For CSEC Examinations 3rd Edition

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Biologyfor CSEC Examinations 3rd EditionLinda Atwaroo-AliSeries Editor: Dr Mike TaylorCSEC is a registered trade mark of the Caribbean Examination Council (CXC).BIOLOGY FOR CSEC EXAMINATIONS THIRD EDITION is an independent publicationand has not been authorised, sponsored, or otherwise approved by CXC.

Macmillan Education4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XWA division of Macmillan Publishers LimitedCompanies and representatives throughout the world.www.macmillan-caribbean.comISBN 9780-230-47948-7 AERText Linda Atwaroo-Ali 2014Design and illustration Macmillan Publishers Limited 2014The author has asserted her rights to be identified as the author/s of this work in accordance with theCopyright, Design and Patents Act 1988.This edition published 2014First edition published 2003All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmittedin any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without theprior written permission of the publishers.Note to TeachersPhotocopies may be made, for classroom use, of pages 332–367 without the prior written permission ofMacmillan Publishers Limited. However, please note that the copyright law, which does not normallypermit multiple copying of published material, applies to the rest of this book.Designed by Macmillan EducationOriginal design by Jim Weaver DesignPage make-up by Orchard Publishing, Cape Town, South AfricaIllustrated by Raymond Turvey (Turvey Books Limited) & TechTypeCover design by Macmillan EducationCover Credit: Corbis/Walter Hodges (back cover), Digital Stock (front cover).Picture research by Cath DunnThe author and publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce their photographs:Alamy/Art Directors & TRIP p58(tl), Alamy/BANANA PANCAKE p262(cl), Alamy/Steve Bloom Images(xi), Alamy/NigelCattlin p266(br), Alamy/ Mark Conlin p72, Alamy/ Michael Grant p262(tl), Alamy/ David Hoffman Photo Libraryp68, Alamy/Image Source p279(tc,tr), Alamy/Brian Jackson p266(cr), Alamy/Robert Matton AB p273(blt), Alamy/Medical-on-Line p155(bl), Alamy/Richard Wareham Nassen p126(blt, blb), Alamy/Pidge Photography – Nature p9(tr),Alamy/Thomas Rey p7(tr), Alamy/Science Photo Library p266(bc), Alamy/ Gregg Vignal p278(br), Alamy/WILDLIFEGmbH p8(tl), Alamy/WildPictures p273(bl); Corbis/Paul Almasy p107, Corbis/Tom Bean p293, Corbis/Ken Cedenop58(tr), Corbis/ Dr. George Chapman/Visuals Unlimited p97, Corbis/ Frederic Courbet p235(br), Corbis/ CydneyConger p63(br), Corbis/ Terry W. Eggers p168(cr), Corbis/ Dave G. Houser p6(br), Corbis/Bob Krist p297, Corbis/ JoeMcDonald p9(tcr), Corbis/ Martin Meyer p108, Corbis/ David A. Northcott p16 (tl), Corbis/ Steve Raymer p155(br),Corbis/ J.B. Russel/Sygma p66, Corbis/ Simko/Visuals Unlimited p6(tr), Corbis/ Paul Thompson/Eye Ubiquitousp7(cl); Getty/AFP p316(br), Getty/Daryl Balfour p178(cl), Getty/Franco Banfi p16(tr), Getty/CMSP p138(br), Getty/DavidCavagnaro p265 (cl), Getty/Danita Delimont p18(br), Getty/DEA/C. DANI p168(cl), Getty/Karen Desjardin p311(tr), Getty/Christopher Futcher p311(tc), Getty/George Grall p209(cl), Getty/Andrew Howe p239(cl), Getty/Jim Jurica p126, Getty/LatitudeStock/Ian Brierley (vii, cr), Getty/Lionel LOURDEL p69(c), Getty/Jamie Marshall - Tribaleye Images p6(br), Getty/Matt Meadows p138(bl), Getty/Colin Milkins p245, Getty/Darlyne A. Murawski p29(tr), Getty/Nature/UIG p16(tc), Getty/OGphoto p266(tr), Getty/ Oxford Scientific p8(bl), Getty/Richard Packwood p49, Getty/Willi Schmitz p239(bl), Getty/Michael Sewell p235(bl), Getty/Steven Morris Photography p264, Getty/Andrew TB Tan p18(bl), Getty/VisionsofAmerica/Joe Sohm p54, Getty/Watt Jim P178(tl); MICROPRISM (chapter Headers); NASA p63(bl); Photoshot/ NHPA pp20,p65(tl,cl), Photoshot/Oceans-Image p65(bl); Psmicrographs/Power & Syred pp4(cl), 6(tl); Science Photo Librarypp155(bc), 185, Science Photo Library/STEVE ALLEN p265(br), Science Photo Library/CNRI p233, Science Photo Library/MARTYN F. CHILLMAID p344, Science Photo Library/E.R.DEGGINGER p9(tcl), Science Photo Library/WILLIAM ERVINp314 , Science Photo Library/EYE OF SCIENCE pp263(c, cr), 320, Science Photo Library/SIMON FRASER p36(br), SciencePhoto Library/SIMON FRASER, ROYAL VICTORIA INFIRMARY, NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE p188, Science Photo Library/STEVE GSCHMEISSNER p115, Science Photo Library/PROF. DAVID HALL p4(bl), Science Photo Library/ANDY HARMERp336(tr), Science Photo Library/ADAM HART-DAVIS p229(bl, br), Science Photo Library/STEPHEN J. KRASEMANN p30,Science Photo Library/ FRANCIS LEROY, BIOCOSMOS p255, Science Photo Library/JERRY MASON p322, Science PhotoLibrary/JOHN MEAD p69(bl), Science Photo Library/ASTRID & HANNS-FRIEDER MICHLER p6(tl), Science Photo Library/NATURE’S IMAGES P316(bc), Science Photo Library/CLAUDE NURIDSANY & MARIE PERENNOU p279 (bc), SciencePhoto Library/OMIKRON p211, Science Photo Library/David Parker p313, Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.p219, Science Photo Library/ DR MORLEY READ pp9(tl), 36(bl), 316(bl), Science Photo Library/J.C. REVY, ISM p197(cl,cll), Science Photo Library/FRANCOISE SAUZE p25, Science Photo Library/ CARL SCHMIDT-LUCHS p6(cl), SciencePhoto Library/MARK SMITH p9(cl), Science Photo Library/SUSUMU NISHINAG p151, Science Photo Library/ALEXISROSENFELD p336(cr), Science Photo Library/DAN SUZIO p197(crr), Science Photo Library/MARK THOMAS p55, SciencePhoto Library/MICHAEL W. TWEEDIE p315, Science Photo Library/WESTERN OPHTHALMIC HOSPITAL p231.Map p255- Reproduced with the permission of the publisher from Global Health Report- Adult HIV Prevelance(15-19years) 2011 by WHO Region (http://www.who.int/gho/hiv/hiv 013.jpg)These materials may contain links for third party websites. We have no control over, and are not responsiblefor, the contents of such third party websites. Please use care when accessing them.Although we have tried to trace and contact copyright holders before publication, in some cases this has notbeen possible. If contacted we will be pleased to rectify any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity.9780230438835 CSEC Biology 3e.indb 205-08-2014 3:23:13PM

