Networking FundamentalsLesson 2Understanding Network HardwareLesson ObjectivesyIn this lesson, you will learn about networking devices and the transmission media that connects them. By thecompletion of this lesson, you will be able to:Identify the seven layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. Explain the process of data encapsulation and packet creation. Identify the four layers of the TCP model, and describe how they correspond to layers of the OSI model. Review concepts and terms related to network traffic. Understand the function and characteristics of network switches. Understand the function and benefits of virtual LANs (VLANs). Understand the function and characteristics of routers. Describe the routing function. Understand network address translation (NAT). Identify various transmission types, such as synchronous, asynchronous, baseband and broadband. Identify the characteristics of different types of transmission mediasuch as twisted‐pair, coaxial, and fiber‐optic cable, includingtransmission speeds and susceptibility to interference andinterception.Exam Objectives Understand twisted‐pair Ethernet wiring.2.1 Understand switches Describe technologies for free‐space transmission.2.2 Understand routers Identify proper cabling procedures.2.3 Understand media typesvaluationOnl 1.2 Understand local area networks (LANs)3.1 Understand the OSI model3.2 Understand IPv4Networking Models3.1In Lesson 1, you learned that adherence to standards and protocols makes networking possible and even seamlessbetween devices created by different manufacturers. Standards are developed around models for how communicationshould take place.EObjectiveForSeveral models exist for networking and for networking over the Internet. A basic familiarity with these models will helpyou understand how networking hardware and protocols work. The two models we will investigate in this course are theOpen Systems Interconnection reference model (OSI/RM) and the TCP/IP four‐layer model.The OSI Reference ModelThe Open Systems Interconnection reference model (OSI/RM) is a seven‐layer networking function model. Adherence tothe model ensures that systems from various vendors will be able to communicate with one another. As you will seeshortly, the model also describes the sequence of data encapsulation. The model was defined by the InternationalOrganization for Standardization (ISO).8366‐1 v1.00 CCI Learning Solutions Inc.39
Networking FundamentalsLesson 2The seven layers of the OSI/RM are briefly described in the following table.Comments7ApplicationThe user interface resides at this layer. Web browsers and e‐mail clients work at thislayer of the model. This is the only layer a user actually sees; the functions of the otherlayers are transparent to the user.6PresentationUser input and other information is transformed at this layer into a standardized formatrecognized by all operating systems.5SessionConnections between systems that are communicating with each other are set up andtorn down at this layer.4TransportMechanisms that ensure data is accurately and completely sent and received betweencommunicating systems operate here.3NetworkData is organized into discrete units called packets at this layer, and in addition to theoriginal data, each packet includes addressing information that is required to deliver thepacket to its intended destination.2Data LinkAt this layer, packets are divided into discrete units called frames before being sentacross the transmission medium. The transmission medium is the physical wire thatconnects the devices on the network. This layer also controls access to the transmissionmedium.1PhysicalAt this layer, frames are transmitted across the transmission medium in a bitstream, thatis, as a series of 1s and 0s.OnlyLayer NameionLayer #valuatIt is important to understand the functions of each layer because networking hardware and protocols map to specificlayers of the OSI. We will refer back to this model several times during the course.Data EncapsulationNetworking models remind us of the processes that must take place for systems to communicate with one another. Forexample, consider two computer systems on a network. One belongs to Ed and one belongs to Ron. If Ed's computerneeds to send data to Ron's computer, Ed's computer must first "package" that data to prepare it for transport across thenetwork. This process is called data encapsulation.To properly encapsulate the data to be sent across the network to Ron's computer, Ed's computer will pass the datadown through each of the seven layers of the OSI/RM. Each layer adds its own packaging information and passes it to thenext layer below. Once the data reaches Layer 2, it is prepared to be sent across the physical transmission medium usedon the network (e.g., copper wire or fiber‐optic cable).ForEEd's encapsulated data is sent across the transmission medium and received at Ron's computer. Ron's computer thentakes the data off the transmission medium and passes it up through the seven layers of the OSI/RM. As the data ispassed up through the OSI/RM on Ron's computer, the data is de‐encapsulated until it reaches Layer 7, where it is onceagain in a usable form.408366‐1 v1.00 CCI Learning Solutions Inc.
