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SpecificationGCE EconomicsEdexcel Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Economics (8EC01)First examination 2009Edexcel Advanced GCE in Economics (9EC01)First examination 2010Issue 4

About this specificationEdexcel GCE in Economics is designed for use in school and colleges. It is a part of a suite of GCEqualifications offered by Edexcel.Key features of the specificationHow is the new specification different from the previous one?Unit 1 Competitive Markets — How They Work and Why They Fail, is an amalgamation of the former Unit 1and Unit 2 and parts of Unit 5a. There is greater emphasis on information problems in markets and factorsinfluencing the demand and supply of labour.Unit 2 Managing the Economy, is based on the former Unit 3. It will include specific mention of the factorsinfluencing the components of Aggregate Demand such as the wealth effect on consumption and causes andcosts of growth for developed and developing economies.Unit 3 Business Economics and Economic Efficiency, is based on the former Unit 4; with the addition ofbarriers to market entry and exit; economics of scale and game theory.Unit 4 The Global Economy, is based on the former Unit 6 and parts of Unit 5b. Includes the use of policies bygovernments to achieve their macro and microeconomic objectives; international trade, (including exchangerates and comparative advantage) and globalisation; the competitiveness of different countries; poverty andinequality in countries and what can be done to prompt their growth and development.What about assessment?One of the key changes to the qualification is that Unit 4 The Global Economy will have a 60 per centweighting and Unit 3 Business Economics and Economic Efficiency will have 40 per cent weighting for the A2year. This means that a longer amount of the time in the second year can be spent teaching Unit 4 and shouldenable students to gain from experience and greater maturity when taking their Unit 4 examination.A combination of assessment techniques will be used — multiple-choice questions, where the students haveto write a justification of the answer chosen; data response questions, where the students apply shorterresponse answers to a context or essay questions to enable students to develop their arguments, applyeconomic models or make links between different parts of the specification and draw their own conclusions.Why choose this specification?RationaleThe Edexcel GCE in Economics has been designed in consultation with schools and colleges that are centresof teaching excellence, universities, multinational business and a professional economist. The main aims ofthis specification are to: give the teacher and the student more specific guidance on what students are expected to know in thesubject address up-to-date economic theory offer rigorous, yet engaging content, for example students should be able to study topics such asthe need for carbon emissions trading or why the prices of shares on the stock market change act as natural progression from the new Edexcel GCSE in Business and Economics.Supporting youEdexcel aims to provide the most comprehensive support for our qualifications. We have therefore publishedour own dedicated suite of resources for teachers and students written by qualification experts. We alsoendorse a wide range of materials from other publishers to give you a choice of approach.For more information on our wide range of support and services for this GCE in Economics qualification, visitour GCE website:www.edexcel.com.Specification updatesThis specification is Issue 4 and is valid for Advanced Subsidiary (AS) examination from 2009 and A2examination from 2010. If there are any significant changes to the specification Edexcel will write to centres tolet them know. Changes will also be posted on our website.For more information please visit www.edexcel.com/ or www.edexcel.com/gce2008.Edexcel GCE in Economics Edexcel Limited 2010Introduction1

ContentsA Specification at a glance4BSpecification overview6Summary of assessment requirements6Assessment objectives and weightings6Relationship of assessment objectives to units7Qualification summary7C Economics unit content11Course structure12Unit 1 Competitive Markets — How They Work and Why They Fail13Unit 2 Managing the Economy23Unit 3 Business Economics and Economic Efficiency35Unit 4 The Global Economy45D Assessment and additional information255Assessment information55Additional information59Contents Edexcel Limited 2010Edexcel GCE in Economics

ContentsEFResources, support and training63Resources to support the specification63Edexcel’s own published resources63Edexcel publications63Additional resources endorsed by Edexcel64Support65Training66Appendices67Appendix 1 Performance descriptions69Appendix 2 Key skills mapping73Appendix 3 Key skills development75Appendix 4 Wider curriculum81Appendix 5 Codes83Appendix 6 Further resource and support85Appendix 7 Disability Discrimination Act91Edexcel GCE in Economics Edexcel Limited 2010Contents3

