Report On Time & Synchronisation User Needs And
R E P O R T O N T I M E & S Y N C H R O N I S AT I O N U S E R N E E D S A N D R E Q U I R E M E N T SReport on Time &Synchronisation UserNeeds and RequirementsOutcome of the European GNSS’ UserConsultation Platform1
Reference:GSA-MKD-TS-UREQ-250285Issue/Revision: 2.0Date: 01/07/2019Change recordIssue/ RevisionChangesDate1.0First issue18/10/20182.0Refer to Annex 401/07/2019
R E P O R T O N T I M E & S Y N C H R O N I S AT I O N U S E R N E E D S A N D R E Q U I R E M E N T STable of Contents1Introduction and context of the report51.1Methodology51.2Scope72Executive Summary3Reference documents114Market Overview and Trends134.1Market Evolution and Key Trends134.2Main Market Players144.3Main User Groups155678GNSS User Requirements Analysis165.1GNSS Use for Timing & Synchronisation165.2Prospective Use of GNSS in Timing & Synchronisation235.3GNSS Limitations for Timing & Synchronisation265.4Drivers for User requirements in Timing & Synchronisation265.5Policy and Regulatory Framework275.6Conclusions29User Requirement Specification336.133Synthesis of UR AnalysisannexesAnnex 1: Analysis of relevant Initiatives Regarding GNSS Requirements36A1.1 DEMETRA36A1.2 Deep Dive36Annex 2: Definition of key GNSS performance parameters40Annex 3: List of acronyms42Annex 4: Updates following the User Consultation Platform 2018443
04Tables, Figures and BoxesTablesTable 1: Oscillator drift rates and Stratum 1 typical holdover periods25Table 2: Level of accuracy for members of participants of a trading venue [RD18]28Table 3: Requirements for Telecom33Table 4: Requirements for Electricity transmission33Table 5: Requirements for Finance34Table 6: Cross-sector requirements35Table 7: Quantification of Timing Requirements for Power Grid/Smart Grid domains37FiguresFigure 1: Timing & Synchronisation User Requirements Analysis methodologyFigure 2: Value Chain – GNSS T&S for CI614
01R E P O R T O N T I M E & S Y N C H R O N I S AT I O N U S E R N E E D S A N D R E Q U I R E M E N T Sintroduction and contextof the reportGNSS provides a unique offering to Timing and Synchronisation (T&S) user communities by delivering a freeand highly accurate time and synchronisation capabilityavailable worldwide. GNSS has been rapidly adopted by theT&S user communities, in particular for Critical Infrastructure operations and is even considered as a breakthroughtechnology in particular for Telecom.Despite its long experience in GNSS, the T&S Sector isstill very active with many challenges ahead, linked to anincreased need for reliability and security, supported by anevolution of the regulation and ever increasing requirementsby users in regards to accuracy, stability and reliability, oftendriven by the introduction of new technology in industriesrequiring time and synchronisation.The User Consultation Platform (UCP) is a periodic forumorganised by the European Commission and the GSA involving end users, user associations and representatives of thevalue chain, such as receiver and chipset manufacturers,application developers and the organisations and institutions dealing, directly and indirectly, with Galileo and EGNOS.The event is a part of the process developed at the GSA tocollect user needs and requirements and take them as inputsfor provision of user driven Galileo and EGNOS services. Inthis context, the objective of this document is to provide areference for the European GNSS Programmes and for theT&S community reporting periodically the most up-to-dateGNSS user needs and requirements in the T&S market segment. This report is considered a “living document” in thesense that it will serve as a key input to the next UCP eventwhere it will be reviewed and subsequently updated. TheUCP will be held periodically (e.g. once per year) and thisreport will be also periodically updated, to reflect the evolution in the user needs, market and technology capturedduring the UCP.The report aims to provide the GSA with a clear and up-todate view of the current and potential future user needs andrequirements in order to serve as an input to the continuousimprovement of the services provided by the EuropeanGNSS systems and their evolutions.Finally, as