INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND
INTRODUCTIONTO INFORMATION ANDCOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGYLESSON 1INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGY (ICT)EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATIONCommunication has improved and evolved to facilitate our daily activities. Inthe 21st century, everything related to communication utilizes technology to‘send out’ or disseminate information to a wider audience. Information canbe ‘sent out’ in many ways. The inventions of cellular phones, television andother electronic devices are important in enhancing communication.WHAT IS ICT?ICT is the technology required for information processing, in particular, theuse of electronic computers, communication devices and softwareapplications to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieveinformation from anywhere, anytime.INFORMATIONInformation refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation,study or research.1
The tools to transmit information are the telephone, television and radio.We need information to make decisions and to predict the future. Forexample, scientists can detect the formation of a tsunami using the latesttechnology and warn the public to avoid disasters in the affected areas.Information is knowledge and helps us to fulfill our daily tasks. For example,forecasting the stock exchange market.COMMUNICATIONCommunication is an act of transmitting messages. It is a process wherebyinformation is exchanged between individuals using symbols, signs or verbalinteractions. Previously, people communicated through sign or symbols,performing drama and poetry. With the advent of technology, these ‘older’forms of communication are less utilised as compared to the use of theInternet, e-mail or video conferencing.Communication is important in order to gain knowledge. With knowledge, weare more confident in expressing our thoughts and ideas.2
TECHNOLOGYTechnology is the use of scientific knowledge, experienceand resources to create processes and products that fulfillhuman needs. Technology is vital in communication.Aiding CommunicationTelephone and fax machines are the devices used inextending communication.Spreading InformationTo broadcast information such as news or weather reportseffectively. Radio, television, satellites and the World WideWeb (www) are powerful tools that can be used.TECHNOLOGY TIMELINETechnologyYearIn 3500 BC, the Sumeriansdeveloped cuneiform writing.In 1500 BC, the Phoeniciansdeveloped the alphabetIn 105 BC, Tsai Lun of Chinainvented paper.In 1454, the first printing beganwith the creation of a printingmachine.3
In 1793, the telegraph line wasinvented.In 1876, the first telephone wasintroduced.In 1925, television was madeknown to public.In 1941, the computer wascreated.In 1958, the photocopier machinewas introduced.4
In 1963, the communicationsatellite wasintroduced.In 1969, the first Internet knownas ARPANET was introduced.LESSON 2EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERSIn the early years, before the computer was invented, there are severalinventions of counting machines.Year200BCCHINESE ABACUS500BCEGYPTIAN ABACUS5
1620JOHN NAPIERNAPIER'S BONESBLAISE PASCALPASCALINE16531673LEIBNIZ'S RECHNERGOTTFRIED WILHELM VONLEIBNIZ1801JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD6WEAVING LOOM
1823MECHANICAL CALCULATORMACHINECHARLES BABBAGE1941HARVARD UNIVERSITYMARK 1COMPUTER GENERATIONSFIRST GENERATION (1940-1956)The first generation of computer were huge, slow, expensive and oftenunreliable. In 1946, two Americans, Presper Eckert and Willian Mauchly buildthe ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). It use vacuumtube instead of mechanical switches of the MARK 1.Vacuum tubeMARK 1Presper EckertWillian MauchlyIn 1951, Eckert and Mauchly build theUNIVAC, which could calculate at therate of 10,000 addition per seconds.UNIVAC – UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC COMPUTER7
Hardware TechnologyNew invention of hardware were needed with the new computer technology.TechnologyDetailsVACUUM TUBEThe vacuum tube was an extremelyimportant step of the advancement ofcomputers.In a computer, a vacuum tubewhich is an electronic tube about the size oflight bulbs, was used as the internalcomputer components. Thousands of themwere used.PUNCHED CARDPunched card was used to store data.MAGNETIC TAPEMagnetic tape was introduced in 1957. Itwas a faster and a more compact method ofstoring data. Using magnetic tape becamemore reliable and cost-effective.Problems the vacuum tubes generated a great deal of heat causing manyproblems in temperature regulation and climate control the tubes also burnt out frequently people operating the computer did not know that the problem was inthe programming machine the second generation computer scientists invented something newdue to lots of problem created by vacuum tubesSECOND GENERATION (1956-1963)The famous computer scientists during the second generation era were:The creation of transistor spark the production of a wave of secondgeneration computer. Transistor was small devices use to transfer electronic8
