CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, PREVENTION, AND TREATMENT OF VARIOUS .

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ANIMAL SCIENCE8822-BCAUSES, SYMPTOMS, PREVENTION, AND TREATMENTOF VARIOUS ANIMAL DISEASESINTRODUCTIONIt is impossible to accurately estimate all the losses causedby livestock diseases, but the United States Departmentof Agriculture estimates that losses caused by mortality,reduced productivity, lower fertility, condemned products, and restricted access to potential markets exceed17.5 billion dollars annually in the United States. Thoselosses represent almost 17% of the production costs associated with the livestock industry.Livestock production is an integral part of the way-of-life for the people of the world. Many farmers andranchers depend upon livestock production for their livelihoods. Consumers expect adequate supplies ofmeat at economical prices. With livestock mismanagement and spread of diseases*, we are all affected.CAUSES OF DISEASESDisease causes body functions to disfunction or function improperly. Three principal reasons most oftencited for the spread of diseases are poor sanitation, improper management, and introduction of new animals into a herd.One or more of the following defects cause diseases.Nutritional defects - An imbalance of required food nutrients in the ration is the cause of nutritional defects.Animals receiving inadequate amounts of vitamins, minerals, fats, carbohydrates, and protein cannot produceefficiently. Therefore, their levels of resistance to disease are lowered.Physiological defects - These defects cause an improper functioning of glands, organs, or body systems. Therelationship between the diet and the proper functioning of body parts is directly related. For example, thethyroid gland regulates the rate of body metabolism and depends upon an adequate supply of iodine tofunction properly. An improperly functioning thyroid gland may increase the nutritive requirements of animalsto the point that very few nutrients are available for growth or production.* Underlined words are defined in the Glossary of Terms.-1-

Morphological defects (physical defects) - An accident or negligence is responsible for physical defects. Cuts,scrapes, scratches, bruises, and broken bones are examples of morphological defects. Any one of these cantemporarily or permanently reduce the efficiency of an animal. Good management practices help eliminatedefects of this nature.Pathogenic defects - Certain organisms produce toxins or poisons that upset the normal metabolic activity ofthe animal. Viruses and bacteria are the most common disease-causing pathogens. They are microscopic insize and capable of multiplying rapidly under ideal environmental conditions. Other pathogens are fungi andprotozoans. A discussion of each type follows.Viral diseases are the most difficult to control because viruses closely resemble the chemical compoundsthat make up a cell. Another problem in controlling viruses is that the chemicals capable of killing or controlling them also kill or destroy the host cell. Preventive vaccinations are the most successful method ofcontrolling viral diseases.Bacteria are microscopic in size, produce powerful toxins, and multiply rapidly. Many bacteria are capableof forming spores, resistant forms of bacterial cells able to withstand severe environmental conditions.These spores are difficult to control and may lie dormant for years before being provided with the opportunity to cause disease. Antibiotics are used successfully to control bacteria.Fungal diseases are caused by fungi, which are small organisms. Many disease-producing fungi live in thesoil. It is often difficult to determine the cause of fungal diseases, because bacteria cause a secondaryinfection and are often erroneously identified as fungi.Protozoa are one celled and the simplest form of animal life. Some protozoa cannot move themselves andmust be transported by other means. Some move by making whip-like lashes or vibrating projections. Anumber of different kinds of protozoa prey upon animals and cause disease.EIGHT GOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES¾ Animals to be added to a herd should be isolated 3 to 4 weeks before they are placed with the herd. Thisincludes both new animals and those removed from the herd and exposed to other animals.¾ A sound immunization program should be followed.¾ Clean, healthful surroundings should be provided.¾ Rations must be nutritionally adequate.¾ Visitors and new animals should not be allowed in the livestock area.¾ Diseases should be accurately and quickly diagnosed.¾ A competent veterinarian should be consulted when a health problem arises.¾ Livestock should be handled properly. Examples of how to handle animals include the following:o Canvas slappers, rather than clubs and whips, should be used.o Protruding nails and broken boards should be eliminated.o Machinery and equipment should be removed from the lot.o Horned cattle should be dehorned.o Barns and trucks should be bedded properly.o Animals should be loaded slowly and carefully.o Partitions should be used to separate different classes of livestock.o Livestock should be protected from inclement weather.-2-