A Specification at a glanceASUnit 1: Competitive Markets — How They Work andWhy They Fail Externally assessed*Unit code 6EC0150%of thetotal ASmarks Availability: January and June First assessment: January 200925% ofthe totalGCEmarksContent summary:This unit provides an introduction to the nature of economics and examines how theprice mechanism allocates resources in markets. It analyses the nature of marketfailure, its causes and possible policy remedies. At the end of this unit, students shouldbe able to apply supply and demand analysis to real-world situations; to understandwhy markets might not allocate resources efficiently and the methods of dealing withmarket failure, together with an evaluation of their effectiveness.Assessment:Examination of 1 hour 30 minutes, consisting of supported multiple-choice questionsand one data response question out of a choice of two questions.AS Unit 2: Managing the Economy*Unit code 6EC02 Externally assessed50%of thetotal ASmarks Availability: January and June First assessment: June 200925% ofthe totalGCEmarksContent summary:This unit introduces the key measures of economic performance and the mainobjectives and instruments of economic policy. Students should be able to use a basicAD/AS model to understand why demand and/or supply side policies may be seen asappropriate ways of managing an economy; predict the possible impact of such policiesand to recognise the assumptions involved; argue for different approaches and identifycriteria for success.Assessment:Examination of 1 hour 30 minutes, consisting of one data response question out of achoice of two questions.* See Appendix 5 for description of this code and all other codes relevant to this qualification.4Section A Edexcel Limited 2010Edexcel GCE in Economics

Specification at a glance AA2 Unit 3: Business Economics and Economic Efficiency Externally assessed*Unit code 6EC0340%of thetotal A2marks Availability: January and June First assessment: January 201020% ofthe totalGCEmarksContent summary:This unit develops the content of Unit 1 and examines how the pricing and nature ofcompetition between firms is affected by the number and size of market participants. Atthe end of this unit, students should be able to analyse the pricing and output decisionsof firms in different contexts. They should also be capable of making an appraisal ofgovernment intervention aimed at promoting competitive markets.Assessment:Examination of 1 hour 30 minutes, consisting of supported multiple-choice questionsand one data response question out of a choice of two questions.A2 Unit 4: The Global Economy*Unit code 6EC04 Externally assessed60%of thetotal A2marks Availability: June First assessment: June 201030% ofthe totalGCEmarksContent summary:This unit develops the knowledge and skills gained in Unit 2 so that they can be appliedin a global context. The application, analysis and evaluation of economic models isrequired as well as an ability to assess policies which might be used to deal witheconomic problems. An awareness of trends and developments in the global economyover the last 10 years is required.Assessment:Examination of 2 hours, consisting of one essay question with two parts from a choiceof three topic areas, and one data response question out of a choice of two questions.Edexcel GCE in Economics Edexcel Limited 2010Section A5

B Specification overviewSummary of assessment requirementsUnit number andunit titleLevelAssessment informationNumberof marksallocated inthe unitUnit 1: CompetitiveMarkets — HowThey Work andWhy They FailASExamination length: 1 hour 30 minutes80 marksSupported multiple-choice questions where students write ashort justification of why they chose that answer and/or whythe other answers are incorrect. Worth 32 marks.One data response question out of a choice of two questions.Worth 48 marks.Unit 2: Managingthe EconomyAS80 marksExamination length: 1 hour 30 minutesOne data response question out of a choice of two questions.Worth 50 marks.Last question of data response will be open ended.Worth 30 marks.Unit 3: BusinessEconomicsand EconomicEfficiencyA272 marksExamination length: 1 hour 30 minutesSupported multiple-choice questions where students write ashort justification of why they chose that answer and/or whythe other answers are incorrect. Worth 32 marks.One data response question out of a choice of two questions.Worth 40 marks.Unit 4: The GlobalEconomyA2100 marksExamination length: 2 hoursOne essay question with two parts from a choice of threetopic areas. Worth 50 marks.One data response question out of a choice of two questions.Worth 50 marks.Assessment objectives and weightings% in AS% in A2% in GCEAO1Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the specifiedcontent.27.5%22%24.75%AO2Apply knowledge and understanding of the specified contentto problems and issues arising from both familiar andunfamiliar situations.27.5%22%24.75%AO3Analyse economic problems and issues.22.5%28%25.25%AO4Evaluate economic arguments and evidence, making 6Section B Edexcel Limited 2010Edexcel GCE in Economics