signals across a resister. Transistors had many advantages compared toother hardware technology. transistors were smaller than vacuum tubesthey needed no warm up timeconsumed less energygenerated much less heatfaster and more reliableTHIRD GENERATION (1964-1971)In the third generation era, the IBM 370 series wereintroduced in 1964. It came in several models andsizes.It was used for business and scientific programs.Other computer models introduced were CDC 7600and B2500.The development of integrated circuit (IC), signal thebeginning of the third generation computers. Siliconechips were manufactured in 1961 at the Silicone Valley.Then came the integrated circuit technology, which hadreduced the size and cost of computers.It is a complete electronic circuit on a small chip of silicone. Which is alsoknown as semi conductor. Other than that, the Magnetic Core Memorywas replaced by a device called the microchip. Also the first 256 bit RAMwas introduced and it was the basis for development of 1K bit RAM.AdvantagesA new concept in this generation was that of a family of computer whichallowed computer to be upgraded and expanded as necessary. Silicone chips were reliable, compact andcheaper.Sold hardware and software separatelywhich created the software industry.customer service industry flourished(reservation and credit checks)FOURTH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT)It took only 55 years for the 4 generations toevolve. The growth of the computer industrydeveloped technologies of computer inventions.There are many types of computer models such as: Apple Macintosh IBM DELL ACER9
In 1971 Intel created the first microprocessor. In 1976, Steve Jobs built thefirst Apple computer. Then, in 1981, IBM introduced its first personalcomputer.Steve JobsBill GatesMicheal DellDuring the fourth generation, hardware technology such as silicone chips,microprocessor and storage devices were invented. A microprocessor is aspecialized chip which is developed for computer memory and logic.MicroprocessorSilicone ChipsThe microprocessor is a large-scale integrated circuit which containedthousands of transistors. The transistors on this one chip are capable ofperforming all of the functions of a computer's central processing unit.Advantages Computers became 100 times smaller than ENIAC (ElectronicNumerical Integrator and Computer) the first computer Gain in speed, reliability and storage capacity Personal and software industry boomedFIFTH GENERATION (PRESENT & BEYOND)The fifth generation computers are technologicallyadvance and are still being development to becomemore efficient.The inventions of new hardware technology in thefifth generation have grown rapidly including manyother modern computer devices such as : silicone chips processor robotics virtual reality intelligent systems programs which translate languages10
NEW ERA COMPUTERAfter the fifth generation computer, the technology of computer has becomemore advanced, modern and sophisticated. The latest invention in the era ofcomputers are : Super ComputersMainframe ComputersMini ComputersPersonal ComputersMobile ComputersMini ComputersMobile ComputerMainframe ComputersSuper ComputersIn the new era of computers, expert systemsuch as teleconferencing and speech-recognitionsystem have been invented as part of modernworld communication tools.Personal ComputersLESSON 3USAGE OF ICT IN DAILY LIFEEDUCATIONToday, most schools and higher educational institutions have computers inthe classroom for teacher and students. In education, teachers, students,researchers and school administrators benefits from the usage of ICT.11
Teachers use computers toresearch for teaching materials,participate in online forums andonline conferences as well asto aid their teaching.TeachersStudents use the computers as areference tool. They usecomputers to browse theInternet to look for information.StudentsResearchers use computers tocollect and process data.ResearchersSchool administrators usecomputers for administrativepurposes to make sure that theentire operation runs smoothly.School administrators12
BANKINGThe computer is the nerve centre of thebanking system around the world. It functionsto control the entire banking system that alsoincludes 'Electronic Banking Services'.Electronic banking provides 24 hour services.The services include : Automated Teller Machine (ATM)Cheque DepositElectronic Fund TranferDirect DepositPay by phone systemPersonal computer banking/ internetbankingIn the banking sector, customers, businessmanand bank administrator benefits from theusage of ICT.Customers can make anytransactions at the 24 hourservice centres or via online.Theseservices allow them to dotransaction at anytime they want.CustomersBusinessmen can save their timeby using the online servicesoffered by banks. They can accesscompany accounts forloan applications, businesstransactions and update on theircash flow at any time.Businessmen13