Networking FundamentalsLesson 2The following figure illustrates this process:Layer 6Layer 5Layer 5Layer 4Layer 4Layer 3Layer 3Layer 2Layer 2yLayer 6ReceivingsystemnlLayer 7OLayer 7ionSendingsystemLayer 1Layer 1Transmission MediumvaluatAt various stages during the encapsulation process, the data being encapsulated is referred to by different names, asillustrated in the following figure.Layer 7Layer 6DataLayer 5SegmentLayer 3PacketForELayer 4Layer 2FrameLayer 1Bits – 1s and 0sAs you learn more about protocols and networking technologies, you may see data at various stages of encapsulationreferred to by these names: data, segment, packet and frame. In some literature, you may find data at all stages ofencapsulation referred to simply as "packets."How packets are createdThe creation of a packet begins at Layer 7 (the application layer). Looking again at Ed’s computer, let us assume that he issending data to Ron’s computer. Ed enters data (for example, in an e‐mail message) at Layer 7. The message he enterswill undergo a transformation that will break it into smaller pieces so that it can be sent.8366‐1 v1.00 CCI Learning Solutions Inc.41
Networking FundamentalsLesson 2Layer 7 takes a manageable “piece” of the data and adds its own information (called the header) to it. The piece of theoriginal data is now called the payload. The entire unit (the payload plus the header) is referred to as a protocol data unit(PDU) and it is passed down to Layer 6.Layer 6 then treats the Layer 7 PDU as a payload, and adds its own header. The resulting PDU is then passed down toLayer 5. The process continues through all the layers of the OSI.yEach layer considers what has been passed down to it from an upper layer to be "data." It treats the entire higher‐layermessage as a data payload. At the end of the encapsulation process, a frame is L3HL4HL5HL6HL7HDataL3HL4HL5HL6HL7HDataLayer 6Layer 5Layer 4Layer 3Layer 2L2HLayer 1OL7HionLayer 7nlThe following figure illustrates how each layer appends a header to the PDU it receives from the layer above it. Noticethat Layer2 also adds a footer (or trailer). Notice also that there is no header added at Layer 1.L2FBits (1s and 0s)At Layer 4valuatAs you learned earlier, the terms data, segment, packet and frame are the protocol data unit names assigned toinformation at specific points in the encapsulation process. An item of information is considered data as it is generatedand passed down through the upper three layers of the OSI, which are often collectively known as the application layer.Data is passed down to the transport layer (Layer 4) where it is encapsulated to include source and destination portnumbers that identify the applications (such as FTP or e‐mail) between which the data should be passed. At this point,the data is considered a segment.At Layer 3A segment is passed down to the network layer (Layer 3), where it is encapsulated and given source and destination IPaddresses. At this point, the segment becomes a packet.At Layer 2EA packet is passed down to the data link layer (Layer 2), where it is encapsulated and given a source and destination MACaddress. A footer is also appended to the packet. The footer contains an error‐checking mechanism called a cyclicalredundancy check (CRC). At this point, the packet becomes a frame.The cyclical redundancy check (CRC) is a mathematical calculation that allows the receiving computer to verifywhether a packet is valid. When a sending host transmits a packet, it calculates a CRC by summing all the onesin the payload and storing this sum as a hexadecimal number, which is then stored in the footer. When thereceiving host reads the packet, it runs its own CRC, then compares it with the CRC stored in the footer. If thetwo match, the packet is not damaged, and the receiving host processes the packet. If the CRCs do not match,the receiving host discards the entire packet.ForA CRC is alsoreferred to as aframe checksequence (FCS).At Layer 1Frames are passed down to the physical layer (Layer 1) where they are sent across the transmission medium as a bitstream.Removing headersWhen a receiving host processes a packet, it reverses the packet‐creation process and de‐encapsulates or removes eachheader, beginning with Layer 1 and ending with Layer 7. All that is left at the end of this process is the original, unaltereddata, which the host can then process.428366‐1 v1.00 CCI Learning Solutions Inc.