Specification overview BRelationship of assessment objectives to unitsUnit numberAO1AO2AO3AO4Unit 130%30%20%20%Unit 225%25%25%25%AS weighting27.5%27.5%22.5%22.5%Unit 325%25%25%25%Unit 420%20%30%30%A2 weighing22%22%28%28%Total forAdvanced GCE24.75%24.75%25.25%25.25%Qualification summarySubject criteriaThe General Certificate of Education is part of the Level 3 provision.This specification is based on the Advanced Subsidiary GCE andAdvanced GCE subject criteria for Economics; which are prescribedby the regulatory authorities and are mandatory for all awardingbodies.The GCE in Economics has been designed to meet the QCA subjectcriteria for Economics.AimsThe aims of the Advanced GCE in Economics are to: develop an interest in and enthusiasm for the study of the subject appreciate the contribution of economics to the understanding ofthe wider economic and social environment develop an understanding of a range of concepts and an abilityto use these concepts in a variety of different contexts help students to use an enquiring, critical and thoughtfulapproach to the study of economics and an ability to think as aneconomist develop in students the skills, qualities and attitudes which willequip them for the challenges, opportunities and responsibilitiesof adult and working life.Edexcel GCE in Economics Edexcel Limited 2010Section B7

B Specification overviewAS/A2 knowledgeand understandingThis Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced GCE specificationrequires students to: develop an understanding of economic concepts and theoriesthrough critical consideration of current economic issues,problems and instructions that affect everyday life analyse, explain and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses ofthe market economy and the role of government within it develop a critical approach to economic models and methods ofenquiry.This Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary GCE specification requiresstudents to: understand and use simple micro- and macro-economic models.Micro-economic models are covered in Unit 1 where studentswill look at the working of the market mechanism in relation toparticular markets, for example commodities, labour or stockmarket macro-economic market models appear in Unit 2 where studentswill study the main macro-economic policy instruments andenable them to predict the possible impact of such policies andto recognise the assumptions involved. Comparisons of economicmeasures between developed and developing countries in Unit 2enable students to draw on an international context be aware of the assumption of the basic model of supply anddemand and understand why supply-side and/or demandside policies may be seen as appropriate ways of managing aneconomy (see Unit 2) develop an understanding of the range of ways in which marketsmay fail; understand the implications of market failure forindividuals, firms and government (see Unit 1).8Section B Edexcel Limited 2010Edexcel GCE in Economics

Specification overview BThis Edexcel Advanced Level GCE specification requires students to: use and evaluate more complex models involving more variables,for example pricing and output decisions under different marketstructures (see Unit 3) apply models to a wider range of contexts, for example studentsshould consider the causes and consequences of inequality indeveloped and developing countries (see Unit 4) develop the ability to apply and evaluate economic models asrepresented in written, numerical and graphical form, for examplein Unit 3 students will need to be able to draw a cost curve andexplain its shape in terms of diminishing marginal returns andeconomies of scale be able to propose possible solutions to problems, for examplein Unit 4, students have to apply concepts and theories whichmay be appropriate to promote growth and development in aparticular economy understand the relationships and linkages which underpinmacro-economic models, for example in Unit 4, students shouldunderstand global factors which influence a country’s exchangerate be able to predict the possible impact of policy changes on local,national and international economies, for example in Unit 4 theAD/AS model is applied in analysing and evaluating the use ofpolicies to achieve economic objectives be able to evaluate the effectiveness of government policiesacross a range of contexts, for example in Unit 4, studentshave to examine government policy to increase internationalcompetitiveness and how they may affect particular nationalindustries.AS/A2 skillsThis Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced GCE specificationrequires students to select, interpret and evaluate different typesof data from multiple sources, for example in Unit 4 students haveto identify constraints on growth and development in differenteconomies and reasons for their different growth rates.In this specification, ‘recent historical data’ is defined as beingwithin the last 7 to 10 years.Edexcel GCE in Economics Edexcel Limited 2010Section B9