Bank administrators can overseethe entire banking activities suchas reconciliations, inter-branchtransactions (IBT), telegraphictransfer and others by referring tothe banking system.Bank administratorsINDUSTRYComputers are used to facilitate productionplanning and control systems, to support chainmanagement and to help in product design in theindustrial sector.In the industrial sector ,workers,researchers and administrator benefits from theusage of ICT.Workers use machines that areconnected to computers tooperate. In some productions,robots are used to take overjobs that are dangerous to theworkers.WorkersResearchers use computers toanalyse and collect research datafor future reference.ResearchersAdministrators use computers tooversee the entire operations inthe plant or factory to detectspecific errors or defects thatoccurred in the process.Administrators14
E-COMMERCEE-commerce helps in boosting the economy. Itmakes buying and selling activities easier, moreefficient and faster. For this application,computers, Internet and shared software areneeded.In the e-commerce sector ,customers r, suppliers and employees benefitsfrom the usage of ICT.Customers use computers to beconnected online with suppliers topurchase products. This methodcan save time and costas they do not have to go to anyoutlets.CustomersSuppliers use computers to keeptrack of their transactions. Allproducts are bar coded and can beread by the computerscanner to help in determiningprices and managing inventory.SuppliersEmployees use computers andtelephones to communicate withtheir customers for any enquiries.The system helps employees toget the latest updates oninventory to be informed to thecustomers.Employees15
OTHER SECTORLESSON 4COMPUTERISED AND NON-COMPUTERISED SYSTEMSCOMPUTER SYSTEMA system is an arrangement of elements that whenit is put together it becomes an organised andestablished procedure. A system typically consistsof components connected together in order tofacilitate the flow of information, matter or energy.A computer system consists of a set of hardware and software whichprocesses data in a meaningful way.EDUCATION16
education is the science of teaching and learning of specific skillsit also imparts knowledge, good judgement and wisdomBANKING SYSTEMBANKING BEFORE ICT banking was done manually by takingdeposits directly transactions can only be made duringworking hours takes time to approve any loan applicationsBANKING WITH ICT all transactions are done by computers transaction can be done at anytime and place online services, phone banking system, creditcards are availableINDUSTRYINDUSTRY BEFORE ICTProduction was slow because everything was donemanually and totally depended on human labour.INDUSTRY WITH ICTComputers and telecommunications industry becamevery opular and profitable since production can beincreased through an all day operation.COMMERCECommerce is an activity of exchanging, buying and selling of commodities ona large scale involving transportation from place to place.COMMERCE BEFORE ICT Trading was made using the barter system and itwas then later developed into currency. Advertisement was in the form of word of mouth,billboards and printed flyers. Trading globally was extremely slow, late andexpensive. Traders had to find ways to market localproducts in the global market.17
COMMERCE WITH ICTE-commerce plays an important role in the economicscene. It includes distribution, buying, selling andservicing products that are done electronically.LESSON 5THE IMPACT OF ICT ON SOCIETYFASTER COMMUNICATION SPEEDIn the past, it took a long time for any news ormessages to be send. Now with the Internet, news ormessages are sent via e-mail to friends, businesspartners or to anyone efficiently. With the capability ofbandwidth, broadband and connection speed on theInternet, any information can travel fast and at aninstant. It saves time and is inexpensive.LOWER COMMUNICATION COSTUsing the Internet is cost-effective than the other modes of communicationsuch as telephone, mailing or courier service. It allows people to haveaccess to large amounts of data at a very low cost. With the Internet we donot have to pay for any basic services provided by the Internet.Furthermore, the cost of connection to the Internet is relatively cheap.RELIABLE MODE OF COMMUNICATIONComputers are reliable. With the internet, information could be accessed andretrieved from anywhere and at anytime. This makes it a reliable mode ofcommunication. However, the input to the computer is contributed byhumans. If the data passed to the computer is faulty, the result will be faultyas well. This is related to the term GIGO.GIGO is a short form for Garbage In Garbage Out. Itrefers to the quality of output produced according to theinput. Normally bad input produces bad output.18
EFFECTIVE SHARING OF INFORMATIONWith the advancement of ICT, information can be shared by people allaround the world. People can share and exchangeopinions, news and information through discussiongroups, mailing list and forums on the Internet. Thisenable knowledge sharing which will contribute to thedevelopment of knowledge based society.PAPERLESS ENVIRONMENTICT technology has created the term paperless environment. This termmeans information can be stored and retrieved through the digital mediuminstead of paper. Online communication via emails, online chat and instantmessaging also helps in creating the paperless environment.BORDERLESS COMMUNICATIONInternet offers fast information retrieval, interactivity, accessibility andversatility. It has become a borderless sources for services and information.Through the Internet, information and communication can be borderless.SOCIAL PROBLEMS19