ContentsSeries PrefaceviiAbout this BookviiiSection A: Living Organisms in theEnvironment12345Chapter summaryAnswers To ITQsExamination-style questionsThe Variety of Living OrganismsCharacteristics of lifeThe major groups of organismsClassification of organisms on the basis of visiblecharacteristicsThe binomial systemChapter summaryAnswers To ITQsExamination-style questions910121313Ecology and the Impact of Abiotic Factors onLiving OrganismsEcologyEnvironmental factorsEcosystem, habitat, population, communityDistribution of speciesChapter summaryAnswers To ITQsExamination-style questions15715151617212224Feeding Relationships between OrganismsProducers and consumersHerbivores, carnivores and omnivoresPredators and preyFood websDecomposers and detritivoresSpecial relationshipsChapter summaryAnswers To ITQsExamination-style questionsEcosystem, Habitat, Population, CommunityTrapping the Sun’s energyPyramids of energyPyramids of numbersPyramids of biomassBioaccumulationChapter summaryAnswers To ITQsExamination-style questionsThe Cycling of NutrientsBiogeochemical cyclesThe carbon cycleThe nitrogen cycleAcid rain2336Population Growth, Natural Resources andtheir LimitsGrowth of natural populationsResources and their limitsChapter summaryAnswers To ITQsExamination-style questionsThe Effects of Human Activity on the EnvironmentHumans and the environmentEndangered and vulnerable organismsOther effects of human activityImpact of human activities on marine and wetlandenvironmentsImpact of increase in greenhouse gasesConservation and restoration of the environmentChapter summaryAnswers To ITQsExamination-style questions2424252627 Section B: Life Processes and Disease288Cells29Why we need microscopes30Plant and animal cells30Unicellular microbes31Cell specialisation in multicellular organisms33Movement of substances into and out of cells33Chapter summary37Answers To ITQs37Examination-style questions389Photosynthesis39Plants are the food supply for animals40Photosynthesis40Products of photosynthesis40Limiting factors in photosynthesis42Etiolation42Chapter summary43Answers To ITQs46Examination-style 87879808183878889919192969697989899iii

