THE HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY

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HISTORY BUFF’STHE HITCHHIKER’S GUIDETOMIDDLESEX COUNTY“N.E. View of New Brunswick, N.J.” by John W. Barber and Henry Howe, showing the Delawareand Raritan Canal, Raritan River, and railroads in the county seat in 1844.Thomas Edison invented the incandescentlight bulb at Menlo Park (part of Edison) in1879.Carbon Filament Lamp, November 1879, drawn bySamuel D. MottThomas A. Edison invented the Phonograph atMenlo Park (part of Edison) in 1877.Drawing of the Kilmer oak tree by Joan Labun, New Brunswick, 1984. Tree, whichinspired the Joyce Kilmer poem “Trees” was located near the Rutgers Labor EducationCenter, just south of Douglass College.

MIDDLESEX COUNTY BOARD OF CHOSEN FREEHOLDERSChristopher D. Rafano, Freeholder DirectorRonald G. Rios, Deputy DirectorCarol Barrett BellanteStephen J. DalinaH. James PolosCharles E. TomaroBlanquita B. ValentiCompiled and written by:Walter A. De Angelo, Esq.County Administrator (1994-2008)The following individuals contributed to the preparation of this booklet:Clerk of the Board of Chosen FreeholdersMargaret E. PembertonMiddlesex County Cultural & Heritage CommissionAnna M. Aschkenes, Executive DirectorMiddlesex County Department of Business Development & EducationKathaleen R. Shaw, Department HeadCarl W. Spataro, DirectorStacey Bersani, Division HeadJanet Creighton, Administrative AssistantMiddlesex County Office of Information TechnologyKhalid Anjum, Chief Information OfficerMiddlesex County Administrator’s OfficeJohn A. Pulomena, County AdministratorBarbara D. Grover, Business ManagerMiddlesex County Reprographics DivisionMark F. Brennan, DirectorJanine Sudowsky, Graphic Artistii

TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION . Page 1THE NAME . Page 3THE LAND . Page 3PRE-HISTORIC MIDDLESEX COUNTY . Page 5CLIMATE & WILDLIFE . Page 8THE FIRST HUMAN INHABITANTS . Page 10THE LENAPE . Page 11EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENTA. THE DUTCH . Page 15B. THE ENGLISH . Page 18THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION . Page 26THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURYEARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY . Page 41THE CIVIL WAR . Page 45THE LATE NINTEENTH CENTURY . Page 50THE TWENTIETH CENTURY . Page 53THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY . Page 65iii

IntroductionMiddlesex County, New Jersey is located midway between Boston andWashington D.C. (also midway between New York City and Philadelphia). It isin the center of the State of New Jersey, stretching from the Rahway Riversouth to the Mercer and Monmouth County lines, and from the Raritan Baywest to the Somerset County line.The predominant geographic feature of the County is the Raritan River,which flows the entire width of the County from west to east (actually formingpart of the Middlesex/Somerset County line), and is navigable from its mouth atthe Raritan Bay to New Brunswick. The central location of the County and thepresence of the Raritan River, within its boundaries, have been key factors inthe original settlement and subsequent growth of Middlesex County.Today,MiddlesexCountyencompasses 318 square miles; isdivided into 25 municipalities; and, atthe beginning of the 21st century, has apopulation of over 785,000 residents,making it the second most populousCounty in the State of New Jersey. TheCity of New Brunswick is the countyseat.The County is governed by aseven-memberBoardofChosenFreeholders (New Jersey is the onlyState that uses the title “Freeholder” forelected county legislators). The Boardof Chosen Freeholders acts as theGoverning Body of the County, and isvested with the sole power to managethe affairs, property and contractual orfinancial interests of the County.Some of the seven Freeholders (all of whom are elected, at large, tostaggered three-year terms by the registered voters of the County) are elected inthe November General Election each year.Every January the Boardreorganizes and the Members of the Board elect one Freeholder to serve asFreeholder Director for a one-year term. Each member of the Board is also theChairperson of a Freeholder Committee, and each Freeholder Committeeprovides executive-level management for a number of County operatingdepartments. These operating departments provide a wide range of services toCounty residents.1