There are some negative effects of ICT. It has created social problems in thesociety. Nowadays, people tend to choose online communication rather thanhaving real time conversations. People tend to become more individualisticand introvert.Another negative effect of ICT is : fraud identity theft Pornography HackingThis will result a moral decedent and generate threads to the society.HEALTH PROBLEMSA computer may harm users if they use it for long hours frequently.Computer users are also exposed to bad posture, eyestrain, physical andmental stress. In order to solve the health problems, an ergonomicenvironment can be introduced. For example, an ergonomic chair canreduces back strain and a screen filter is used to minimize eye strain.COMPUTER ETHICSAND LEGAL ISSUESLESSON 6COMPUTER ETHICSETHICS IN GENERALA guideline is needed to stop the current technology products from beingexploited for example replicating original CDs and selling them as piratedsoftware, this unethical behaviour can be controlled by the code of conducts.Unethical refers to any code of conducts that are not conforming toapproved standards of social or professional behaviour.Computer ethics is a system of moral standards or values used as aguideline for computer users.20
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF COMPUTER ETHICSThe United States Institute of Computer Ethics has come out with the TenCommandments of Computer Ethics. These principles consider the effectivecode of conducts for the proper use of information technology. The Tencommandments of computer ethics are :1.2.3.4.5.6.You shall not use a computer to harm other people.You shall not interfere with other people's computer work.You shall not snoop around in other people's computer files.You shall not use a computer to steal.You shall not use a computer to bear false witness.You shall not copy or use proprietary software for which youhave not paid.7. You shall not use other people's computer resources withoutauthorisation or proper compensation.8. You shall not appropriate other people's intellectual output.9. You shall think about the social consequences of the programyou are writing or the system you are designing.10. You shall always use a computer in ways that ensureconsideration and respect for your fellow humans.GUIDELINES ON THE E-MAIL AND INTERNET USAGESome guidelines from the Department of Public Services of Malaysia: use only individual e-mail address to forward individual opinionkeep the identity name and password a secret to avoid themisuse of your e-mail without your knowledgee-mail must be active to promptly reply the necessary actionsneeded for any mattersensure the total mail kept in the box is within the computerstorage capacityscan files regularly to avoid the transmission of virus from onecomputer to anotherdo not send e-mails that contain classified information which canbe used to tarnish other people or countrychoose a suitable time to search the Internet to save access timeand costbeware of prohibited sites which could affect one's moral,organisation or nationprint only relevant documents that you think can be used infuture to save costUNETHICAL COMPUTER CODE OF CONDUCTSWith the advancement of ICT, it is easy for anyone to retrieve yourinformation from the Internet. You may not realise that when you fill a formon the Internet, your information may be exposed and stolen.21
Examples of unethical computer code of conducts include: modifying certain information on the Internet, affecting theaccuracy of the informationselling information to other parties without the owner’spermissionusing information without authorizationinvolvement in stealing softwareinvasion of privacyIntellectual property refers to any product of human intellect that is uniqueand has value in the market place. This covers ideas, inventions, uniquename, computer program codes and many more.ETHICAL COMPUTER CODE OF CONDUCTSExamples of ethical computer code of conducts include: sending warning about viruses to other computer usersasking permission before sending any business advertisementsto othersusing information with authorizationLESSON 7THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ETHICS AND LAWDEFINITION OF ETHICSIn general, ethics is a moral philosophy where aperson makes a specific moral choice and sticks toit. On the other hand, ethics in computing meansmoral guidelines to refer to when using thecomputer and computer networks. This includesthe Internet.DEFINITION OF LAWLaw is a legal system comprising of rules and principles that govern theaffairs of a community and controlled by a political authority.Law differs from one country to another. In the era oftechnology, computer law is needed to clarify goods oractions that fall under the computer law. Computer lawrefers to all areas in law that requires an understandingof computer technology such as hardware, software andInternet.22
