B.Sc. GENETICS SYLLABUS
B.Sc. GENETICSSYLLABUS1
CORE COURSESGN I B 01 : CORE COURSE IMETHODOLOGY AND PERSPECTIVE OF SCIENCESUnit I: Science and Science Studies Types of knowledge: Practical, theoretical and scientific knowledge, Information: What is science? What is not science? Laws of Science, Basis for scientific laws andfactual truths. Science as a human activity, scientific temper, empiricism, vocabulary of science,science disciplines. Revolutions in science, Science and Technology.Unit II: Methods and Tools of Science Hypotheses: theories and laws in science, Observations, evidences and proofs. Peerreviews. Posing a question; formulation of hypothesis; Hypothetico-deductive model, Inductivemodel. Significance of verification (proving), corroboration and falsification(disproving), auxiliary hypothesis, adhoc hypothesis. Revision of scientific theories and laws. Importance of models, simulations and virtual testing. Mathematical methods versusScientific methods.Unit III: Experimentation in Science Design of an experiment; experimentation; observation; data collection; interpretationand deduction. Necessity of units and dimensions; repeatability and replication; Documentation ofexperiments, Record keeping. Connection between measurements and underlyingtheory. Types of experiments. Experiments to test a hypothesis, to measure a variable or togather data by preliminary and explorative experiments. Planning of experiments: Design, selection of controls, observational requirementsinstrumental requirements. Scientific Instruments; Sensory extension; choice and selection of instruments;sensitivity of instruments; Accuracy and precision, Types of instrumentation; Historicaldevelopment and evolution of scientific instruments. Robotics. (Only a generalorientation of scientific instruments required). Making observations: direct and indirect observations, controlled and uncontrolledobservations, human and machine observations. Examples of great experiments in science. (To illustrate how various tools wereapplied to answer a question).2
Unit IV: Data handling in ethics science Documentation of experiments. Nature and Types of data – typical examples; Dataacquisition; Treatment of data; Data interpretation, Significance of statistical tools indata interpretation, errors and inaccuracies, instrumental errors and variables, humanerrors (basic idea). Data presentation: graphs, tables, histograms and pi diagrams. Statistical testing of hypothesis, null hypothesis, Significance test – Statistics basedacceptance or rejection of a hypothesis. Deduction of scientific correlation, patternsand trends. Ethics in Science: Scientific information, Depositories of scientific information, primary,secondary and digital sources, Sharing of knowledge; transparency and honesty;danger of preconceived ideas. Reporting of observational and experimental data, human bias, Biased observations,Influence of observer on observations, using and acknowledge observations byothers. Publications and Patents. Plagiarism.Reference Books Gieryn, T.f. Cultural Boundaries of Science., Univ. Chicago Press, 1999. Collins H. and T. Pinch. The Golem: What Everyone should know about Science .,Cambridge Univ Press, 1993 Hewitt, Paul G, Suzanne Lyons, John a. Suchocki-Wesley, 2007 Newton R G. The Truth of Science: New Delhi, 2nd edition Bass, Joel, E and et. al,Methods for Teaching Science as Inquiry, Allyn & Bacon, 2009.GN 2 B 02 : CORE COURSE IICELL BIOLOGYTotal 36 hrsUnit- 1: Methods in Cell Biology(5 hrs) Microsopy:- Use of Microscopes in cytology, principles, magnification, resolvingpower, handling of different microscopes, compound, phase contract, electronmicroscope, fluorescent, scanning electron, dissection, fluorescence activated cellsorting (FACS), confocal scanning. Brief account of methods of cell and tissue disruption, centrifugation - preparative,analytical, differential, density gradient, method of separating whole cells.Unit- 2: Introduction to the Cell(3 hrs) Cell theory, evolution of the cell from molecules to the first cell, from prokaryotes toeukaryotes from single cells to multicellular organisms. Structural organization ofprokaryotes and eukaryotes.3