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON DISEASESDiseaseCauseSymptomsPrevention & ControlCharacterized by generalweakness and a lack ofvigor.A balanced ration usuallyprevents the occurrence ofanemia.Swollen abdomen on the leftside, labored breathing,profuse salivation, groaning,lack of appetite, & stiffness.Maintain pasturescomposed of 50% or moregrass.ColicAll farm animals aresusceptible. Iron deficiencyprevents the formation ofhemoglobin, a red ironcontaining pigment in the redblood cells responsible forcarrying oxygen to the cells.Typically occurs whenanimals are grazing on highlyproductive pastures duringthe wetter part of late spring& summer.Improper feeding.Careful feeding.EnterotoxemiaBacteria & overeating.Pain, sweating, &constipation, kicking, &groaning.Constipation is an earlysymptom & sometimesfollowed by diarrhea.FounderOvereating of grain, or lush,highly improved pasturegrasses.Affected animals experiencepain and may have fever ashigh as 106 degrees F.CholeraCaused by a filterable virus.Equine EncephalomyelitisViruses classified as group A& B are transmitted by bloodsucking insects, such as themosquito.Caused by a bacterium thatseems to multiply rapidlywhen animals are subject tostress conditions.Loss of appetite, high fever,reddish-purplish patchwork ofcoloration on the affectedstomach, breathing difficulty&a wobbly gait.Fever, impaired vision,irregular gait, musclespasms, a pendulous lowerlip, walking aimlessly.Fever, difficultly breathing, acough, & discharge from theeyes & nose.A preventive vaccine isavailable. No effectivetreatment. Producersshould use goodmanagement.Control of carrier, use of avaccine.Chicks make circularmovements, walk backwards,fall, twist their necks so thattheir heads are lying on theirbacks, cough, sneeze, anddevelop high fever &diarrhea.Protruding growths on theskin.Several types of Newcastlevaccines are available,antibiotics are used intreating early stages of thedisease.NUTRITIONAL DEFECTSAnemiaBloatBacterin or antitoxinvaccine should be used atthe beginning of the feedingperiod.Good management &feeding practices preventthe disease.VIRAL DISEASESHemorrhagic SepticemiaNewcastlePoultry disease - caused bya virus that is spread bycontaminated equipment ormechanical means.WartsA virus causes warts.-3-Vaccination several daysprior to shipping or otherperiods of stress.No known preventivemeasures. Most effectivemeans is with a vaccine.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON DISEASES ic RhinitisBacteria, fungi, dust, or otherforeign matter. The bacterium,pasturella multiocida, is oftenresponsible for the disease.A spore-forming anaerobebacterium is the cause. Thespores may be found in the soil &feces of animals.Two different bacterium,Bordetella bronchiospetica &Pasturella, cause atrophic rhinitis.AnthraxA spore-forming bacterium causesthe disease.Blackleg(Cattle-Sheep) A spore-formingbacterium that remains in an areapermanently. The germ has anincubation period of one to fivedays & is taken into the body fromcontaminated soil & water.Caused by bacteria. Brucellaabortus is the bacterium.BrucellosisDistemper(Horses) – Contagious. Exposureto cold, wet weather, fatigue, andan infection of the respiratory tractaid in spreading the disease.ErysipelasA resistant bacterium capable ofliving several months in barnyardlitter.LeptospirosisCaused by a bacterium found inthe blood, urine & milk of infectedanimals.Three types of tubercle bacillicausing the disease are human,bovine, & avian. The human typerarely produces TB in loweranimals, but the bovine type iscapable of producing the diseasein most warm-bloodedvertebrates. The avian typeproduces the disease in birds &swine.Tuberculosis-4-A general dullness, failingappetite, fever & difficultybreathing.Proper housing, ventilation,sanitation, and antibiotics.Difficulty swallowing, stiffmuscles, & muscle spasms.Immunizing animals with atetanus toxoid.Affects the nose, making itcrooked and wrinkled.Sneezing, nose bleeds, anda tear-stained face occur.Fever, swelling in the lowerbody region, a bloodydischarge, staggering,trembling, difficult breathing,& convulsive movements.Lameness, followed bydepression & fever. Themuscles in the hip, shoulder,chest, back, & neck swell.Sanitation and a goodhealth program areimportant for prevention.Vaccines are available.An annual vaccination.Manure & contaminatedmaterials should be burned& area disinfected. Insectsshould be controlled.A preventative vaccine.The abortion of the immaturefetus is the only sign in someanimals.Vaccinating calves with Br.abortus prevent cattle fromcontacting the disease.Infected cattle must beslaughtered.Animals with diseaseshould be isolated, providedwith rest, protected from theweather, and treated withantibiotics.Increased respiratory rate,depression, loss of appetite& discharge of pus from thenose are visible symptoms.Infected animals have fever& swollen lymph glands,located under the jawThree forms: acute,subacute, & diamond skinform. Acute: constipation,diarrhea, & reddish patcheson the skin. Subacute:usually localized in an organsuch as heart, bladder, orjoints. Sloughing off of theskin is common.Causes abortion & sterility.Symptoms are blood-tingedmilk & urine.Lungs are affected.However, other organs maybe affected. Some animalsshow no symptoms; othersappear unthrifty & have acough.An anti-swine erysipelasserum is available.Susceptible animals shouldbe vaccinated.Maintaining a sanitaryenvironment & comfortablequarters help prevent thedisease.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON DISEASES (continued)PullorumFUNGAL DISEASESFoot RotCalf DiphtheriaPROTOZOANDISEASECoccidiosisPoultry disease caused by abacterium that is capable of livingfor months in a dormant state indamp, sheltered places. Thegerms infect the ovary & aretransmitted to the chicks throughthe eggs.Infected chicks huddletogether with their eyesclosed, wings drooped,feathers ruffled, & havefoamy droppings.Blood test is required forpositive identification of thedisease. Disposal ofinfected hens aids inpreventing the disease.Chicks should bepurchased from a certifiedpullorum-free hatchery.A fungus common to filth isresponsible for foot rot. Animalsare most apt to contact foot rotwhen forced to live in wet, muddy,unsanitary lots for long periods oftime.Lives in soil, litter, & uncleanstables& enters the body throughsmall scratches or wounds.Skin near the hoof-line is red,swollen, & often has smalllesions.Maintaining clean, welldrained lots is an easymethod of preventing footrot.Difficulty breathing, eating,and drinking. Patches ofyellowish, dead tissueappear on the edges of thetongue, gums, & throat.Often, a nasal dischargeoccurs.The diseased tissue isremoved to expose healthytissue, which is treated byswabbing it with tincture ofiodine.A protozoan of which severalspecies is responsible.Occurs in two forms: cecaeand intestinal. Cecae is theacute form that developsrapidly & causes highmortality rate, bloodydroppings, & sudden death.Intestinal coccidiosis ischronic in nature, and itssymptoms are loss ofappetite, weakness, palecomb, & low production.Few deaths occur from thelatter form.Because the disease istransmitted in feces,maintaining sanitaryconditions & feeding acoccidiostat prevent thedisease.DISEASE PREVENTIONPrevention is the key to controlling animal diseases. Sanitation is the key to prevention of diseases. Mostdisease-causing agents enter the body through some type of body opening, such as the nose, eyes, mouth, orwound incision. Pathogens may be spread by direct contact, or indirectly by the wind, water, feed, or otheranimals. After entering the host, a pathogen must overcome the natural resistance of the body to produce thedisease.The following management practices are possibly the best methods of controlling diseases.¾ Provide an environment that prevents or restricts the growth of pathogens (sanitation).¾ Provide a balanced diet.¾ Provide protection from accidental injury.-5-

