Transportation Vibration Measurement - ASTM International

Transportation VibrationMeasurement

Transportation VibrationMeasurement Free trade agreements have been on therise in all regions of the world in the pastdecade. This has allowed for global distribution andmarketing of products in an internationalmarket. Countries such as Mexico, China, India,Malaysia, even Vietnam are now regularlymentioned when many of us discuss thelogistics involved in our respectivedistribution systems.

Measurement and Analysisof Truck and Rail ShippingEnvironment in India

Truck and Rail Transportation Routes Investigated in India

35003000Surfaced RoadsTotal Length of SHTotal Length of NHSurfaced SHTotal and Surfaced National and State Highways in 1000'000 Kilometers252015000000Total Length of RoadsSurfaced NH

Roads Paved: Percentage of Total RoadsMalaysiaUKUSHong KongIndonesiaThailandIndiaSouth KoreaSingaporeChinaPercentage120100806040200

70060050040030020010002001-02Originating Freight (Million Tonne)2006-07Freight Tonne Km. (Billion Tonne)Projection for Railway Freight Traffic in India

Instrumentation Minimum Time TriggeredSampling: 10 min Trigger Threshold Level: 2.4G Minimum Sampling Rate: 651samples per second Minimum Recording Window:1.57 seconds Sample Size: 1024 Temperature/Humidity Intervals:Same as Vibration Sampling

Recorder Mounting The recorders were mounted directly on tothe vehicle (truck and rail) platform base. The recorders had a mounting platformthat was bolted to the base of the trailer orrail car floor. The recorders were always mounted at therear location of the truck bed and werepositioned on the curbside corner. This allowed measurements of the highestlevels of vibration conditions.

Power Spectral DensitySpectrums A typical power spectraldensity (PSD) functionshows the strength of thevariations (energy) as afunction of frequency. It shows at whichfrequencies variations arestrong and at whichfrequencies variations areweak. The unit of PSD is energy(Power Density in G2/Hz)versus frequency (Hz).1Suspension 3-4HzStructure (floor) 4055 Hz.01Power Density (G2/Hz).0001Tires 15-20 Hz.000001123102030Frequency (Hz)A Typical PSD Plot for TruckTransportation (US)100

Objectives Measure vibration levels in truck and railshipments of freight to various majordomestic and international regionsCompare the vibration levels in trucksversus railcars.Develop lab simulated vibration testmethods to simulate truck and railshipments.

ResultsIndia Rail Vibration Profiles1.00E-011.00E-02PSD (G 2/Hz)1.00E-031.00E-041.00E-05Lateral Input - 0.129 GrmsLongitudinal Input - 0.074 Grms1.00E-06Vertical Input - 0.204 GrmsISTA 4AB Rail - 0.120 GrmsISTA 3H Rail - 0.130 GrmsASTM D416 Rail Level II - 0.290 Grms1.00E-070110Frequency (Hz)1001000

India Rail Vibration Profiles: Lateral Input1.00E-011.00E-02PSD (G 2/Hz)1.00E-031.00E-041.00E-05Timer Triggered Events - Summary Average - 0.129 Grms1.00E-06Timer Triggered Events - Top-20th Percentile - 0.222GrmsHigh Amplitude Vibration Events ( 1G) - 0.328 GrmsISTA 4AB Rail - 0.120 Grms1.00E-070110Frequency (Hz)1001000

India Rail Vibration Profiles: Longitudinal Input1.00E-011.00E-02PSD (G 2/Hz)1.00E-031.00E-041.00E-05Timer Triggered Events - Summary Average - 0.074 Grms1.00E-06Timer Triggered Events - Top-20th Percentile - 0.117GrmsHigh Amplitude Vibration Events ( 1G) - 0.103 GrmsISTA 4AB Rail - Field Level - 0.120 Grms1.00E-070110Frequency (Hz)1001000

India Rail Vibration Profiles: Vertical Input1.00E-011.00E-02PSD (G 2/Hz)1.00E-031.00E-041.00E-05Timer Triggered Events - Summary Average - 0.204GrmsTimer Triggerd Events - Top-20th Percentile - 0.339GrmsHigh Amplitude Vibration Events ( 1G) - 0.216 Grms1.00E-06ISTA 4AB Rail - Field Level - 0.120 Grms1.00E-070110Frequency (Hz)1001000

India Truck Vibration Profiles: Lateral Input1.00E-011.00E-02PSD (G 2/Hz)1.00E-031.00E-041.00E-05ISTA Air Ride - Field Level - 0.136 GrmsISTA STeel Spring - Field Level - 0.242 Grms1.00E-06Timer Triggered Events - Summary Average - 0.138 GrmsTimer Triggered Events - Top-20th Percentile - 0.263 GrmsHigh Amplitude Vibration Events ( 1G) - 0.289 Grms1.00E-070110Frequency (Hz)1001000

India Truck Vibration Profiles: Longitudinal Input1.00E-011.00E-02PSD (G 2/Hz)1.00E-031.00E-041.00E-05ISTA Air Ride - Field Level - 0.136 GrmsISTA Steel Spring - Field Level - 0.242 Grms1.00E-06Timer Triggered Events - Summary Average - 0.063 GrmsTimer Triggered Events - Top-20th Precentile - 0.102 GrmsHigh Amplitude Vibration Events ( 1G) - 0.114 Grms1.00E-070110Frequency (Hz)1001000