Unit- 3: Molecular Architecture of Cell(15 hrs) Plasma membrane – cell wall, extracellular matrix, cell junction Nucleus - Nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, nuclear transport, chromosome,chromatin (euchromatin, heterochromatin). Special types of chromosome (polytene, lamp brush). Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, vericles, lysosomes. Mitochondria, Chloroplast, peroxisomes. Cytoskeleton - microtubules, actin, intermediate filaments, centriole, cilias, flagella.Unit- 4: Cellular Regulation(13 hrs) A brief overview of cell cycle and its regulation Mitosis and meiosis Cell-cell signalling A brief overview of cancer Cell apoptosis. .References:1. The cell- Bruce Alberts.2. Cell and molecular biology – De Robertis3. Cell and molecular biology – Gerald Karp.4. The cell –Cooper (a molecular approach)GN 3 B 03: CORE COURSE IIIBASIC GENETICSTotal – 54 hrsUnit- 1: Introduction to Genetics(1 hr) Introduction Scope and significance of geneticsUnit- 2: Principle of Genetic Transmission(10 hrs)4
Mendels’ Experiments Symbols and terminology. Principle of dominance and segregation Principle of independent assortment Mendelian inheritance and probability (Multiplication and Addition rites)Unit- 3: Extension of Mendelism(12 hrs) Allelic variation and gene functionIncomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles Gene action-from genotype to phenotype.Gene interaction, penetrance, expressivity, epistasis, pleiotropy, interaction withenvironment.Unit- 4: Quantitative Genetics(6 hrs) Continuous variation Quantitative traits - additive alleles, calculating the number of polygenes,significance of polygenic control. Heritability in a broad sense and narrow sense ; Artificial selection.Unit- 5: The chromosomal basis of Mendelism(25 hrs) Chromosomes – chromosome number, sex chromosome Chromosome theory of inheritanceExperimental evidence, non-disjunction as proofofchromosome theory,chromosomal basis of Mendel’s principles of segregation and independentassortment. Sex linked genes in humansHaemophilia, colour blindness, fragile X. Sex chromosome and sex determination - Human, Drosophila, other animals. Dosage compensation of X- linked genes.Hyper activation of X-linked gene in male drosophila, Inactivation of X-linked genein female.REFERENCES1. Genetics – Principle and Analysis – Hart and Jones.2. Genetics – Peter J. Russell.5
3. Principles of Genetics – Snustad and Simmons.4. Genetics – A Continuity of Life– Daniel J. Fairbanks,W. Ralph Anderson.GN 4 B 04 : CORE COURSE IVCytogenetics and Evolutionary Genetics(Total – 54 hrs)Unit- 1: Chromosomal Variations(10 hr) Morphology of chromosomes Structural and Numerical VariationsUnit- 2: Linkage, Crossing over and chromosome mapping(15 hrs) Linkage, Recombination, Crossing over (Mitotic crossing over) Chromosome mapping (two point and three point test cross) Tetrad analysis. Fire structure mapping (r II locus)Unit- 3: Extranuclear Inheritance(4 hrs) Maternal Inheritance Mitochondrial- Snail, poky and petite Chloroplast – leaf variegation in Mirabilis jalapa, Iojap.Unit- 4: Population Genetics and Evolution(10 hrs) Population and gene pool Allelic frequency Hardy – Weinberg law Changes in genetic structure of populationMutation, genetic drift (causes and effect), migration, natural selection. Non-random mating (heterosis)Unit- 5: Genetics and Speciation(10 hrs) Genetic Variation in natural population Phenotypic variation Species concept Reproductive isolation Modes and speciationAllopartic, sympatric, parapatric, quantum speciation.6
References: Principles of Genetics – Simmons, Snustad, Jenkins. Concepts of Genetics– Klug and Cummings. Genetics – Peter J. Russell. Genetics Fairbanks, Ralph. Anderson.GN 5 B 05 : CORE COURSE VMolecular Biology and Molecular Genetics I(Total – 72 hrs)Unit- 1: Structure of Genetic Material(2 hr) Introduction – Nature of Genetic materialDiscovery of DNA as genetic material (Griffith, Avery, HersheyChase) Strucutre of nucleic acid (A, B and Z model) Super coiling and Topoisomerase Types of RNA- Structural and functional.Unit- 2: Replication of DNA(5 hrs) Salient features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication.Unit- 3: Molecular Mechanism of Recombination(7 hrs) Homologous recombination, Site specific recombination. Models of recombination (Holiday model, Double strand break, etc.)Unit- 4: Mutation(5 hrs) Types of mutation Causes of mutation - Physical and chemical mutagensUnit- 5: DNA Repair Mechanism(8 hrs) Excision Mechanism – Nucleotide, Base Post Replication Repair- mismatch repair, recombination repair, SOS repair.Unit- 6: Transposable Elements(8 hrs) Transposable elements in prokaryotes – IS, Transposons. Mechanism of Transposition in Prokaryotes Transposable elements in eukaryotes – AC- Ds system in Maize, Drosophila- Pelements, Yeast - Ty elements Retro-transposons and Retroposons.7