Examples of laws of computing in Malaysia include the MalaysianCommunication and Multimedia Act, the Computer Crime Act 1997 and theTelemedicine Act 1997.WHY DO WE NEED ETHICS AND LAW INCOMPUTING? Respecting OwnershipRespecting PrivacyRespecting PropertyRESPECTING OWNERSHIPWe must respect ownership by not stealing other people’s work either byduplicating or distributing it. Duplicating and distributing copies of audiotapes, video tapes and computer programs without permission andauthorisation from the individual or company that created the programare immoral and illegal.RESPECTING PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITYWe should respect other people's privacy and confidentiality by refrainingourselves from reading their mails or files without their permission. If we doso, it is considered as violating an individual’s rights to privacy andconfidentiality.RESPECTING PROPERTYProperty here means ownership. Since an individual data and informationare considered as property, therefore, an act of tampering and changingelectronic information is considered as vandalism and disrespect for otherpeople’s property.SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ETHICS AND LAWBoth ethics and law are complimentary to each other and are made: to guide user from misusing computersto create a healthy computer society, so that computers areused to contribute to a better lifeto prevent any crime23
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ETHICS AND LAWSETHICSGUIDELINEMORAL STANDARDSAs a guideline to computer users.Ethical behaviour is judged by moralstandards.Computer users are free to follow orignore the code of ethics.No punishment for anyone whoviolates ethics.Universal, can be applied anywhere,all over the world.To produce ethical computer users.FREE TO FOLLOWNO PUNISHMENTSUNIVERSALSPRODUCE ETHICAL COMPUTERUSERSIMMORALNot honouring computer ethicsmeans ignoring the moral elements(immoral).LAWCONTROLJUDICIAL STANDARDSMUST FOLLOWPENALTIES, IMPRISONMENTSAND OTHER PUNISHMENTSDEPENDS ON COUNTRYPREVENT MISUSING OF COMPUTERSCRIMEAs a rule to control computer users.Law is judged by judicial standards.Computer users must follow theregulations and law.Penalties, imprisonments and otherpunishments for those who break thelaw.Depends on country and state wherethe crime is committed.To prevent misuse of computers.Not honouring the law meanscommitting a crime.UNETHICAL VS. LAW BREAKING CONDUCTSUnethical: using the office computer to do personal thingsreading your friend’s e-mail without his or her permissionplagiarising and using materials from the Internet for your classassignment without giving credit to the original author.Law breaking: sending a computer virus via e-mailhacking into your school’s database to change your examinationresults.selling pirated software in a night market24
LESSON 8INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSDEFINITION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTYIntellectual Property refers to works created by inventors, authors andartists. These works are unique and have value in the market place. In ourdaily lives, we are surrounded by things that are protected by IP. Yourschool bags, your shoes and even your socks are protected by IntellectualProperty rights. Nike, Bata or Adidas, for example, are all protected by agroup of legal rights.INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWIntellectual Property laws cover ideas, inventions, literary creations, uniquenames, business models, industrial processes, computer program codes andmore.INVENTIONS PROTECTED BY INTELLECTUALPROPERTY LAWSAs businesses continue to expand globally, business owners must realise theimportance of getting professional advice on how to establish and safeguardtheir intellectual property rights. These include : TrademarksService marksTrade/company namesDomain namesGeographical indicationsCopyrightsPatentsExample : Protected by property law.25
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTIONThere are four types of Intellectual Property protection. They are patents forinvention, trademarks for brand identity, designs for product appearanceand copyright for material. Patents for inventionsTrademarks for brand identityDesign for product appearanceCopyright for materialPatents for inventionsUtility, design or plant patents that protect inventions and improvements toexisting inventionsTrademarks for brand identityWords, names, symbols, devices and images that represent products, goodsor services.Design for product appearanceLiterary and artistic material, music, films, sound recordings and roadcasts,including software and multimedia.Copyright for materialThe features of, in particular,the lines, contours, colours,shape, texture ormaterial of the product itself or its ornamentation.LESSON 9PRIVACY IN COMPUTER USAGEWHAT IS PRIVACY?Privacy in IT refers to data and information privacy.Data refers to a collection of raw unprocessed facts, figures andsymbols. Then, computer is used to process data into information. Ingeneral, data include texts, numbers, sounds, images and video.Information privacy is described as the rights of individuals and companiesto deny or restrict the collection and use of information about them.WAYS COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY THREATEN OURPRIVACYEvery time you click on an advertisement or register a software productonline, your information is entered into a database. Computer technologycan also threaten privacy through spam. Do you know what spam is? Spamis unsolicited e-mail messages, advertisements or newsgroup postings sentto many recipients at once.26