the report is publicly available, it serves also as areference for users and industry, supporting planning anddecision-making activities for those concerned with the useof location technologies.It must be noted that the listed user needs and requirementscannot usually be addressed by a single technological solution but rather by combination of several signals and sensors.Therefore the report does not represent any commitmentof the European GNSS Programmes to address or satisfy thelisted user needs and requirements in the current or futureversions of the EGNSS services.1.1 MethodologyThe following figure detailsthe methodology adoptedfor the analysis of the Timinguser requirements.The analysis is split into twomain steps including a “deskresearch”, to gather maininsights, and a “stakeholders consultation”, to validatemain outcomes.More in details, the “deskresearch” was based on a secondary research and aimedat providing a preliminarystructured analysis:GNSS providesa unique offeringto Timing andSynchronisation (T&S)user communitiesby delivering afree and highlyaccurate time andsynchronisationcapability availableworldwideyyLeveraging on the Timing and Synchronisation applications’ segmentation as included in the GSA GNSSmarket report, additional relevant applications havebeen identified and included; andyyFor each application identified, the function and levelof performance required has been determined.As a result of this activity, a first draft of the Timing andSynchronisation User Requirements document has beenproduced.In the second step, the “stakeholder consultation” one, mainoutcomes included in the document have been validatedand updated. In this regards, preliminary validation interviews with selected stakeholders have produced the currentdocument to be used as an input for the UCP review andfinalisation.5
1 / I N T R O D U C T I O N A N D CO N T E X T O F T H E R E P O R TFigure 1: Timing & Synchronisation User Requirements Analysis methodologyOVERALL METHODOLOGYDeskResearch1Identification of all existing Timingapplications along with the functionthat they performyy All Timing applications covered in MarketReport nº5User level dimension and characterisationyy Identification of the key GNSS user leveldimensions to describe Timing userrequirementsyy Identification and definition of GNSSperformance criteria relevant to TimingSegmentation of Timing Applicationsyy Definition and classification of applicationsyy Focused on GNSS usage (not device-based)Definition of the functions and level ofperformance required for each applicationyy Timing user requirements analysis based on openSecondary research informationyy GNSS limitations, market/techno trends and driversyy Table matching the main applications with theperformance criteriaUser requirement analysis – draft 12StakeholdersConsultation6Validation interviewsyy Interview guideyy Selection of the consulted stakeholdersyy Primary research: Interviews and reportingUser requirement analysis – final versionUser Consultation Platformyy User requirements submitted to the first UCPforum for review and finalisation2019updateyy Update, validation and expansion of the UserRequirement analysis at each UCPSECONDARY RESEARCHINFORMATIONGNSS magazines - Coordinates,GPS World, Inside GNSS;ESA website; Articles onGoogle Scholar; Thesis anddissertations on specificdatabase; European regulationor standard; Google
R E P O R T O N T I M E & S Y N C H R O N I S AT I O N U S E R N E E D S A N D R E Q U I R E M E N T S1.2 ScopeThis document is part of the User Requirements documentsissued by the European GNSS Agency for the Market Segments where Position Navigation and Time (PNT) play a keyrole. Its scope is to cover user requirements on PNT solutionsfrom the strict user perspective and the market conditions,regulations, and standards that drive them. Therefore, thedocument includes an analysis of the market trends on thisparticular segment, then performs a detailed analysis including the prospective uses of GNSS in this market finalisingwith a specification of user requirements in a format thatcan be used for System Engineering activities.typified into different categories according to their