GN 5 B 06 : CORE COURSE VIMolecular Biology and Molecular Genetics IIUnit- 7: Transcription and RNA Processing(15 hrs) Central Dogma Transcription in prokaryotes, eg: Lac, Tryp operon. Transcription in eukaryotes RNA processing – nuclear splicing, rRNA and tRNA processingUnit- 8: Genetic Code and Translation(15 hrs) Salient features of genetic code Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes Post-translational modificationUnit – 9: Microbial Genetics Genetic analysis of bacteria Bacterial transformation Conjugation (sex factor, Hfr strain, F’ factor) Conjugational mapping. Transduction in Bacteria (General and Specialized)References: Genetics – Peter. J. Russell.Modern Genetic Analysis – GriffthGenetics – A Continuity of Life – Daniel Fairbanks, Ralph Anderson.Concepts of Genetics – Klug and Cummings.Principles of Genetics – Hartt and Jones.GN 5 B 07 : CORE COURSE VIIMedical GeneticsTotal – 54 hrsUnit- 1: Principles of Human Genetics(2 hrs)History, Origin of medical genetics, classification of genetic disease, definitions,impact of genetic disease, major new developments.8
Unit- 2: Biochemical Genetics(7 hrs) Overview of inborn errors of metabolismDisorders of urea cycle, lipid metabolism, purine/ pyrimidine metabolism, aminoacid metabolism.Unit- 3: Genetic Factors in Common DiseasesGenetic susceptibility to common disease -(7 hrs)Diabetes mellitus, hypertension,coronary artery disease, Schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease.Unit- 4: Genetics of congenital abnormalities(5 hrs)Definition and classification of both defects, genetic cause of informations.Environmental agents (teratogens).Unit- 5: Chromosomal disorders(9 hrs) Chromosome – Nomenclature, banding and karyotyping Disorders of Autosomes – Numerical abnormalitiesDowns syndrome, Edwards syndrome, Patau syndrome. Translocation – Philadelphia, Down’s, Berkitt’s lymphoma, Duplication, Inversion,Ring chromosome. Disorders of sex chromosome- Turner, Klinefelters, XYY syndrome.Unit- 6: Single Gene Disorders(9 hrs) Autosomal DominantAchondroplasia, NF, Adult polycystic kidney Autosomal RecessiveCystic fibrosis, Sickle cell Anaemia X- DominantRett syndrome X linked rescessiveHaemophilia, DMD Trinucleotide repeat syndromesHuntington’s, Fragile-X. MultifactorialCleft lip and palate, Diabetes, Rheumatoid-artheritisUnit- 7: Linkage Analysis in Humans(8 hrs) Recombinants and Non recombinants Genetic and physical map distance Genetic markers Two point mapping, multipoint mapping9
Unit- 8: Pharmacogenetics(7 hrs) Definition, Drug Metabolism, Genetic variation revealed solely by the effects ofdrugs (N- acetyl transferase activity, succinyl choline sensitivity, G-6 PD variants,malignant hypothermia, alcohol metabolism). Hereditary disorders with altered drug response.Porphyria, Haemoglobinopathy, Gout PharmacogenomicsReferences: Emery’s– Elements of Medical Genetics Strachan and Read – Human Molecular Genetics Thompson and Thompson – Medical Genetics.GN 6 B 09 : CORE COURSE IXDevelopmental and Behavioral Genetics(Total – 54 hrs)Unit- 1: Germ Cells and Fertilization (4 hrs)Germ cellsSpermatogenesisOogenesisFertilization and GastrulationUnit- 2: Molecular Aspects of Development (13 hrs)Maternal effect geneGap genePair rule geneSegment polarity genesHomeotic genesUnit- 3: Genetics of Embryonic Development in Drosphila Overview of Drosophila development Zygotic genes and segment formationUnit- 4: Flower Development in Arabidopsis(12 hrs)(5 hrs) Development Role of Homeotic Selector GeneUnit- 5: Genetic Control of Behaviour(20 hrs)10
IntroductionBehaviour in invertebratesHoneybee, Drosophila, Mice and DogHuman behaviour - Genetic basis of alcoholism, genetic basis for sexualorientation. Courtship behaviour in various animals. References: The cell – Bruce AlbertsEmery’s Elements of Medical Genetics-Robert. F. Mueller, Ian. D. Young.Principles of Development - WolpertPrinciples of Genetics – Snustad, Simmons, Jenkins.GN 6 B 10: CORE COURSE XBIOINFORMATICSUnit IIntroduction to bioinformatics, pattern recognition and prediction, biological databases,primary and secondary sequence databases, composite protein sequence databases, pairwise alignment technique; database searching NCBI, EMB, FASTA, BLAST BITS etc.algorithms and programmes, comparison of two sequences, global and local alignment –multiple sequence alignment; phylogenetic analysis.Unit IIDNA sequence data bases, features of DNA sequence analysis, approaches of genehunting, cDNA libraries, ESTs and EST analysis, general study of software packages,primary design for molecular biology.References1.Introduction to Bioinformatics: by T.K. Altwood, D.J. Parry-Smith and S. Phukan.2.Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis David. W. Mount.3.Bioinformatics: Genes, Proteins, and Computers by C.A. Orengo, D.T. Jones and J.M.ThorntonGN 6 B 11: CORE COURSE XIGENETICS AND SOCIETYTotal – 54 hrsUnit- 1: Genetics and Society (7 hrs)Brief overviewTheory of natural selectionApplication to organic evolution and its social impact.Inherited traits and ethnic groups11
Unit- 2: Human Genome Project and Its ImpactUnit- 3: Testing, Screening and Prevention of Genetic Disease(5 hrs)(10 hrs) Carrier detection and pre-symptomatic diagnosis. Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disease – invasive and non-invasive Pre-implantation genetic diagnosisUnit- 4: Ethical Issues(5 hrs) Ethics Principles – informed consent, informed choice, autonomy confidentiality. Ethical considerations – prenatal diagnosis, population screening, familyscreening, embryo research, gene therapy.Unit- 5: Genetic Counseling(10 hrs) Definition Establishing the diagnosis Calculating and presenting the risk Discussing the options, communication and support outcomes in geneticcounseling.Unit- 6: Eugenics(7 hrs) Effect of eugenic selection Positive and negative eugenics Euthenics EuphenicsUnit- 7: Legal Protection and IPR in Genetics(10 hrs) Patenting – Microbes, Genes, Traits, Techniques. Plant and Animal Genetic Protection right and implication of protection.References: Emery’s– Element of Medical Genetics – Ian. D. Young, Robert. F. Mueller. Genetics-Fairbanks, Ralph. Genetic Counseling – Diane. L. Baker, Jane. L. Schuette, Wendy. R. Uhlmenn.12
GN 6 B 12: CORE COURSE XIIOpen Course - II (for B.Sc. Genetics)GN 6 B 12 (E1) -Course. I: Cancer GeneticsUnit- 1: Cancer Cell and Its Properties Clonal nature of cancer Proposed theories of carcinogenesis. Causes of cancer Radiation carcinogenesis – radiation and human cancer temporal stages of radiation action. Genetic effects of ionizing radiation. Virus and oncogene activation by radiation. Interaction of radiation and chemical carcinogenesis.Unit- 2: Chemical Carcinogenesis Tumor initiation Tumor promotion and progression. Virus and Human Cancer – Small and large DNA viruses, retroviruses. Induced neoplasia.Unit- 3: Methods in Cancer Cytogenetics. Chromosome preparation from bone narrow aspirates, peripheral blood and solid tumor samples. Inherited susceptibility to cancer – genetic markers of cancer predisposition, chromosomeinstability, familiar cancer. Chromosome abnormalities in chronic myeloid leukaemia Philadelphia chromosome – clonal evolution.Unit- 4: Cytogenetics of Chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia. B-CLL and T-CLL Chromosome abnormalities in acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia Secondary acute leukaemia. Non-random chromosome changes in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia Molecular genetic aspects. Cytogenetics of pre leukaemia – myelodysplastic syndromes, mycloproliferative disorders. Cytogenetic findings in malignant lymphoma- Hodgkin’s disease, Burkitt’s lymphoma, nonburkitts, non-Hodgkin lymphoma.Unit- 5: Clonal chromosome aberration in solid tumors Oncogenes and Human Cancer13
Cellular oncogene families Mechanism of activation of oncogenes. Cellular oncogene products Tumor suppressor genesReferences: Cancer Cytogenetics Molecular Biology of Cancer- F. Mac Donald, C.H. Ford. Genetics of Cancer-Sherbet. G.V. and M.S. LakshmiGN 6 B 12 (E2) - Course II: Environmental GeneticsUnit- 1: Mutagenesis Spontaneous and induced mutation Somatic and germ cell mutation Gene mutation and chromosomal mutationUnit- 2: Mutagens Physical, chemical and biological agents Submammalian systems for mutagenecity assessment - Salmonella (Ames Test), E. coli, yeast andNeurospora, Drosophila-life cycle, culture and maintenance of the organism. Procedures for assessment of genotoxicity Higher plants - gene mutation in Tradescantia – Allium testUnit- 3: Mammalian Systems for Mutagenecity Assessment. Mouse – cytogenetic procedures and techniques to assess gene mutation. In vitro mammalian system for mutagenecity evaluation. Human lymphocytes, fibroblasts and Chinese hamster cells in culture Unscheduled DNA synthesis. Chromosomal aberrations. Sister chromatid exchanges. Gene mutation-HGPRT & TK.Unit- 4: Carcinogenesis and Teratogenesis Interrelationship between mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Test for evaluation Teratogenesis- mouse as a test system Congenital anomalies Teratogens in comparison with mutagens and carcinogen14