India Truck Vibration Profiles: Vertical Input1.00E-011.00E-02PSD (G 2/Hz)1.00E-031.00E-041.00E-05ISTA Air Ride - Field Level - 0.136 GrmsISTA Steel Spring - Field Level - 0.242 Grms1.00E-06Timer Triggered Events - Summary Average - 0.151 GrmsTimer Triggered Events - Top-20th Percentile - 0.182 GrmsHigh Amplitude Vibration Events ( 1G) - 0.198 Grms1.00E-070110Frequency (Hz)1001000

Level al0.1293MeasuredRailLongitudinal0.0744Test Method ISTA 4ABRailVertical0.125Test Method ISTA 3HRailVertical0.136Test Method ASTM D 4169 Lev 6310Test Method ISTA 4ABTruck – Leaf SpringVertical0.24211Test Method ISTA 4ABTruck – Air RideVertical0.13612Test Method ASTM D4169 Lev IITruckVertical0.519

Composite Spectrum for TruckVertical Vibration in India2S. No.Frequency (Hz)Power Density (G 00.00002

Composite Spectrum for RailVertical Vibration2S. No.Frequency (Hz)Power Density (G 60.000080.000080.000010.00001

sS: Satellite TerminalM: Main TerminalLess-than-Truckload (LTL) operations

DATA SPECTRUMS Some sample power density spectrums fromvarious segments of transportationmeasurements conducted in the past yearglobally are shown on the next slides.This data is not be used for any simulationpurposes since they reflect partial segments ofthe measured environment.The intent is to show how the data varies indifferent regions when compared to levelsrecommended in existing other ISTA andASTM test methods.

China Vibration PSD's1.00E-01China Route 1 - 0.106 GrmsChina Route 2 - 0.196 Grms1.00E-02ISTA Air Ride - 0.136 GrmsPSD (G .01000.0Frequency (Hz)Vertical (bottom of trailer) Power Spectral Density (PSD) Spectrums fromEastern China, expressway, half-loaded, open trailer

India Vibration PSD's1.00E-01Route 1 - 0.147 GrmsRoute 2 - 0.160 Grms1.00E-02ISTA Air Ride - 0.136 GrmsPSD (G .01000.0Frequency (Hz)Vertical (bottom of trailer) Power Spectral Density (PSD)Spectrums from India

Six w heel truck on concretebottom vertical 201.00bottom vertical 40Power Densitybottom vertical 800.100.010.0001101001000Frequency (Hz)Vertical (bottom of trailer) PD Spectrums for Six Ton Truck on Concreteat Three Traveling Speeds of 20, 40 and 80 km/h in Thailand

Brazil Study Recently completed and published he truckdistribution environment in BrazilMeasurementDayCity11RJO – Rio de Janeiro ( RJ)22CPN – Campinas (SP)33SPO – São Paulo (SP)44CWB – Curitiba (PR)55VDA – Videira (SC)68IAI/ FLN – Itajaí (SC)79POA – Porto Alegre (RS)810MRU – Marau (RS)913RVE – Rio Verde (GO)1016REC – Recife (PE)

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Conclusions Comparison of the India Project data for bothtruck and rail vibration as compared to theASTM and ISTA shows that the measuredvertical vibration levels are more severe thanlevels used for existing test methods. The measured levels in lateral should be used inconjunction with vertical levels for packages andproducts that may not be perfectly cubed in thetrailer and result in void spaces. The truck andrail vibration data shows excessive lateral andlongitudinal movement in Asia and S. America.

Conclusions Recognition and appreciation for thehigher intensity vibration as compared tolevels from North America and Europe. There is a difference between vibrationlevels in “truck” versus “rail” shipmentsand are at different frequencies than thoseobserved in North America and Europe.

Reference MSU CDP studies1.2.3.4.5.6.7.Garcia-Romeu-Martinez, M., Singh, P., Cloquell-Ballester, V. “Measurement and Analysis Levelsfor Truck Transport in Spain as a Function of Payload, Suspension and Speed,” In Print.Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/pts.798Rissi, G. O., Singh S. P., Burgess, G., Singh, J. “Measurement and Analysis of Truck TransportEnvironment in Brazil,” Packaging Technology and Science, Published online in WileyInterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/pts.797Singh, S. P., Singh, J., Gaur, P., Saha, K. “Measurement and Analysis of Vibration Levels onWarehouse and Retail Store Material Handling Equipment,” Journal of Applied PackagingResearch, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2007Singh, S. P,, E. Joneson, J. Singh and G. Grewal, “Dynamic Analysis of Less than Truck LoadShipments and Test Method to Simulate this Environment”, Packaging Technology and Science,2007.Singh, S. P., A. P. S. Sandhu, E. Joneson and J. Singh, "Measurement and Analysis of Truck andRail Shipping Environment in India”, Accepted for publication, Journal of Packaging Technologyand Science, John Wiley and Sons, 2007.Singh, J., S. P. Singh, and E. Joneson. “Measurement and Analysis of U.S. Truck Vibration forLeaf Spring and Air Ride Suspensions and Development of Tests to Simulate these Conditions”.Packaging Technology and Science, Volume 19, Issue 6, Pages 309 – 323, 2006.Jarimopas B, S. P. Singh, and W. Saengnil, Measurement and Analysis of Truck TransportVibration Levels in Thailand and Damage to Packaged Tangerines During Transit. PackagingTechnology and Science, 18: 179-188, 2005.

6 Test Method ASTM D 4169 Lev II Rail Vertical 0.29 7 Measured Truck Vertical 0.161 8 Measured Truck Lateral 0.138 9 Measured Truck Longitudinal 0.063 10 Test Method ISTA 4AB Truck – Leaf Spring Vertical 0.242 11 Test Method ISTA 4AB Truck – Air Ride Vertical 0.136 12 Test Metho