Since the 1950s, Middlesex has been one of New Jersey’s fastest growingcounties in population, property valuation and ratable construction. Despitethis rapid growth, the County has managed to acquire an extensive parksystem (offering a wealth of recreational opportunities), preserve severalthousand acres of unspoiled open-space and purchase the development rightsto thousands of acres of working farmland. Middlesex County also boasts aworld-class health-care system, the campuses of three universities, anexceptional County College and a very successful County Vocational andTechnical High School System (which has the second largest enrollment in theState of New Jersey).Nearly every major north/south rail and roadway on the East Coastpasses through Middlesex County. Two major airports are located within 30minutes of the Middlesex County line, and a number of Fortune 500 companieshave chosen to establish corporate headquarters and/or other corporatefacilities within the County. Clearly, Middlesex County has been a real successstory.Let’s take a look at some of the things which have contributed to thatsuccess.2

The NameMiddlesex County, New Jersey was named after the original MiddlesexCounty located in southeast England.The first recorded reference to“Middlesex” as place-name occurred as early as 714 A.D. The name was used todesignate the land of the Middle Saxons, and to distinguish that land fromEssex (the land of the East Saxons), Sussex (the land of the South Saxons) andWessex (the land of the West Saxons).The present-day English Middlesex County is surrounded byBuckinghamshire, Surrey, Kent, Essex and Hertfordshire. The City of London,which is an independent county borough, is located within Middlesex County,and takes up most of the County’s land area. While Middlesex County stillexists in England, its governmental functions were subsumed by GreaterLondon in 1965.The LandBetween 600 million and 540 million years ago, present-day MiddlesexCounty, and all of the North American continent east of the AppalachianMountains, are thought to have been a part of the theoretical (its existence isbelieved but not proven) super-continent Pannotia.When Pannotiadisintegrated into four smaller continents (Laurentia, Baltica, Siberia andGondwana), eastern North America was probably part of the smaller continentcalled Baltica.Between 350 and 260 million yearsago, these four smaller continents driftedback together to form Pangaea, which wasthe first verifiable super-continent. Fromthe formation of Pangaea, until about 200million years ago, the area that comprisespresent-day Middlesex County is believedto have been located close to the center ofthis new super-continent, attached to,what is today, the northwest coast ofAfrica. The Appalachian Mountains in theEastern United States and the AtlasMountains in modern Morocco were oncepart of a single chain of mountains. Thismountain chain was formed as a result ofthe continental plate collision (between thecontinents of Baltica and Laurentia) thatformed part of Pangaea.3Pangaea

Between 200 million and 180 million years ago, during the JurassicPeriod, Pangaea, in its turn, began to break up. It split into two minor supercontinents, Laurasia in the north and Gondwana in the south. Laurasia wasmade up of the modern continents of North America (including Greenland),Europe and Asia. While it was part of Laurasia, eastern North America,including what is now Middlesex County, was attached to northern Europe.Vast coal deposits were formed during this period, parts of those same depositscan now be found spread over the eastern United States, England andGermany.Approximately 135 million years ago, Laurasia began to break up asNorth America drifted away from the Eurasian Plate (Europe and Asia) to form aseparate continent. The Atlantic Ocean formed in the widening gap thatdeveloped as the two land masses drifted farther apart.Today, Middlesex County is on the Atlantic Coast of North America,astride the geological boundary between the Piedmont Province (in the northand west) and the Great CoastalPlain (in the east and south) ofNew Jersey.The soils to thenorth and west of the County areprimarily shale consisting ofsiltstone, shale, sandstone andconglomerate dating back to theTriassicandearlyJurassicPeriods (from 230 million to 190million years ago), while to thesouth and east the soils aresandy, consisting of sand, silt andclay dating from the periodbeginningwiththelowerCretaceous Period and endingwith the Miocene Epoch (90million to 10 million years ago).The topography of theCounty, today, is gently rolling toflat.The highest point in theCounty is near the present-dayintersection of U.S. Route 1 andSand Hills Road in SouthBrunswick Township.In thisparticular area, the ground isprimarily Jurassic diabase that is206 million to 144 million years old. Diabase is a rock formed by the cooling ofmagma from volcanic activity below the surface of the Earth’s crust. Diabase is4