Birth defects in man.Unit- 5: Modification of mutagenic damage. Antimutagenesis and Desmutagenesis Molecular techniques to detect mutations. Interaction of chemical mutagens and radiation with genetic material. Electromagnetic spectrum. Biological effects of ionizing radiation and ultraviolet rays. Radio sensitizers and radio protectors. Mutation and health.GN 6 B 12 (E3) -CourseIII: Human Biochemical GeneticsUnit- 1: Biochemical and Molecular basis of some important human disease. Inborn errors of aminoacid metabolism PKU, Alkaptonuria, Homocystinuria, Histidinuria, Albinism. Diseases involving lysine and ornithine Transcarbamylase deficiency.Unit- 2: Inborn Errors of Carbohydrate Metabolism Galactosemia, Diabetes mellitus, Lactic acidosis, G-6PD deficiency and glycogen storage disorders. Inborn error of nucleic acid metabolism: Lesh Nyhan Syndrome, Gout and Pseudo-gout,Xeroderma pigmentosa.Unit- 3: Haemoglobinopathies: Classification Globin gene mutation Thalassemias Sickle cell anemia Other haemoglobin variantsUnit- 4: Lysosomal Storage Disorders Mucropolysaccharidoses and Lipidosis. Other genetic disorders: cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophies, alpha-1 anti trypsin deficiency.Unit- 5: Genetic Registers and Prevention of Inherited Diseases15
GN 6 B 13 (Pr): CORE COURSE XIIIPROJECTS/VISITS1. Field study on gene and genotype frequency of autosomal and sex-linked Mendelian traitsin Humans. Data to be generated by each student from among the college students andsubmit the project work.2. Visit to Genetic clinics and submit the report.3. Study tour to premier plant and/or Animal breeding centers.4. Biometrical problemsa
Genetics – A Continuity of Life – Daniel Fairbanks, Ralph Anderson. Concepts of Genetics – Klug and Cummings. Principles of Genetics – Hartt and Jones. GN 5 B 07 : CORE COURSE VII Medical Genetics Total – 54 hrs Unit- 1: Principles of Human Genetics (2 hrs) History, Origin of medical genetics, classification of genetic disease .
Somatic cell genetics. Books Recommended: 1. Genetics - Gardener 2. Molecular Genetics of Bacteria 2nd edition 1995, Jeremy W.Dale.-John Wiley and sons. 3.Cell biology (1993)-David E.Sadva (Jones and Barrette) 4.Modern genetics (2nd edition,1984)-A.J.Ayala and W.Castra(Goom Helns,London) 5. Genetics by P.K Gupta. 6. Genetics by Verma and Agarwal 7.
HUMAN GENETICS AND PEDIGREES 7.4 . Key Concept A combination of methods is used to study human genetics . Human Genetics Human genetics follows the patterns seen in other organisms The basic principles of genetics
Genetics 9788131248706 Gangane Human Genetics, 5e 2017 INR 595.00 9788131249024 Jorde Medical Genetics: First South Asia Edition 2017 INR 1325.00 9780702066856 Turnpenny Emery's Elements of Medical Genetics, 15e 2017 USD 58.99 9788131243145 Nussbaum Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine, 8e 2015 INR 2625.00 Histology
Beginners guide to horse genetics This guide is written for horse breeders and enthusiasts who have an interest in horse genetics but no formal training in genetics. It is a gentle introduction to genetics as it particularly relates to horse breeding. The author has noticed over the yea
I Genetics 80 16 20 04 05 II Taxonomy of Angiosperm 80 16 20 04 05 . Gardner and Simmons Snustad 2005 (Eighth Edition). Principles of Genetics, John Wiley and Sons, Singapore. Gupta P.K Genetics , Rastogi Publications. . Genetics. Kalyani Publication, Ludhiana. Question Paper Format
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Botany-B.P. Pandey 3. A Textbook of Algae – B.R. Vashishtha 4. Introductory Mycology- Alexopoulos and Mims 5. The Fungi-H.C. Dube . B.Sc. –I BOTANY : PAPER –II (Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany) Maximum marks- 50 Duration - 3 hrs. UNIT -1 General classification of Bryophytes as Proposed by ICBN. Classification of Pteridophytes upto the rank of classes as proposed .