usageand a detailed overview of GNSS user requirements isprovided.yy Prospective use of GNSS in Timing is addressed in section5.2. It assesses GNSS technology trends, along with theother technologies that are used in the Timing community.yy GNSS limitations for Timing are described in section 5.3.yy Section 5.4 identifies the drivers for user requirementsin TimingIn more detail, this report is laid out as follows. It starts with asummarised market overview for Timing (section 4), wheremarket evolution and key trends, the main market playersand user groups are presented.yy Section 5.5 analyses the main relevant regulations.Then it moves on to the analysis of GNSS user requirementsfor Timing (section 5). Section 5 is organised as follows:Finally section 6 summarises the main GNSS user requirements for Timing in the applications domains analysed inthis report.yy Section 5.1 identifies and defines the GNSS performanceparameters that are relevant in the analysis of the userrequirements for Timing & Synchronisation and presentsan overview of Timing applications extracted from GSAMarket Report 5 but also from other sources. It also provides definitions of these applications. They have beenyy Section 5.6 is a conclusion on the GNSS user requirementsanalysis for timing and synchronisation applications.The document is intended to serve as an input to moretechnical discussions on Systems Engineering and evolutionof the European GNSS systems so that space infrastructuresare effectively linked to user needs.7
02Executive SummaryElectricity transmission, Telecom networks operation,Timestamping of financial transactions, Air Traffic Management Systems, Satellite platforms, TV Broadcast areonly a few examples of applications relying on GNSS fortiming and synchronisation purposes. Indeed, althoughrelatively unknown to the general public, the timing andsynchronisation capability offered by satellite navigationsystems has become an essential and critical feature of ourmost vital infrastructures.The scope of this document is to analysethe user requirements of the followingT&S applications:yy Telecom: Digital cellular, PublicSwitched Telephone Network (PSTN),Professional Mobile Radio (PMR),Satcomyy Electricity transmission1: PhasorMeasurement Unit (PMU)yy Finance: Banks, Stock ExchangesMost of the domains concerned are currently evolving.Consequently as a next step it is recommended that theuser requirement analysis is updated on a yearly basis toreflect the latest information in the domain. In particular,lessons learnt from the implementation of the MiFID2 directive in Finance or of the PMU in power grid should provideinteresting material. In the Telecom domain, 5G definitionis still in discussion and could have an impact on T&S userrequirements.timing andsynchronisationcapabilityhas become anessential andcritical featureof our most vitalinfrastructuresHowever, there exist other applicationsrelying on GNSS for timing and synchronisation such as:Transportation Systems, Water and Wastewater Systems, Scientific applications (astronomy, particle physic, geophysics,metrology), Digital TV Broadcast, LTE small cells networks(femto, pico and microcells) and Internet of Things (IoT)related applications.Moreover, it is suggested to expand theanalysis to other sectors, in particular IoTand Small Cells, which appear to be verypromising in terms of market potential.Finally, an emphasis should be placedon users’ expectations regarding EGNSSproposition, especially in relation tothe new opportunities opened by theprovision of an authenticated, robustand resilient EGNSS Timing service.In particular, a characterisation of therequirements for robustness should beinitiated (e.g. threats & vulnerabilitiesanalysis – overall and per application). The EGNSS valueproposition in the T&S domain is not always very well-knownand the promotion & awareness effort should be continuedtowards these user communities (e.g. by participating to therelevant conferences and standardization forums).The following table summarises the T&S user requirementsfor the three selected applications.1Distinction is made here with Power Grid » which includes Electricity transmission and distribution.