B Specification overview10Section B Edexcel Limited 2010Edexcel GCE in Economics

C Economics unit contentUnit 1 Competitive Markets — How They Work and Why They Fail13Unit 2 Managing the Economy23Unit 3 Business Economics and Economic Efficiency35Unit 4 The Global Economy45Edexcel GCE in Economics Edexcel Limited 2010Section C11

C Economics unit contentCourse structure Edexcel’s GCE in Economics comprises four units and contains anAdvanced Subsidiary subset of two AS units. The Advanced Subsidiary GCE is the first half of the GCE courseand consists of Units 1 and 2. It may be awarded as a discretequalification or contribute 50 per cent of the total Advanced GCEmarks. The full Advanced GCE award consists of the two AS units(Units 1 and 2), plus two A2 units (Units 3 and 4) which makeup the other 50 per cent of the Advanced GCE. Students wishingto take the full Advanced GCE must, therefore, complete all fourunits. The structure of this qualification allows teachers to construct acourse of study which can be taught and assessed either as:12Section C distinct modules of teaching and learning with related units ofassessment taken at appropriate stages during the course; or a linear course which is assessed in its entirety at the end. Edexcel Limited 2010Edexcel GCE in Economics

Competitive Markets — How They Work and Why They FailUnit 1 AScompulsory unitExternally assessed1.1 Unit descriptionAbout this unitThis unit provides an introduction to the nature of economics andexamines how the price mechanism allocates resources in markets.It analyses the nature of market failure, its causes and possiblepolicy remedies. At the end of this unit, students should be ableto apply supply and demand analysis to real world situations; tounderstand why markets might not allocate resources efficientlyand the methods of dealing with market failure, together with anevaluation of their effectiveness.Students are expected to: interpret data presented in different forms, for example, tables,graphs and index numbers; carry out simple calculations, forexample, percentages and percentage change; distinguishbetween real and nominal data.1.2 Assessment informationExamination length: 1 hour 30 minutesSupported multiple-choice questions where students write a shortjustification of why they chose that answer and/or why the otheranswers are incorrect. Worth 32 marks.One data response question out of a choice of two questions. Worth48 marks.Total for paper: 80 marksEdexcel GCE in Economics Edexcel Limited 2010Section C13

Unit 1Competitive Markets — How They Work and Why They Fail1.3 Unit content1.3.1 What is the nature of economics?What students need to learn:ContentStudents should be able to:Additional guidance notesScarcityUnderstand the problem ofunlimited wants and finiteresources.Students should understand thatthe economic problem is facedby consumers, producers and thegovernment.Distinguish between renewableand non-renewable resources.Students should understand themeaning of sustainable resources.Use production possibilityfrontiers to depict opportunitycost, economic growth and theefficient allocation of resources.Marginal analysis is required todepict opportunity cost. A basicdefinition of economic growth isrequired along with knowledge ofthe factors which might cause theproduction possibility frontier toshift outwards or inwards.ProductionpossibilityfrontiersDistinguish between movementsalong and shifts in productionpossibility frontiers.Specialisation andthe division oflabourUnderstand the advantages anddisadvantages of specialisationand the division of labour.AS students are not expectedto have an understanding ofinternational specialisation andcomparative advantage.Free market andmixed economiesUnderstand the advantages anddisadvantages of a free marketeconomy and why there aremixed economies.Students are not expectedto have an understanding ofcentrally planned economies.Positive andnormativeeconomicsDistinguish between objectivestatements and valuejudgements on economic issues.Students should know that valuejudgements influence economicdecision making and policy.14Section C Edexcel Limited 2010Edexcel GCE in Economics

Competitive Markets — How They Work and Why They FailUnit 11.3.2 What determines the demand for a good or service in a market?What students need to learn:ContentStudents should be able to:Additional guidance notesMovement alongthe demand curveUnderstand how a change inprice causes a movement alonga demand curve.Students are not expected tohave an understanding of utilitytheory or indifference curveanalysis.Shifts in thedemand curveUnderstand factors which maycause a shift in the demandcurve, for example, changesin the price of substitutes orcomplementary goods; changesin real income and tastes.Price, income andcross elasticities ofdemandExplain price, income andcross elasticities of demand.Understand factors thatinfluence elasticities of demandand their significance to firmsand government.Students may have to calculateand interpret numerical valuesof price, income and crosselasticity of demand.Understand the relationshipbetween price elasticity ofdemand and total revenue.Students should understandthe significance of elasticity tofirms and government in termsof the imposition of indirecttaxes and subsidies; changesin real income and changesin the price of substitute andcomplementary goods.Edexcel GCE in Economics Edexcel Limited 2010Section C15