Networking FundamentalsLesson 2The TCP/IP Four‐Layer ModelThe TCP/IP architecture uses a four‐layer model, and each layer coincides with layers of the OSI/RM, as shown in thefollowing illustration. Each layer in the architecture has its own specific functions. Various hardware devices andprotocols are mapped to specific layers. You will investigate these later in the course.Transport LayerInternet Layer(or Network Layer)nlUpper layers orDeveloper layersOApplication LayeryTCP/IPionOSI/RMLayer 7ApplicationLayer 6PresentationLayer 5SessionLayer 4TransportLayer 3NetworkLayer 2Data linkLayer 1PhysicalLink Layer(or Access Layer)Lower layers orNetwork layersvaluatBoth the OSI and TCP models are generally divided into upper layers and lower layers. The upper layers are oftenreferred to as developer layers. Applications developers write programs and procedures that work with these layers. Thelower layers are referred to as the network layers. These are the layers that control communication across a network.Application layerThe application layer of the TCP/IP architecture corresponds to the application, presentation and session layers of theOSI/RM. The TCP/IP application layer interacts with the transport‐layer protocols to send or receive data.Transport layerThe transport layer of the TCP/IP architecture corresponds to the transport layer of the OSI/RM. This layer acceptsapplication‐layer data and divides the data into segments. Each segment is passed to the Internet layer. This layer is alsoresponsible for establishing a connection and controlling the flow of information between two systems.EInternet layer (or network layer)ForThe Internet layer of the TCP/IP architecture corresponds to the network layer of the OSI model. A segment receivedfrom the transport layer is encapsulated in an IP packet. This layer is also responsible for addressing and routing packets.Based on the destination host information, this layer determines whether to deliver the packet locally or send it toanother network.Link layer (or access layer)The link layer of the TCP/IP architecture corresponds to the physical and data link layers of the OSI model. This layeraccepts higher‐layer packets, creates frames and transmits them in bitstreams over the attached network. This layerinterfaces with the transmission media.8366‐1 v1.00 CCI Learning Solutions Inc.43
Networking FundamentalsLesson 2Exercise 2‐1: Reviewing OSI layer functionsIn this exercise, you will match each OSI layer with its function.PhysicalA.Sets up, maintains and tears down connections.2.Data linkB.Handles addressing.3.NetworkC.Ensures that data is accurately and completely sent and received.4.TransportD.Translates data into a suitable format.5.SessionE.Controls access to the transmission medium.6.PresentationF.Describes how data is transmitted across the medium.7.ApplicationG.Provides an interface to the user.OionIn this exercise, you reviewed OSI layer functions.nly1.Traffic‐related ConceptsvaluatBefore moving on to how network devices map to the layers of the OSI and TCP models, you should be familiar with thefollowing concepts and terms related to network traffic.Large networks are frequently broken into manageable pieces called segments. A segment is aportion of a network on either side of a router or bridge (these devices will be discussed shortly).Within a given network segment, devices can send data to each other using a MAC address.Breaking networks into segments keeps the network functioning efficiently. In an Ethernetnetwork, a network segment is also called a collision domain.Collision domainAn area in a network where a group of network devices compete for access to the transmissionmedium. In traditional Ethernet networking, only one device can transmit at any time. When twodevices attempt to transmit at the same time, their transmitted frames collide and are destroyed.The more collisions there are, the less efficient the network is.Access methodsRules by which networking devices abide to avoid a high number of collisions. Some technologiesuse collision avoidance, whereas others use collision detection. The access method is determinedat Layer 2 of the OSI model.ENetwork segmentsForBroadcast44A transmission from one network node that is intended to reach all other nodes on the localnetwork segment. Broadcasts are used whenever a device needs to send out information, butdoes not know which device to address it to. Broadcasts are important to the function of anetwork, but must be handled carefully because they generate a lot of traffic.Broadcast domainA logical area in a network in which any connected device can transmit to any other device in thedomain without having to go through a routing device. Broadcast traffic is limited to the confinesof a broadcast domain. If a network has been broken into segments, each separate segment is abroadcast domain.SimplexcommunicationA mode of communication in which the data can flow in one direction only (similar to a publicaddress system).Half‐duplexcommunicationA mode of communication in which the data can flow in two directions, but in only one directionat a time, similar to a walkie‐talkie.Full‐duplexcommunicationA mode of communication in which data can flow in two directions simultaneously, similar to atelephone conversation.8366‐1 v1.00 CCI Learning Solutions Inc.