10 Feeding and DigestionDietA balanced dietMalnutritionHolozoic nutritionDigestion and absorption along the alimentary canalAssimilationFunctions of the liverChapter summaryAnswers To ITQsExamination-style questions11 RespirationAerobic respirationAnaerobic respirationChapter summaryAnswers To ITQsExamination-style questions100 16 Excretion, Osmoregulation and Homeostasis101Metabolism106Excretory products in animals107Excretory products in plants108The human excretory system111Osmoregulation116Homeostasis117Chapter summary117Answers To ITQs118Examination-style questions11917 Movement122The importance of movement in animals122Movement in plants125The skeleton of humans127Chapter summary128Answers To ITQs128Examination-style 920520520612 Gaseous Exchange130 18 Irritability, Sensitivity and CoordinationImportance of gaseous exchange in humans130IrritabilityMechanism of gaseous exchange in humans131StimulusImportance and mechanism of gaseous exchangeThe sense organs of humansin plants135The nervous systemCharacteristics common to gaseous exchange surfaces 135The endocrine systemThe effects of smoking137Drugs and the effects of drug abuseChapter summary139Chapter summaryAnswers To ITQs140Answers To ITQsExamination-style questions140Examination-style questions20820920921021121721922222322413 Transport and Defence in Animals142 19 The Eye, the Ear and the SkinThe need for a transport system142The eyeThe circulatory system of humans143How we seeBlood149Sight defects and their correctionsHypertension152The earThe role of blood in defending the body against disease 153How we hearChapter summary156BalanceAnswers To ITQs157The skinExamination-style questions159Temperature regulation in humansTemperature regulation in birds14 Transport in Plants160Skin careThe importance of transport in plants160Chapter summaryTransport systems of plants161Answers To ITQsMovement of water through a plant163Examination-style questionsTranspiration166Adaptations in plants to conserve water167 20 Reproduction in AnimalsUptake and movement of mineral salts168ReproductionTransport of manufactured food168Reproduction in humansChapter summary170The male reproductive systemAnswers To ITQs170The female reproductive systemExamination-style questions172Hormones of the gonadsFertilisation15 Storage in Plants and Animals173Development of the embryo, fetus and placentaWhy do organisms store food?173BirthFood storage in plants173The role of contraceptionFood storage in animals178HIV/AIDS and other STDsChapter summary179Chapter summaryAnswers To ITQs179Answers To ITQsExamination-style questions180Examination-style 2iv244244246246247248250250252253254256256258

21 Reproduction in PlantsLife cycle of a plantStructure of a flowerPollinationFertilisation and development of seedDispersalChapter summaryAnswers To ITQsExamination-style questions22 Disease and HumansHealth and diseasePathogenic diseases and vectorsSocial and economic implications of diseaseChapter summaryAnswers To ITQsExamination-style questionsSection C: Continuity and Variation23 MitosisChromosome numberThe cell cycleImportance of maintaining species chromosomenumberThe process of mitosisMitosis and asexual reproductionChapter summaryAnswers To ITQsExamination-style questions259 24 Meiosis259The importance of meiosis261The process of meiosis262Significance of meiosis263Chapter summary264Answers To ITQs267Examination-style questions26725 Heredity and Genetics269Genes271Examples of genetic effects271Pedigree charts273Chapter summary275Answers To ITQs275Examination-style questions27626 Variation and Evolution276Genetic variationImportance of genetic variationDNA testing and forensic scienceNatural selection278Artificial selection278Mutation279Genetic engineeringChapter summary281Answers To ITQs282Examination-style questions282287287 Section D: School-Based Assessment28827 School-Based AssessmentPractical work in BiologySchool-Based Assessment v

Series Preface, 3rd editionMacmillan’s textbooks for the Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate (CSEC)Science subjects have been written by teachers with many years’ experience ofpreparing students for success in their examinations. These revised third editionshave been written to align with the new CXC syllabuses (to be first examined in2015). Additional practical activities have been included to reflect the new emphasison practical work, and new features (such as group work and discussion activities)will help teachers to cater to a variety of different learning styles within theclassroom.These books are specially designed to stimulate learning, whatever the reader’sneeds. Students starting a topic from scratch may need to be led through theexplanation one step at a time, while those with prior knowledge of a topic mayneed to clarify a detail, or reinforce their understanding. Others may simply need tocheck that they understand the material.Each CSEC science syllabus specifies the areas to be used for the School-BasedAssessment (SBA). Each book in the series has a section designed to help studentswith their SBA, by offering advice on how to approach the task, presentingexamples of good SBA work or suggesting suitable material to use within it.Teachers are free to photocopy these pages.The CSEC Science series covers everything a student needs pass their CSECexamination, as well as providing a firm foundation for more advanced study atCAPE level.Dr Mike TaylorSeries Editorvii

Biology for CSEC Examinations 3rd Edition Linda Atwaroo-Ali Series Editor: Dr Mike Taylor CSEC is a registered trade mark of the Caribbean Examination Council (CXC). BIOLOGY FOR CSEC EXAMINATIONS THIRD EDITION is an independent publication and has not

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