Unit 1Competitive Markets — How They Work and Why They Fail1.3.3 What determines the supply of a good or service in a market?What students need to learn:ContentStudents should be able to:Additional guidance notesMovement alongthe supply curveUnderstand how a change inprice causes a movement alongthe supply curve.AS students are not expectedto understand the relationshipbetween marginal costs andsupply.Shifts in the supplycurveUnderstand the factors whichmay cause a shift in the supplycurve, for example, changesin the costs of production, theintroduction of new technology,indirect taxes and governmentsubsidies.Producer cartels may be asignificant determinant of supplyin some markets, for example,oil.Explain price elasticity ofsupply; understand factorsthat influence price elasticity ofsupply.Students may have to calculateand interpret numerical valuesof price elasticity of supply.Price elasticity ofsupplyStudents should be able to applyboth specific and ad valoremtaxes to a market.Distinguish between the shortrun and long run in economicsand understand its significanceto price elasticity of supply.16Section C Edexcel Limited 2010Edexcel GCE in Economics

Competitive Markets — How They Work and Why They FailUnit 11.3.4 What determines the price of a good or service in a market?What students need to learn:ContentStudents should be able to:Additional guidance notesDetermination ofmarket equilibriumExplain equilibrium price andquantity and how they aredetermined.Students should understandthat shifts in demand andsupply curves will change theequilibrium price and quantity.Understand how the operation ofmarket forces eliminates excessdemand and excess supply.Consumer andproducer surplusDistinguish between consumerand producer surplus.Illustrate consumer andproducer surplus on a demandand supply diagram.Functions of theprice mechanismEdexcel GCE in EconomicsUnderstand the rationing,incentive and signallingfunctions of the pricemechanism for allocating scarceresources. Edexcel Limited 2010Students should understandhow changes in demand orsupply might affect consumerand producer surplus.The price mechanism may beconsidered in the context ofproduct, commodity and labourmarkets.Section C17

Unit 1Competitive Markets — How They Work and Why They Fail1.3.5 How might the change in price of a good or service be explained?What students need to learn:ContentStudents should be able to:Additional guidance notesPrice mechanismApply the price mechanismin markets, such as goods,services, commodities or labour.Students should be able to applythe determinants of demand andsupply to various markets, forexample, price of stock marketshares, oil, precious metals andagricultural commodities.Indirect taxes andsubsidiesUse supply and demand analysisto demonstrate the impact andincidence of taxes and subsidieson consumers, producers andthe government.Students should be aware ofthe importance of elasticitiesof demand and supply,for example, in relation togovernment indirect taxes andsubsidies.18Section C Edexcel Limited 2010Edexcel GCE in Economics

Competitive Markets — How They Work and Why They FailUnit 11.3.6 What determines the wage rate for labour in a market?What students need to learn:ContentStudents should be able to:Additional guidance notesDemand and supplyof labourUnderstand the factors whichinfluence the demand andsupply of labour.Students are not expectedto use marginal revenueproductivity theory in explainingthe demand for labour.Recognise that demand forlabour is derived from thedemand for the final product itmakes (derived demand).AS students are not requiredto use the backward slopingsupply curve for labour and arenot required to use monopsonyanalysis.Understand that factorsinfluencing the supply of labourinclude population migration,income tax and benefits,government regulations (forexample, national minimumwage) and trade unions.Edexcel GCE in Economics Edexcel Limited 2010Section C19

