻋﹶﻠ ﹰﺔ ﻓﹶﺎ A female doerFemininesingular in nasb ﺔ ﻋﹶﻠ ﻓﹶﺎ A female doerFemininesingular in jarrFINALGOALSTEPONEMASCULINEDUAL INRAFA’Changevowelof thelastletter tofathahÖMASCULINEDUAL INNASBChangevowelof thelastletter tofathahÖMASCULINEDUAL INJARRChangevowelof thelastletter tofathahÖFEMININEDUAL INRAFA’Changevowelof thelastletter tofathahFEMININEDUAL INNASBFEMININEDUAL INJARRChangevowelof thelastletter tofathahChangevowelof thelastletter tofathahRESULTÖÖENDINGDUAL ﻋ ﹶﻞ ﻓﹶﺎ ﻥ ﹾﺍ Ö ﻋ ﹶﻞ ﻓﹶﺎ ﻳ ﹺﻦ Ö ﻋ ﹶﻞ ﻓﹶﺎ ﻳ ﹺﻦ Ö ﻋﹶﻠ ﹶﺔ ﻓﹶﺎ ﻋﹶﻠ ﹶﺔ ﻓﹶﺎ Ö ﻋﹶﻠ ﹶﺔ ﻓﹶﺎ ﻥ ﹾﺍ ﻳ ﹺﻦ ﻳ ﹺﻦ ﻥ ﻼ ﻋ ﹶ ﻓﹶﺎ Two male doersMasculine dualin rafa’ ﻴ ﹺﻦ ﻋﹶﻠ ﻓﹶﺎ Two male doersMasculine dualin nasb ﻴ ﹺﻦ ﻋﹶﻠ ﻓﹶﺎ Two male doersMasculine dualin jarrÖ ﻥ ﺎ ﻋﹶﻠﺘ ﻓﹶﺎ Two femaledoersFeminine dual inrafa’Ö ﻴ ﹺﻦ ﺘ ﻋﹶﻠ ﻓﹶﺎ Two femaledoersFeminine dual innasb ﻴ ﹺﻦ ﺘ ﻋﹶﻠ ﻓﹶﺎ ÖTwo femaledoersFeminine dual injarr

The Active Participle59TABLE 11.2FORMING THE SOUND PLURALBASEFORM ﻋ ﹲﻞ ﻓﹶﺎ A male doerMasculinesingular in rafa’ ﻼ ﻋ ﹰ ﻓﹶﺎ A male doerMasculinesingular in nasb ﻋ ﹴﻞ ﻓﹶﺎ A male doerMasculinesingular in jarr ﻋﹶﻠ ﹲﺔ ﻓﹶﺎ A female doerFemininesingular in rafa’ ﻋﹶﻠ ﹰﺔ ﻓﹶﺎ A female doerFemininesingular in nasb ﺔ ﻋﹶﻠ ﻓﹶﺎ A female doerFemininesingular in jarrFINALGOALSTEPONEMASCULINESOUNDPLURAL INRAFA’Changevowel ofthe lastletter todammahÖMASCULINESOUNDPLURAL INNASBChangevowel ofthe lastletter tokasrahÖMASCULINESOUNDPLURAL INJARRChangevowel ofthe lastletter tokasrahÖFEMININESOUNDPLURAL INRAFA’Dropfinal ta’marbutahÖFEMININESOUNDPLURAL INNASBDropfinal ta’marbutahFEMININESOUNDPLURAL INJARRDropfinal ta’marbutahRESULTÖÖSOUNDPLURALENDING ﻋﻞﹸ ﻓﹶﺎ ﻭ ﹶﻥ Ö ﻋ ﹺﻞ ﻓﹶﺎ ﻦ ﻳ Ö ﻮ ﹶﻥ ﻋﻠﹸ ﻓﹶﺎ Many male doersMasculine pluralin rafa’ ﻦ ﻴ ﻠ ﻋ ﻓﹶﺎ Many male doersMasculine pluralin nasb ﻋ ﹺﻞ ﻓﹶﺎ ﻦ ﻳ Ö ﻋ ﹶﻞ ﻓﹶﺎ ﺕ ﹾﺍ Ö ﻦ ﻴ ﻠ ﻋ ﻓﹶﺎ Many male doersMasculine pluralin jarr ﺕ ﻼ ﻋ ﹶ ﻓﹶﺎ Many femaledoersFeminine pluralin rafa’ ﻋ ﹶﻞ ﻓﹶﺎ ﺕ ﹾﺍ Ö ﻋ ﹶﻞ ﻓﹶﺎ ﺕ ﹾﺍ Ö ﺕ ﻼ ﻋ ﹶ ﻓﹶﺎ Many femaledoersFeminine pluralin nasb ﺕ ﻼ ﻋ ﹶ ﻓﹶﺎ Many femaledoersFeminine pluralin jarr

FUNDAMENTALS OF CLASSICAL ARABIC60TABLE 11.3THE ACTIVE UNDPLURALDUAL ﺕ ﻼ ﻋ ﹶ ﻥ ﻓﹶﺎ ﺎ ﻋﹶﻠﺘ ﻋﹶﻠ ﹲﺔ ﻓﹶﺎ ﻮ ﹶﻥ ﻓﹶﺎ ﻋﻠﹸ ﻥ ﻓﹶﺎ ﻼ ﻋ ﹶ ﻓﹶﺎ female doerstwo femaledoersa female doer ﺕ ﻼ ﻋ ﹶ ﻴ ﹺﻦ ﻓﹶﺎ ﺘ ﻋﹶﻠ ﻋﹶﻠ ﹰﺔ ﻓﹶﺎ ﻓﹶﺎ female doerstwo femaledoersa female doer ﺕ ﻼ ﻋ ﹶ ﻴ ﹺﻦ ﻓﹶﺎ ﺘ ﻋﹶﻠ ﺔ ﻓﹶﺎ ﻋﹶﻠ ﻓﹶﺎ female doerstwo femaledoersa female doermale doerstwo male doers ﻦ ﻴ ﻠ ﻋ ﻴ ﹺﻦ ﻓﹶﺎ ﻋﹶﻠ ﻓﹶﺎ male doerstwo male doers ﻦ ﻴ ﻠ ﻋ ﻴ ﹺﻦ ﻓﹶﺎ ﻋﹶﻠ ﻓﹶﺎ male doerstwo male doersSINGLE ﻋ ﹲﻞ ﻓﹶﺎ ﺭﻓﹾﻊ a male doer ﻼ ﻋ ﹰ ﻓﹶﺎ ﺐ ﻧﺼ a male doer ﻋ ﹴﻞ ﻓﹶﺎ a male doer ﺮ ﺟ

The Active Participle 55 FORMING THE MASCULINE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE PRINCIPLE FOUR Arabic words enter four grammatical states (lesson five).Of these, nouns enter three30: (1) rafa’ (ﻊﹾﻓ ﺭ), (2) nasb (ﺐ ﺼ ﻧ), and (3) jarr (ﺟ ﺮ ). Nouns express these states through either (1) changes in voweling on the last letter of the

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