Networking FundamentalsLesson 2Exercise 2‐2: Introduction to internetworking devicesIn this exercise, you will watch a video that introduces networking devices and the process required tomove a packet across the Internet.1.Instructor: Present the following YouTube videos to the class:yWarriors of the net http://www.youtube.com/watch?v Ve7 4ot‐DzsNote: this video is 13 minutes long.As a class, review the steps required to send a Web page request out to a Web server.3.Do you think that all packets travel across the Internet in this way (or in a way similar to the one in the video)?4.Do you think this system of transporting packets is efficient?nl2.OIn this exercise, you were introduced to internetworking devices and to the way in which a packet is transported acrossan IP network.Objective3.1ionNetworking DevicesNow that you have an idea of the seven layers of the OSI model, you can understand how networking devices function.Each device is designed to operate at a specific layer (or layers) of the model, and thus, is designed to work with data atvarious stages of encapsulation.NICsvaluatAs you learned in Lesson 1, the NIC is the interface between the computer and the network, providing the physicalconnection between the computer and the network cabling. A NIC operates at the data link layer (Layer 2), as this iswhere the MAC address is defined. The physical connection to the cabling, however, operates at the physical layer(Layer 1).HubsA hub connects computers in a network so they can exchange information. It is a central connection device with severalports and each node attached to the network plugs into a port on the hub using a network cable. Most hubs regeneratethe electronic signals sent to them by the nodes. Hubs operate at the physical layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model. They canbe connected to other hubs, or "daisy‐chained," to provide more ports for a larger network.ETechnically, a hub connects multiple devices into the same collision domain and allows frame collision. Hubs do notbreak up a network into segments the way bridges or switches do. A hub takes a signal coming from any node and passesit on to all the other nodes on the network.ForAll hosts connected to the hub must share the bandwidth and only one host can transmit at a time. Each host isresponsible for detecting collisions and retransmitting frames if some were lost in a collision. This traditional setup iscalled shared Ethernet.In a shared Ethernet network, transmission is half‐duplex. That is, data can be transmitted in only one direction at a time.Hubs have been widely replaced by switches in modern networks.BridgesBridges are networking devices that determine whether a frame belongs on a local network segment, or on some othernetwork segment. Bridges make this determination by examining the destination hardware address (MAC address)encapsulated in each frame. Bridges operate at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model. Bridges are commonly usedto divide a network into separate segments, thereby reducing traffic by creating smaller collision domains. Bridges havealso been largely replaced by switches in modern networks.8366‐1 v1.00 CCI Learning Solutions Inc.45
Networking FundamentalsLesson 2SwitchesObjective2.1A switch is a networking device that can connect either individual systems or multiple networks. Switches includemultiple Ethernet ports, with different sized switches offering a varying number of ports. A switch directs the flow of datadirectly from one node to another.yBasic FunctionnlA switch is much faster than a hub or a bridge because it cross‐connects all hosts connected to it, thereby providing aseparate connection between any two nodes that need to communicate. A switch segments a collision domain into asmany segments as there are connections between nodes. For any given connection, the collision domain consists of onlythe two nodes that are communicating. For this reason, the switch can give each sender/receiver pair the line's entirebandwidth; this is in contrast to communication in a hub, in which all connected devices must share the bandwidth.OSwitches also provide full‐duplex communication. A switch can handle multiple simultaneous communications betweenthe computers attached to it, whereas a hub can handle only one at a time. Ethernet networks that use switches insteadof hubs are called Full Ethernet networks.valuationIn contrast to routers, switches forward broadcast traffic. The following figure shows a 24‐port switch.OSI Layer(s)By definition, a switch operates at the data link layer (Layer 2). However, there are several types of switches that operateat different layers.Layer 