more resistant to erosion than the surrounding siltstone, shale and sandstoneand, over time, has formed this hard ridge or high point.The northeastern portion of Middlesex County, including all or parts ofWoodbridge, Edison, Metuchen, Carteret, South Plainfield and Perth Amboywas covered with ice during three distinct glacial periods beginning about800,000 years ago and ending only18,000 to 20,000 years ago when the last icesheet receded. At the point in each glacial period when the ice had reached itsmaximum southern expansion, ice sheets in northern New Jersey may havebeen up to 10,000 feet thick.The coastline of Middlesex County hasn’t always been located where it istoday. During the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, portions of the southernand eastern parts of the County were, intermittently, on the ocean bottom,depending upon how sea levels rose and fell. This is clear from the fossilremains of marine animals discovered in parts of the County that have been dryland for thousands of years.Conversely, there is fossil evidence indicating that, during the later ice-ageof the Pleistocene Epoch, the sea level had dropped 70 to 150 meters below itspresent level. This drop in sea level was the result of vast quantities of waterbeing trapped in the massive glacial ice sheets. During this period, theseacoast of Middlesex County actually would have been many miles east ofwhere it is today, well into what is now the Atlantic Ocean.The Raritan River and Raritan Bay have helped to make Middlesex Countysuch a desirable place for human habitation over the last several thousandyears. The Raritan River Valley began to take shape during the WisconsinGlacier, the last of the three glacial periods of the Pleistocene Epoch. At thattime, the Raritan River captured drainage from the Newark Basin. Judging bythe width of the Raritan River Valley, it is likely that the Raritan was the majorrun-off channel along the entire ice front throughout the Wisconsin glaciation(from about 70,000 years ago to about 10,000 years ago).Pre-Historic Middlesex CountyThere is substantial fossil evidence indicating that dinosaurs, togetherwith a multitude of smaller pre-historic creatures, lived in or, at least, passedthrough Middlesex County.In his book, When Dinosaurs Roamed New Jersey, William B. Gallagherstates that: “For genuine Mesozoic amber containing prehistoric insects, NewJersey is one of the best spots in the world.” He adds: “Not only are the NewJersey amber deposits extremely productive and informative, they are alsoamong the very oldest fossiliferous amber beds known.”5

The amber deposits to which Mr. Gallagher refers were originallydiscovered in the Sayre-Fisher Clay Pit in the present-day Borough ofSayreville. They contain a huge variety of pre-historic plant and insect fossilsincluding beetles (some still displaying their original green pigmentation),cockroaches, ants, mites, midges, lacewings, leafhoppers and stingless wasps.The world’s oldest known fossils of Cretaceous mosquitoes (old enough tohave fed on dinosaurs), moths (trapped in the amber at the point in evolutionwhen moths were changing from biting insects into nectar-feeding insects),biting black flies, bees, mushrooms, miniature flowers, and oak trees have allbeen found in the Sayreville amber deposits. A partial feather, constituting theoldest known fossil-record of a terrestrial bird in North America, was alsodiscovered in Middlesex County amber.In the 1990s, amateur paleontologists discovered another large, fossil-richlayer of amber at the White Oaks Sand Pit, also located in Sayreville. Fossilremains of more than 100, previously unknown, species of insects and plantshave been found in the amber at that site. Some of these insect species havenot, as yet, been classified.Among these fossils are the oldest known remains of several insect types,including: 1) the spider family Araneidae, 2) the spider genus Orchestina and 3)the previously undiscovered spider genus Palaeogegestria. Thanks to theSayreville fossils, the evolutionary history of these spiders has been extended by50 million years. Additionally, in 1967, the fossil remains of a primitive antwere discovered in Middlesex County amber. This ant fossil may establish theancestral link between tiphiid wasps and the most primitive known living ants.Larger creatures also roamed pre-historic Middlesex County. In January1929, a track-way, consisting of fourfootprints, made millions of years agoby a large, three-toed, bi-pedaldinosaur, was discovered by workmenat the Hampton Cutter Clay Works inWoodbridge Township. Even firstbeenphotographed and sketched in the field.In January 1930, a second trackway, also consisting of four footprints,was discovered in the same clay pit.Threeofthesefootprintsweredestroyed, but one footprint wassuccessfully preserved and can be seenat the Rutgers University GeologicalMuseum in the City of New Brunswick.6The First Woodbridge Trackway