The practices include the following standards for the animals’ living quarters.¾ Sufficient space for all animals. Crowded conditions tend to promote the incidence of disease.¾ Fresh air and temperature control through ventilation.¾ Good drainage. Floors and pens must be kept dry and clean. Bedding must be kept fresh, and manureshould be disposed of often.¾ Systematic pasture rotation system. This is a practical method of disease and parasite control. It breaksthe life cycle of pathogens by removing the host. The ultraviolet rays of sunlight kill pathogens when thepasture does not have livestock in it to reinfest it.¾ Use of disinfectants. Chemicals that restrict the growth of pathogens should be used regularly. Soapand boiling water are two inexpensive disinfectants available to livestock producers.GOVERNMENT REGULATIONSGovernmental regulations controlling the transportation and sale of diseased animals are strict and complex.It is important that the livestock producer recognize available assistance through the local veterinarian. Theservices of the local veterinarian should be used in establishing a disease prevention program and as a sourceof information on governmental regulations affecting the producer.SUMMARYProper management practices are the keys to profitable livestock enterprises. Many variables cause diseases, but consulting local veterinarians and learning about the diseases reduce the incidence of the diseases.If mismanagement and livestock diseases are allowed to spread, everyone loses.SELECTED WEB SITES FOR INFORMATION RELATED TO ANIMAL AcknowledgementsKristy Corley, Graduate Technician, Department of Agricultural Education,Texas A&M University, revised this topic.Larry Ermis, Curriculum Specialist, Instructional Materials Service,Texas A&M University, reviewed this topic.Vickie Marriott, Office Software Associate, Instructional Materials Service,Texas A&M University, prepared the layout and design for this topic.Christine Stetter, Artist, Instructional Materials Service, Texas A&M University,prepared the illustrations for this topic.REFERENCESAgricultural Research Service – U.S.D.A. “Animal Health.” [Online]. grams.htm?npnumber 103&docid 288. [2002, July].Baker, James K. and William Greer. Animal Health - A Layperson’s Guide to Disease Control. PrenticeHall, Incorporated: Upper Saddle River, NJ. March 2002.-6-