R E P O R T O N T I M E & S Y N C H R O N I S AT I O N U S E R N E E D S A N D R E Q U I R E M E N T STelecomElectricity transmissionFinanceMain trendsyy PSTN networks maturebut rapid growth inmobile cellular networkswith investment in 4Gyy SATCOMs and PMR areminor in comparisonyy 5G might require evenfurther synchronisationaccuracy depending onthe technology adoptedyy LTE Advanced and othertechnologies offeringmore bandwidth andadditional services requirephase synchronisationinstead of the traditionalfrequency synchronisationyy Operators and Carriershave to invest into makingtheir networks phasesynchronisation readyor deploy more GNSSequipment near thebase station (or both, ina balanced approach)yy Infrastructure increasinglyoperated with reducedsecurity marginsyy More disparate sourcesof energy will appear(domestic solar or windturbine) requiring evenmore synchronisationof the network nodesyy Electrical power transmittedover longer distances,making the systempotentially more vulnerableto widespread problemsyy Modern substations areusing Ethernet basedcommunication and requiresynchronisation over thenetwork instead of installingand operating a separatecable infrastructurefor synchronisationyy Banks and StockExchanges rely on verypowerful IT systems andnetworks requiring ahigh level of availability,security and reliabilityyy Highly interworkingmarket with Banksand Stock Exchangesoperating worldwide,regulation enforcementshall be harmonized toenable effectivenessCurrentGNSS Useyy GNSS derived timing iswidely used as either aprimary source of timinginformation or as aredundancy solutionyy In the SATCOM domain,GNSS derived timing usedfor TDMA timing on thesatellite links and terrestriallinks; and NTP type servicesfor IT/network/satellitemonitoring/controlyy Within the PMR and digitalcellular domains, GNSSderived timing is used forthe synchronisation oftimeslots and for handoversbetween base stations.yy Within the PSTN domain,GNSS derived frequencyis typically used as abackup in case frequencyinformation from atomicclocks are lost. GNSSderived timing can be usedfor time of day, traffic timingand time slot management.yy Many networks employlocal oscillators enablingservice to be temporarilymaintained in caseof loss of GNSS.yy Transmission SystemOperators are the mainGNSS users (Wide AreaMonitoring System/WideArea Control System)yy WAMS are using PMUs(Phasor MeasurementsUnits) as a source of T&Sinformation for: NetworkMonitoring (currentuse) and AutomaticProtection (future use)yy Use of WAMS is becomingwidespread (smart grids)yy Automatic Protectionrequires a high level ofaccuracy and redundancyat PMU levelyy PMU deployed acrossremote locations ofthe power network(nodes) - Internal timereferences currentlybased on GPS receivers.yy GNSS used forSynchronisation and TimeStamping functions - logevents or quotes in achronologic manneryy GNSS receivers areinstalled in datacentresyy Widespread use of transferprotocols like NTP/PTP to distribute time(a Primary Server canbe connected to about1500/2000 NTP clients)yy PTP is increasinglyconsidered and providessub-µs accuracyyy GNSS spoofing can leadto a particular issueespecially for systemsrelying on PTP, if thesynchronisation solutioninfrastructure has not beendesigned in a proper way9
102/ EXECUTIVE SUMMARYTelecomFinanceMainpotentialfuture driversfor GNSSyy Resilience and reliabilityyy GNSS Authenticationyy Improved robustnessto interferenceyy Nanosecond accuracyfor massive MIMO andCOMP mode in 5Gyy High availabilityyy Accuracy Low(1ms) /medium (1µs) for Timing,Low (1ms) /High (100 ns)for Synchronisationyy Calibration of hardwareequipment delaysyy Resilience and reliabilityyy GNSS Continuity of serviceyy Improved robustnessto interferenceyy GNSS Authenticationyy Accuracy medium forT&S (1µs) and even high( 100ns) for fault locationyy Calibration of hardwareequipment delaysyyyyyyyyyyyyMainstakeholdershaving a rolein the userrequirementdefinitionyy Communicationsnetwork operatoryy Network equipmentprovideryy Radio spectrum regulator(States & internationalagreement)yy ETSI, ITU-T & ITU-Ryy TSOs, ENTSO-Eyy PMU vendorsyy IEC, IEEEyy System integrator, financialinstitutionsyy ESMACompeting /complementarytechnologiesyy Time distribution usingtransfer protocols overIP (e.g. NTP or PTP)yy LEO satellite constellationyy Atomic clocks(Time keeping)yy OCXO and TCXO(Time keeping)2yy Wide scale metrologynetwork Frequency and/or time distributionyy eLoran or other radiobased time distributionsystems currentlyunder developmentResilience and reliabilitySecurityTraceabilityHigh availabilityGNSS AuthenticationLow (1ms) /Medium(1 µs) Accuracy for T&Syy Calibration of hardwareequipment delaysTime keeping solutions will always need time transfer to be synhronized/monitored regularly. This time transfer can be GNSS/eLoran/STL/fiber.2019 update2Electricity transmission0