2—LAN switchEA Layer 2 switch, also called a LAN switch, provides a separate connection for each node in a company's internal network.This type of switch forwards traffic based on MAC addresses, and is much faster than a bridge.Layer 3 switchesForA Layer 3 switch, also called a routing switch, forwards traffic based on network address information as well as based onMAC addresses. Layer 3 switches are used to connect networks. These switches are much faster than routers becausethey can act on Layer 2 information as well as Layer 3 information, and are replacing routers in many installations in thecore network.Layer 4 switchesLayer 4 switches make forwarding decisions based on Layer 4 information (such as the specific TCP/UDP port that anapplication uses), as well as on Layer 2 and 3 information.Switching TechnologyA LAN switch maintains a content addressable memory (CAM) table. The CAM table maps individual MAC addresses onthe network to physical ports on the switch. This allows the switch to direct data out of the physical port where therecipient is located, as opposed to broadcasting the data out of all ports as a hub does.468366‐1 v1.00 CCI Learning Solutions Inc.
Networking FundamentalsLesson 2In a process called packet switching, a LAN switch enables a connection between two network segments just long enoughto send the current packet. A frame coming into a switch contains an IP packet payload with a Layer 2 header thatincludes MAC address information for both the source and destination system. The switch reads the MAC address in theframe header and compares it to a list of addresses in its CAM table. The switch then forwards the frame accordingly.Switches can use two methods for forwarding traffic:Using this method, the switch saves the entire packet in its buffer and checks it for CRC errors beforeforwarding it. Packets that contain errors are discarded.Cut‐throughUsing this method, the switch reads the MAC address as soon as the frame begins to enter the switch.After reading the destination MAC address, the switch immediately begins forwarding the frame. Thismethod provides no error detection or correction.Many switches combine the two methods for forwarding traffic.OTransparent bridgingnlyStore‐and‐forwardSwitches use a technology called transparent bridging to learn about the location of nodes on the network without anetwork administrator having to configure anything. Transparent bridging consists of five parts:A switch receives a packet from a computer (Node A) on a particular segment (Segment A) and storesNode A's MAC address in its lookup table for Segment A.FloodingThe packet received from Node A is addressed to Node B, which resides on Segment C. The switch doesnot know where Node B is located, so the switch broadcasts the packet out to all the segments (exceptSegment A) in order to find Node B. This process is called flooding, because the packet is flooded to allthe ports on the switch except for the port of origination.ForwardingWhen Node B receives the packet, it sends an acknowledgment to Node A, which comes first to theswitch. The switch adds the MAC address for Node B to its lookup table for Segment C. This eliminatesthe need for further broadcasting of packets destined for Node B. The switch forwards the packetdirectly to Node A.AgingvaluatFilteringionLearningSwitches ignore packets that have a source and destination address on the same (local) networksegment. Filtering reduces network traffic.Lookup table entries are time‐stamped. Old entries are periodically purged to free up memory in theswitch.Hardware RedundancyERedundancy in a network eliminates the possibility of single points of failure. For example, redundant switches canensure that multiple paths are available for network traffic in the event that one of the switches fail. However, thenetwork administrator must take care that a switching loop is not created.ForA switching loop occurs when there is more than one path between two endpoints. A switching loop will create abroadcast storm. In a broadcast storm, redundant switches flood the same network segments searching for a destinationnode. Each switch will receive the broadcast from the other switch, and rebroadcast it back out again, flooding thenetwork. Broadcast storms congest the network and can ultimately cause network failure. (If not controlled, a broadcaststorm can generate enough traffic to cause a complete network failure.)Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a protocol that enables the use of redundant switches on a network. STP designates oneswitch from each pair of redundant switches as the designated switch. The other switch is identified as the backupswitch. Although there may be physical loops on the network, STP creates a loop‐free logical topology because thebackup switch is not counted as a potential path unless it is needed. For example, if the designated switch fails, thebackup switch can detect the failure and bypass the failed switch.The Spanning Tree algorithm senses which switch has more than one path for communicating with a node, thendetermines the most efficient path and blocks out the other paths. It also keeps track of the other available paths andcan restore one of those should the primary path become unavailable. STP allows switches to configure themselves,resulting in a fault‐tolerant network that is easy to maintain.8366‐1 v1.00 CCI Learning Solutions Inc.47
Networking FundamentalsLesson 2Switch FeaturesA wide variety of switches is available for both home and enterprise use. Distinguishing features of switches include:The number of ports determines how many systems can be connected to the switch. Commonnumbers of ports on Ethernet switches are 5, 8, 10, 24 and 48 ports.Type of portsThe ports on the switch can be rated at 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, or 1 Gbps. Some switches supportmultiple speeds and will adjust automatically to match the speed of the system connected to theport. The number and type of ports directly affect the cost of a switch. The speed of a switch alsousually determines how it will be used. For example, on a large network a gigabit switch might beused as a core switch. It will handle heavy traffic and offer high speed. In contrast, a slower switch,such as a 100 Mbps switch might be used as an access switch. An access switch is the switch towhich individual systems connect.Backplane speedThe backplane consists of the internal connections within the switch that move frames between theports in the switch. Backplanes are high speed and allow full bandwidth between any two users orsegments.Number andspeed of uplinksSwitches contain regular ports (into which systems are connected) and uplink ports. You use anuplink port to connect a switch to a networking device on a larger network, such as another switchor a modem or a router. (The wiring inside an uplink port differs from the wiring inside a regularport.)A switch can be managed or unmanaged. Unmanaged switches are plug‐and‐play devices. Youcannot change any configurations in these devices—you simply plug systems in and the switchmakes the connections. Unmanaged switches are commonly used on home networks. A managedswitch, on the other hand, can be configured by a network administrator. For example, the switchcould be configured to use STP, or to set up virtual LANs (VLANs). Two subclasses of managedswitches are smart switches (they provide a Web‐based interface which allows manipulation ofsome configuration settings) and enterprise managed switches (also called fully managed switches).These provide a full set of management features as well as a command line interface forconfiguration purposes. Typical switch management features include: Turning a particular port range on or off Configuring bandwidth and duplex settings Setting priority levels for particular ports Using STP Monitoring traffic and/or listening to particular types of network traffic Enabling security or MAC address filteringionOnlyNumber of portsvaluatManaged orunmanagedEBenefits of Using SwitchesSwitches offer the following benefits for networks:Simple installation—installing a switch as a replacement for a hub or a bridge is as simple as unplugging connectionsfrom existing devices and plugging the connections into the switch ports.For 48 Higher speeds—as you have learned, switches have high‐speed backplanes that allow full bandwidth between anytwo users or segments. This feature eliminates the switch as a potential network bottleneck. More server bandwidth—servers can connect directly to switches. This capability allows network users to utilize thenetwork's full bandwidth when accessing server resources. Creation of VLANs—you can create a logical group of systems called a virtual LAN (VLAN). A VLAN allows you toorganize systems according to their logical functions on the network, as opposed to their physical locations. VLANsallow you to prioritize traffic, and reduce network congestion. Default security—one of the “default” benefits of using switches over hubs is that it is more difficult to "sniff"(examine data traveling over a network) network connections in a switch‐based network than in a standard hub‐based network. Each connection made in a switch is dedicated; in a hub‐based network, any one system can see allconnections made on the network.8366‐1 v1.00 CCI Learning Solutions Inc.