GLOSSARY OF TERMSAntibiotic – A chemical substance produced from microorganisms and used to kill other microorganisms.Diseases – Impairments that affect the performance of vital life functions.Metabolism – The phenomena of chemically changing feedstuffs into complex tissue elements and complexsubstances into simple compounds.Morphological defects – Physical defects caused by accident or negligence.Nutritional defects – Defects caused by an imbalance of nutrients in a ration.Pathogenic defects – Defects caused by pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses.Physiological defects – Defects caused by improper functioning of body parts such as glands and organs.Slapper – An item used while working cattle or other livestock to ensure that no damage occurs to theanimal’s hide.Viruses – Ultra-microscopic particles reproduced in a cell that causes a reaction in the cell.SELECTED STUDENT ACTIVITIESSHORT ANSWER/LISTING: Answer the following questions or statements in the space provided or onadditional paper.1.List three principal reasons most often cited for the spread of livestock diseases.a.b.c.2.List eight good management practices that should be followed by livestock producers.a.b.c.d.e.f.g.h.3.List four types of pathogenic organisms.a.b.c.d.4.What are the four defects that cause diseases?a.b.c.d.5.Provide an example of a protozoan disease.-7-

6.How do most disease-causing organisms enter the body?7.List five examples of how to properly handle animals.a.b.c.d.e.8.Annual losses from livestock diseases in the United States exceed .9.A(n) or is the cause of morphological (physical) defects.10. Nutritional defects can be prevented by observing good management practices and by feeding a.11. To produce efficiently, animals must receive adequate amounts of ,, , , and .12. Living organisms capable of producing diseases are called .13. Physiological defects cause an improper functioning of ,, or .14. Hemorrhagic septicemia can be prevented by animals several days priorto shipment or other periods of stress.15. Equine encephalomyelitis is transmitted by insects.16. Blackleg is taken into the body from contaminated and .17. Protozoa are one-celled and the simplest form of .18. is the key to controlling animal diseases.19. After entering the host, a pathogen must overcome theof the body to produce the disease.ADVANCED ACTIVITIES1.2.Select an animal disease of your choice. Research and write a report on that disease and present yourfindings orally to the class.Research available resources on all diseases affecting a specific livestock species in your area. Then,develop a complete “prevention plan” and provide details of how to give and when to give vaccinesand antibiotics. List other methods of preventing and controlling the diseases.ALL RIGHTS RESERVEDReproduction prohibited without written permission.Instructional Materials ServiceTexas A&M University2588 TAMUSCollege Station, Texas 77843-2588http://www-ims.tamu.edu2002-8-

Prevention is the key to controlling animal diseases. Sanitation is the key to prevention of diseases. Most disease-causing agents enter the body through some type of body opening, such as the nose, eyes, mouth, or wound incision. Pathogens may be spread by direct contact, or indirectly by the wind, water, feed, or other animals.

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