In March 1930, a third track-way, this time made up of five footprints,was discovered at the Hampton Cutter Clay Works. One of the footprints wasdestroyed but four were successfully removed. Unfortunately, before beingcopied for other museums or placed on display, the four preserved footprintsdisappeared and were never seen again. To the present time, the Woodbridgetrack-ways represent the only known Cretaceous dinosaur footprints found eastof the Mississippi River, although a number of Jurassic dinosaur footprintshave been found elsewhere in New Jersey.MegalosaurusResearchers believe that all of theWoodbridge footprints were once part of asingle track-way made by a single largecarnivorous dinosaur of the CretaceousPeriod. Dr. Donald Baird compared thesefootprints to others found around theworld and believed that they were: an’ type.” The tracks wereapproximately 90 million years old, andwere about 4 feet apart,“ with the midline of the track-way passing through the base of the inner toeprint; this indicates a dinosaur walking upright with its legs tucked in directlybeneath the body. There was no trace of a tail drag mark between thefootprints, so the dinosaur must have walked with its tail held up off theground. The footprints themselves were 20 inches long from the middle toe-tipto the base of the heel. The toes end in pointed claws; there is evenevidence .of a backward-pointing ‘spur’ or hallux, the impression of thevestigial first (or ‘big’) toe.” 1While no herbivorous dinosaur fossils have, so far, been discovered withinMiddlesex County, it is certain that a sizeable number of herbivorous animalswould have had to be present in this area to support the presence of a largecarnisaur. It is likely that some of the herbivores upon which the MiddlesexCounty carnisaur preyed would have been Hadrosaurs. Hadrosaurs wereduckbilled dinosaurs, known to have inhabited New Jersey. Their remains arethe most frequently found dinosaur fossils in New Jersey and, in fact, along theentire East Coast of the United States.In 1980, one of the most important sites, in the eastern United States, forLate Cretaceous fossils was discovered at Ellisdale, New Jersey. Ellisdale islocated 15 to 20 miles south of Middlesex County along the Crosswicks Creek.Today, the site is high and dry in the center of New Jersey, but, given the varied1Gallagher, William B. “When Dinosaurs Roamed New Jersey “ pg.697

types of fossils found at the site (both terrestrial and marine), during theCretaceous Period Ellisdale was probably either an off-shore barrier island orright on the coast.Fossils found at Ellisdale include the remains of various dinosaurs (bothcarnivorous and herbivorous), amphibians, turtles, squamates, mammals,marsupials, large rays, sharks, boney fish as well as previously unknowngroups of teiid lizards (Prototeius stageri) and salamanders (Parrisianeocesariensis – a legless, sharp-toothed, predatory salamander). Since theEllisdale fossil deposits are so nearby, it is highly likely that many or all ofthese pre-historic land and sea creatures were once present in MiddlesexCounty, its rivers, lakes or coastal ary formations in the southern and easternportions of Middlesex County, located in the GreatCoastal Plain, indicate a repeated sequence of sea levelchanges.Marine fossils, including pre-historicshellfish and sharks’ teeth, have been found in thispart of the County, no doubt deposited there when thearea was on the sea bottom.One of the more interesting fossil finds atDeinosuchusEllisdale is Deinosuchus, an extinct, 33 to 40 footcrocodilian that lived in the seas, rivers and lakes of North America during thelate Cretaceous Period. Deinosuchus may have preyed on dinosaurs thatventured too close to the water, which, at the time, covered much of thesoutheastern part of the County. Another late Cretaceous marine predator thathunted in the waters around Middlesex County was Cimoliasaurus magnus,believed to have been a smallish, short-necked plesiosaur that was a swereambushpredators).Several of itsfossilized vertebrae have beendiscovered,notfarfromMiddlesex County, in the lateCretaceous Greensand deposits ofCimoliasaurus MagnusMonmouthandBurlingtonCounties.Climate & WildlifeApproximately 65 million years ago, after the extinction of the dinosaurs,during the Paleocene Epoch, Middlesex County was covered by sub-tropicalforest. Flowering plants and insects flourished. Lizards, birds, marsupial8