Unit 1Competitive Markets — How They Work and Why They Fail1.3.7 Why do some markets fail?What students need to learn:ContentStudents should be able to:Additional guidance notesMarket failureDefine and understand differenttypes of market failure.Students should understand thatmarket failure is when the pricemechanism causes an inefficientallocation of resources.The types of market failureconsidered at AS level areexternalities, public goods,imperfect market information,labour immobility and unstablecommodity markets.ExternalitiesPublic goodsIllustrate external costs andexternal benefits using marginalanalysis, distinguishing betweenthe market and social optimumpositions. The welfare loss orgain areas are required.Students are required only toillustrate the external costs fromproduction and external benefitsfrom consumption.Understand the impact ofexternalities and governmentintervention in various markets,for example, transport, healthcare, education, environment,waste disposal and recycling.Students should assess thecosts and benefits from majorinvestment projects such assporting events and transportinfrastructure improvements.Explain why public goods maynot be provided by the market.Students should understandthe free rider and valuationproblems.Distinguish between public andprivate goods.20Section C Edexcel Limited 2010Edexcel GCE in Economics

Competitive Markets — How They Work and Why They FailContentStudents should be able to:Imperfect marketinformationDistinguish between symmetricand asymmetric information.Unit 1Additional guidance notesUnderstand how imperfectmarket information may lead toa misallocation of resources, forexample, health care, education,pensions, tobacco and alcohol.Labour immobilityUnderstand geographical andoccupational immobility oflabour may result in structuralunemployment.Students should understandthe significance of house pricesfor restricting the geographicalmobility of labour and the skillsshortage for restricting theoccupational mobility of labour.Assess government measuresto reduce factor immobility suchas training programmes andrelocation subsidies.Unstablecommodity marketsUnderstand the causes andeffects of fluctuating commodityprices on consumers andproducers.Assess the impact ofgovernment intervention in theform of minimum prices andbuffer stocks. Use diagrammaticanalysis for minimum prices andbuffer stocks.Edexcel GCE in Economics Edexcel Limited 2010Students should understandhow uncertainty in production(for example, climatic) and timelags may affect supply and thesignificance of price and incomeelasticity of demand.Students are not expected touse diagrammatic analysis ofthe cobweb model.Section C21

Unit 1Competitive Markets — How They Work and Why They Fail1.3.8 How do governments attempt to correct market failure?What students need to learn:ContentStudents should be able to:Additional guidance notesMethods ofgovernmentinterventionUnderstand the differentmeasures of governmentintervention to correct marketfailure, for example, indirecttaxation, subsidies, bufferstocks, tradable pollutionpermits, extension of propertyrights, state provision andregulation.Students should be able to applygovernment economic measuresin various contexts, for example,road pricing, landfill tax, carbonoffsetting and carbon emissionstrading, renewable energycertificates.Apply, analyse and assess theeffectiveness of each methodof government intervention forcorrecting market failure.1.3.9 What is government failure?What students need to learn:ContentStudents should be able to:Additional guidance notesGovernment failureDefine and explain differenttypes of government failure, forexample, undesirable outcomesfrom agricultural stabilisationpolicies; environmental policies;transport, housing and thenational minimum wage.Students should understand thatgovernment intervention mayresult in a net welfare loss.22Section C Edexcel Limited 2010Students should understandthe economic arguments forand against an increase in thenational minimum wage.Edexcel GCE in Economics

the EconomyUnit 2 ManagingAS compulsory unitExternally assessed2.1 Unit descriptionAbout this unitThis unit provides an introduction to the key measures of economicperformance and the main objectives and instruments of economicpolicy. Students should be able to use a basic aggregate demand/aggregate supply model to understand why demand and/or supplyside policies may be seen as appropriate ways of managing aneconomy; predict the possible impact of such policies and torecognise the assumptions involved; argue for different approachesand identify criteria for success.Students will be required to do simple calculations involvingpercentage changes and index numbers and use simple statisticaltools to analyse changes in distribution, for example deciles. Theywill also be required to interpret diagrams and construct simplegraphs.2.2 Assessment informationExamination length: 1 hour 30 minutesOne data response question out of a choice of two questions. Worth50 marks.Last question of data response will be open ended. Worth 30 marks.Total for paper: 80 marksEdexcel GCE in Economics Edexcel Limited 2010Section C23

Unit 2Managing the Economy2.3 Unit content2.3.1 How do we measure the economic performance of developed and developingcountries?What students need to learn:ContentStudents should be able to:Additional

GCE Economics Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Economics (8EC01) First examination 2009 Edexcel Advanced GCE in Economics (9EC01) First examination 2010 Issue 4 . Level Assessment information Number of marks allocated in

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