03Id.R E P O R T O N T I M E & S Y N C H R O N I S AT I O N U S E R N E E D S A N D R E Q U I R E M E N T SReference documentsReferenceTitleDate[RD1]GSA Lot4 SC1, D1 V2.0Market research and quantification of the timingand synchronisation19 January 2014[RD2]GSA Lot4 SC1, D2.2 V2.0Existing and Potential GNSS TS applications and products30 October 2014[RD3]Spoofing GNSS TimingReceiversSpoofing GNSS Timing Receivers, Tim Frost (Calnex) andGuy Buesnel (Spirent), proceedings ITSF 2015November 2015[RD4]DEMETRA Time ServiceUser Needs AnalysisDEMETRA “Time Service User Needs Analysis” D05 Publicabstract15 May 2015[RD5]Market Report 4GSA GNSS Market Report Issue 4March 2015[RD6]Delivering a nationaltimescale using eLORANDelivering a national timescale using eLORAN, Chronos07 June 2014[RD7]RoselineRevolutionizing how we keep track of time in cyberphysical systems, URL: http://nsf.gov/news/news summ.jsp?cntn id 131691July 2014[RD8]Timing Accuracy Down toPicosecondsTiming Accuracy Down to Picoseconds, URL: conds05 October 2015[RD9]Market Report 5GSA GNSS Market Report Issue 5May 2017[RD10]Technology Report 1GSA GNSS Technology Report Issue 1October 2016[RD11]Guidelines for GPSTraceabilityGuidelines on the Use of GPS Disciplined Oscillators forFrequency or Time Traceability, EURAMET Technical GuideNo. 3, Version 1.0March 2016[RD12]Impact of GNSS loston UK economyThe economic impact on the UK of a disruption to GNSS,London Economics commissioned by Innovate UKJune 2017[RD13]Legal Traceabilityof Time, NISTLegal Traceability of Time, NIST: ecurity and resilienceCritical Infrastructure Security and Resilience, InternationalCommittee on Global Navigation Satellite SystemsNovember 2014[RD15]5G the future of mobilecommunications5G the future of mobile communications, Martin Kingston(RAN) and Andy Sutton (Network Strategy)November 2015[RD16]GNSS Security and RobustnessGNSS Security and Robustness, Shankar Achanta(Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc)September 2015[RD17]Model-Based Evaluationof GPS Spoofing Attackson Power Grid SensorsModel-Based Evaluation of GPS Spoofing Attackson Power Grid SensorsIlge Akkaya, Edward A. Lee, Patricia Derler Universityof California at Berkeley-[RD18]UTC Traceable Time for the UTC Traceable Time for the Financial Sector using PTP, NPLFinancial Sector using PTP Elisabeth Laier, proceedings ITSF 2015November 2015[RD19]GPS & precision timing’srole in the financial services sectorSeptember 2015GPS & precision timing’s role in the financial servicessector, Andrew F. Bach (Juniper Networks)11
123/ REFERENCE DOCUMENTSId.ReferenceTitleDateRTS25 Draft regulatorytechnical standards onclock synchronisationAnnex I MiFID II / MiFIR / MiFID/MiFIR Draft RegulatoryTechnical Standards - RTS25 “Draft regulatory technicalstandards on clock synchronisation”28 September2015[RD21]FINRA RegulatoryNotice ConsolidatedAudit Trail (CAT)National Securities Exchanges and FINRAIssue Joint Guidance on Clock Synchronisation andCertification Requirements Under the CAT NMS PlanMarch 2017[RD22]NPL Time used by UBSand TMX AtriumUBS and TMX Atrium use new NPL network timing ew-nplnetwork-timing-serviceSept 2016[RD23]2008/114/EC Directive2008/114/EC Directive on the “identification and designation of European critical infrastructures and the assessment of the need to improve their protection”December 2008[RD24]Homeland SecurityResearching GPSDisruptions, SolutionsInside GNSS News, Homeland Security Researching GPSDisruptions, Solutions, Latest News, Dee Ann rchinggps-disruptions-solutions/June 10, 2014[RD25]Critical InfrastructureVulnerabilities to GPSDisruptionsCritical Infrastructure Vulnerabilities to GPS DisruptionsSarah Mahmood, Program Manager,Resilient Systems DivisionHomeland