opossums, and smaller mammals such as rodents, primates, bats, fox-likecarnivores and hoofed animals, would probably have beenpresent. The dominant predator was most likely DiatrymaGigantea, a 7-foot-long flightless bird with a huge beak,powerful legs and formidable claws. Diatryma Gigantea was thelarger, North American cousin of the better known Gastornisgeiselensis - the dominant predator in Europe during the sameperiod.Fifty million years ago, during the Eocene Epoch, the Diatryma GiganteaEarth had grown warmer. Then, Middlesex County would havebeen covered by a tropical rainforest. This rainforest would have containedsmall animals such as rodents (which looked like squirrels), lemurs or bushbabies.Early forms of horse, tapir, camel, insectivorous bat, primitiverhinoceros and the ancestors of deer and cattle (which then had toes ratherthan hooves) were present. By this time, the “dog” branch of carnivorousmammals had evolved in North America (the “cat” branch developed elsewhere)and hunted in the tropical forests. Large herds of rhinoceros-like Brontotheresroamed the continent.Thirty million years ago, in the Oligocene Epoch, the Earth had cooledconsiderably. Middlesex County would then have been covered by deciduousforests. During the transition from the Eocene Epoch to the Oligocene Epochapproximately 20 percent of North American animal species became extinct.Opossums would have been the only marsupials left in North America, butthere were still large herds of Brontotheres. Some rodents, like rabbits andhares, began to adapt as grass eaters during this period.At the beginning of the Miocene Epoch, 20 millionyears ago, the closed deciduous forest would havechanged to open woodland and spreading grassland.Deer, antelope, camel and early horses were present inNorth America in large numbers.They and otherherbivores were hunted by carnivorous cats (which had,by this time, migrated over a land bridge from Eurasia toNorth America), running bears, bear dogs and Mustelids(the ancestors of wolverines, otters, weasels and ferrets).GomphotheresPrimates or pro-simians would, by then, have become extinct in NorthAmerica, but Mastodons and elephant-likeGomphotheres had begun to appear on thecontinent. There is little doubt that largeMastodons roamed in what is now MiddlesexCounty. This conclusion is supported by thegiant Mastodon tooth recovered by fishermenfrom the ocean floor just off the coast of NewJersey.Mastodon9

As indicated earlier, during the Great Ice Age, water was trapped in theglacial ice-sheet and sea levels were much lower than they are today. Duringthat time, the coastline of Middlesex County would have been at least 80 milesfarther east; well into what is now the Atlantic Ocean. The Mastodon, whosetooth was found by the fishermen, died about 11,000 years ago about the sametime the last great ice sheet was beginning to recede. At that point, thepresent-day seabed from which the tooth was recovered would have been dryland.During the Pleistocene Epoch, whichlasted from 1.6 million years ago toapproximately 10,000 years ago, MiddlesexCountyandmuchoftheNorthernHemisphere endured the Great Ice Age.Wooly Mammoth, Wooly Rhinoceros, Musk Ox,Moose, Reindeer, Elephant, Mastodon andBison were all common sights in NorthAmerica, and some of these creatures,particularly Moose and Mastodon likelyWoolly Mammothroamed the area that is now MiddlesexCounty. By the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, camels, horses, saber-toothedcats and many of the dog and bear species had become extinct in NorthAmerica, but, more importantly for this history of Middlesex County, at aboutthat same time, modern humans began to populate North America.The First Human InhabitantsDepending on whether one subscribes to the “Land Bridge” theory, or the“Pacific/Atlantic Watercraft Migration” theory of human migration to andthrough the North and South American continents, humans took up residencealong the East Coast of North America sometime between 10,000 and 50,000years ago. Bones and implements found in quaternary gravels near Trenton,New Jersey indicate the presence of Paleolithic Man in central New Jersey.Archaeological evidence has also been discovered at the “Plenge Site,” locatedalong the lower Musconetcong River in Warren County, suggesting continuoushuman habitation in that area for as long as 12,000 years.Further,considerable evidence of Native-American habitation, dating back about 10,000years, has been unearthed at the “Black Creek Site” in Sussex County.The latter two sites are located in areas which would have been covered bythe ice-sheet during the last glacier of the Pleistocene Epoch, and, if correctlyinterpreted, the artifacts discovered suggest that human settlement occurredwhen, or shortly after, the last ice sheet receded from northern New Jersey about 12,000 to 13,000 years ago. Since much of Middlesex County waslocated beyond the furthest point of glacial advance and, consequently, not10