Networking FundamentalsLesson 2 Security features—managed switches provide specific security features to protect an enterprise network. Theseinclude: port security (specifying which MAC addresses can access a particular switch port), using 802.1x for userauthentication, configuring and isolating VLANs.Exercise 2‐3: Researching switchesIn this exercise, you will research network switches and observe the wide variety of products available.Open a browser and research the network switches available for home and enterprise use. If you arehaving difficulty finding information, research the products made by 3Com, Cisco, Juniper, or NetGear.y1.What types of switches could you find? How many ports are available? Were you able to find pricing information?Research data center and service provider switches. How do
Open Systems Interconnection reference model (OSI/RM) and the TCP/IP four‐layer model. The OSI Reference Model The Open Systems Interconnection reference model (OSI/RM) is a seven‐layer
4 Step Phonics Quiz Scores Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Lesson 6 Lesson 7 Lesson 8 Lesson 9 Lesson 10 Lesson 11 Lesson 12 Lesson 13 Lesson 14 Lesson 15 . Zoo zoo Zoo zoo Yoyo yoyo Yoyo yoyo You you You you
Networking Fundamentals » Volume 5, TCP/IP Networking Page 3 SECTIoN 2 Networking Models The OSI model and the TCP/IP model are the prevalent methods to describe the interdependency of networking protocols. Both of these are conceptual models only and simply describe, not prescribe how networking
Participant's Workbook Financial Management for Managers Institute of Child Nutrition iii Table of Contents Introduction Intro—1 Lesson 1: Financial Management Lesson 1—1 Lesson 2: Production Records Lesson 2—1 Lesson 3: Forecasting Lesson 3—1 Lesson 4: Menu Item Costs Lesson 4—1 Lesson 5: Product Screening Lesson 5—1 Lesson 6: Inventory Control Lesson 6—1
Lesson 41 Day 1 - Draft LESSON 42 - DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH Lesson 42 Day 1 - Revise Lesson 42 Day 1 - Final Draft Lesson 42 - Extra Practice LESSON 43 - EXPOSITORY PARAGRAPH Lesson 43 Day 1 - Brainstorm Lesson 43 Day 1 - Organize Lesson 43 Day 1 - Draft LESSON 44 - EXPOSITORY PARAGRAPH Lesson 44 Day 1 - Revise
iii UNIT 1 Lesson 1 I’m studying in California. 1 Lesson 2 Do you have anything to declare? 5 Lesson 3 From One Culture to Another 8 UNIT 2 Lesson 1 You changed, didn’t you? 13 Lesson 2 Do you remember . . . ? 17 Lesson 3 Women’s Work 20 UNIT 3 Lesson 1 We could have an international fall festival! 25 Lesson 2 You are cordially invited. 29 Lesson 3 Fall Foods 32 UNIT 4 Lesson 1 Excuses .
For Children 4-7 Years Old Series 6 Old Testament: Genesis From Creation to the Patriarchs Lesson 1 Creation Lesson 2 Adam and Eve Lesson 3 Cain and Abel Lesson 4 Noah and the Ark Lesson 5 Abraham’s Call Lesson 6 Isaac – The Son of Promise Lesson 7 Isaac and Rebekah Lesson 8 Jacob and Esau Lesson 9 Jacob Marries Rachel Lesson 10 Jacob is .
Contents Preface 4 Lesson 1 What Is Wisdom? 14 Lesson 2 Wisdom and Foolishness 27 Lesson 3 The Example of Wise Men 40 Lesson 4 Our Home Life 55 Lesson 5 Honoring Our Parents 71 Lesson 6 Freedom and Responsibility 85 Lesson 7 How Attitudes Affect Actions 102 Lesson 8 Right Attitudes About Myself 117 Lesson 9 Good Friends and Bad Friends 130 Lesson 10 Choosing the Right Friends 140
Dell EMC Networking S4148F-ON 2.2 Dell EMC Networking S4248FB-ON The Dell EMC Networking S4248FB-ON is a 1-RU, multilayer switch with forty 10GbE ports, two 40GbE ports, and six 10/25/40/50/100GbE ports. Two S4248FB-ON switches are used as leaf switches in the examples in this guide. Dell EMC Networking S4248FB-ON 2.3 Dell EMC Networking Z9100-ON