How does computer technology threaten the privacy of our data?It is done through: CookiesElectronic profileSpywareComputer technology threatens our privacy through electronic profiling. Forexample, when we fill out a form such as a magazine subscription,purchasing products or contest entry form on the Internet, this data is keptin the database. It will include age, address, marital status and otherpersonal details.Cookies are used to identify users by web casting,e-commerce and other web applications contain user information and are saved in thecomputer hard disk are used by some websites to store passwordsand track how regularly we visit a website,that’s how we become potential targets for webadvertisers enable web sites to collect information aboutyour online activities and store them for futureuse, then the collected details will be sold to any company thatrequests for it.Electronic profile electronic profile is the combining of data in adatabase that can be sold to the Internet by thecompany to the interested parties. this database is in a form such as magazinesubscription or product warranty cards thathad been filled by online subscribers. the information in electronic profile includespersonal details such as your age, address and marital status.Spyware refers to a program that collects userinformation without the user’s knowledge. can enter computers, sneaking in like a virus. is a result of installing new programs. communicates information it collects to someoutside source while we are online.27
WHY DO WE NEED PRIVACY?We need privacy for anonymity. For example, the Internet creates anelaborate trail of data detailing a person surfing on the Web because allinformation is stored inside cookies. We do not want our trail to be detected.We also need privacy for confidentiality. For example, online informationgenerated in the course of a business transaction is routinely used fora variety of other purposes without the individual’s knowledge or consent.We do not want our private lives and habits exposed to third parties.CAN PRIVACY BE PROTECTED?Privacy can be protected by:(a) Privacy lawThe privacy laws in Malaysia emphasises on the following: Security Services to review the security policy Security Management to protect the resources Security Mechanism to implement the required security services Security Objects, the important entities within the systemenvironment(b) Utilities softwareExample: anti-spam program, firewall, anti-spyware and antivirus.LESSON 10AUTHENTICATIONSAuthentication is a process where users verify that they are who they saythey are. The user who attempts to perform functions in a system is in factthe user who is authorised to do so.For Example : When you use an ATM card, the machine will verify thevalidation of the card then the machine will request for a pin number. Thisis where the authentication process takes place.28
AUTHENTICATIONIdentificationpresent what the user has (e.g. smart card)Not valid (F)Verificationverify thevalidity ofthe IDAccessdeniedValid (T)Valid (T)Identificationpresent what the user is (e.g. biometric)FalseAuthenticationauthenticatewhothe user isTrueAccess grantedMETHODS OF AUTHENTICATIONThere are two commonly used authentication methods, which are biometricdevice and callback system.Biometric device is a device thattranslates personal characteristicsinto a digital code that is comparedwith a digital code stored in thedatabase.Callback system refers to the checking system that authenticates the user.29
BIOMETRIC DEVICESFingerprint RecognitionIn order to prevent fake fingers from being used, manybiometrics fingerprint systems also measure blood flow,or check for correctly arrayed ridges at the edges of thefingers.Facial RecognitionFacial recognition analyses the characteristics of anindividual's face images captured through a digital videocamera. Facial recognition is widely used, touted as afantastic system for recognising potential threats(whether
TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY LESSON 1 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATION Communication has improved and evolved to facilitate our daily activities. In the 21st century, everything related to communication utilizes technology to ‘send
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Introduction to Information Security Lesson: Course Introduction Introduction You’ve probably heard of classified information.maybe in the news, in a spy movie, or in your job. But, do you understand what types of information are classified and why information is . from the lack of a standard information security system within the Government.File Size: 128KB
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