covered by the last ice sheet, it is likely that human inhabitants had begun tosettle in Middlesex County at least as early, and probably earlier, than at the“Plenge” or “Black Creek” sites. The Paleolithic artifacts and bones found nearTrenton would tend to substantiate this belief.In any case, some archaeological evidence exists to indicate habitation ofthe Piscatawaytown section of modern Edison Township by Stone Age humans.There is further archaeological evidence of a prehistoric, organized, tool-andshelter-making society inhabiting parts of present-day Plainsboro Townshipapproximately 3,700 years ago.The LenapeAt present, there is no way to determine with certainty who the firsthuman inhabitants of the Middlesex County area were. The first known humaninhabitants of Middlesex County were NativeAmericans known as the Lenape. Some oraltraditions of the Lenape suggest that theythemselves believed they were the originalhuman inhabitants of the area. There is reliablearchaeological evidence to indicate that theLenape, after migrating from the far west ofNorth America, settled in Middlesex County atleast 3,000 years ago.The Lenape were part of the Algonquinlanguage group. The tribal name, Lenape, can betranslated, from the Algonquin language, tomean “Original People or True People” 2. Thenations of the Algonquin language group, as awhole, referred to the Lenape as “grandfathers,”a term of respect indicating a belief that theLenape TerritoryLenape were the original tribe of all Algonquinspeaking peoples.The Lenape themselvesbelieved that the Creator caused a giant turtle to rise from the depths of theocean. The turtle grew until it became North America. The first Lenape manand the first Lenape woman sprouted from a tree which grew on the turtle’sback. This creation myth is consistent with the Lenape’s belief that they were“the original people” inhabiting their lands.As a result of their status as the acknowledged “original people,” theLenape were often called upon to serve as intermediaries in disputes betweenrival tribes and to help resolve difficulties within the Algonquin Nation. Later,the Lenape also served as peacemakers between European settlers and Native2Karasik, Gary; Aschkenes, Anna M. Middlesex County Crossroads of History, pg 1911

Americans. The Iroquois tribes derisively referred to the Lenape as “the oldwomen” because of their peaceful ways. The Lenapewere farmers, fishermen and hunters. The tribe wasdivided into three clans.In the north lived the Minci (the people of thestony country), who were the most numerous andmost warlike of the Lenape clans (probably becauseof their proximity to other warlike tribes, such as theIroquois). The Minci totem was the Wolf. The Unami(the people down the river) lived in central New Jerseyand eastern Pennsylvania. The Unami were viewed asthe senior or most respected clan, and their totemwas the Turtle. Finally, the Unilachtigo (the peoplewho lived near the ocean) lived in southern NewJersey and Delaware. Their totem was the Turkey.Modern Middlesex County would have been part ofthe Unami lands. Some sources place the boundarybetween the Unami and the Minci along the RaritanRiver. In that case, Middlesex County north of theRaritan River would have been in Minci territory.Lenape Clan TerritoriesThe Lenape have been described as tall (5’7” to 5’10”), broad shouldered,strong people with dark eyes and straight black hair. In 1524, Giovanni daVerrazano, probably the first European to enter the Raritan Bay and the first toreport contact with the Lenape, said that the Lenape “ are most beautiful andhave the most civil of customs women are shapely and beautiful well builtmen.” He also said that the Lenape language was “characterized by beauty,strength, flexibility and rhythm.” During the period of European settlement,Lenape gentleness and hospitality were widely recognized and frequentlydocumented.The Lenape practiced picture-writing, and accurately computed time.They had a word for “year.” The Lenape year was made up of twelve (rather thanthe more common thirteen) moons. They counted ages and recorded sequencesof events in years. The Lenape used polishedshells called “wampum” as money.Lenape Women Planting CornThe family was the basic unit of Lenapesociety. Husbands and wives divided thelabor, but Lenape society was matriarchal.Men performed tasks requiring greaterphysical strength. They cleared the land,protected their families, hunted and fished.Women planted crops, harvested, tanned,sewed hides, carried supplies and performedmany domestic duties such as cooking.12

The Lenape diet included meat, fish, shellfish and fowl. The primary toolof Lenape hunters was a simple bow with flint, deer antler or bone-tippedarrows. Animals which were only wounded by the arrow were dispatched witha heavy stone topped club. Lenape fishermen used nets, baskets, or hookedlines to catch fish. They also wouldbuild weirs or dams, in river shallows, totrap fish, which were then speared,netted or caught with bare hands.Wild plants, roots, berries, fruits,acorns, mushrooms, potatoes and nutswere gathered by women and childrenand were either eaten or stored. TheLenape were very competent farmersLenape Men Smoking Oystersand planted corn or maize (their principalcrop) beside pumpkins, beans, squash, sunflowers, herbs and toba

County located in southeast England. The first recorded reference to “Middlesex” as place-name occurred as early as 714 A.D. The name was used to designate the land of the Middle Saxons, and to distinguish that land from Essex (the land of the East Saxons), Sussex (the land of th

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