Security Advanced Research Projects AgencyScience & Technology Directorate4 June 2014[RD26]GPS disruptions effortto assess risks to criticalinfrastructure andcoordinate agency actionsshould be enhanced“GPS disruptions effort to assess risks to criticalinfrastructure and coordinate agency actions shouldbe enhanced”, GAO-14-15November 2013[RD27]Consultation withMr Jiri LuhanConsultation report with Mr Jiri LuhanFebruary 2012[RD28]Consultation withMr Gilles BoimeConsultation report with Mr Gilles Boime (Spectracom)February 2012[RD29]Consultation withMr Pedro EstrelaConsultation report with Mr Pedro Estrela(IMC Financial Markets)February 2012[RD30]Consultation withMr Mats LarssonConsultation report with Mr Mats Larsson (ABB)February 2012[RD31]GSA-MKD-TS-UREQ233690Report on Time & Synchronisation User Needs andRequirementsNovember 2017[RD32]GSA-MKD-T-SMOM-246199User Consultation Platform 2018 – Minutes of Meeting ofthe Timing and Synchronisation Panel03.12.2018[RD33]MIFID2/RTS25COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION supplementingDirective 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and ofthe Council with regard to regulatory technical standardsfor the level of accuracy of business clocks07.06.2016[RD34]High Precision Time(White Rabbit) time-whiterabbit-pilot16.07.201802019 update[RD20]
04R E P O R T O N T I M E & S Y N C H R O N I S AT I O N U S E R N E E D S A N D R E Q U I R E M E N T SMarket Overview and Trends4.1 Market EvolutionAND Key TrendsAs described in the latest issue of GSA market report [RD9],the GNSS T&S segment is mainly driven by the Telecommunication sector, which represents around 90% of the overallGNSS device shipments. The GNSS installed base in the threesegments (Telecom, Energy and Finance) should reach 2.4mln units in 2020 (including small cells). Overall GNSS T&Sshipments are expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.3% over2017 – 2025, driven by the Telecom market which will growat 5.7% over this period. EU28 and North America shouldrepresent around 40% of the shipments in 2017 but AsiaPacific and Middle East should gain market share in the nextdecade. In terms of revenues, the T&S market could reach 1.2 bln in 2020 and then plateau up to 2025, benefitingfrom dynamic sales in telecom which will be limiting theeffect of price erosion.Rapid growth is expected in Mobile Cellular Networks withinvestment in 4G, reaching a peak in 2015/2016. The digitalCellular Segment is the most dynamic for T&S due to thenumber of LTE base stations expected to be deployed inEurope and its increased dependency on accurate synchronisation (it evolves into LTE- Advanced). LTE SmallCells rollouts and 5G investments are expected to revitalizeshipments between 2018 and 2022. For PMR, the networkinfrastructure continues to grow and along with it, so doesGNSS stock. PSTN, PMR and SATCOM are all considered tobe mature.In the Energy segment, Asia and North America are ahead ofEurope as regards the deployment of PMUs. This is particularly the case in China which has become the largest marketin power transmission and distribution and has thereforebeen at the cutting edge of smart grids technology. USAhas also been very active in synchrophasor deployment as aresponse to Energy challenges in the country. It is the resultof significant R&D efforts supported by the US Departmentof Energy (DOE) over a decade. The Finance industry is clearlydriven by North America which represents nearly half ofthe market. Europe is also very active with new regulationexpected to modify the overall landscape [RD9].Shipments of GNSS devices by region500Units (Thousands)40030020010002015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025EU28Asia-PacificNon-EU28 EuropeMiddle East AfricaNorth AmericaSouth America Caribbean13
4/ MARKE T OVER VIEW AND TRENDSShipments of GNSS devices by application500400Units (Thousands)1430020010002015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025Public Switched Telephone NetworkDigital Cellular NetworkSmall CellsBank applicationsProfessional Mobile RadioSatellite CommunicationPhasor Measurement UnitsStock ExchangesNote: the figures above include the small cells GNSS market.4.2 Main Market PlayersPrice of a GNSS timing device can range from 250 (standalone module) to 10,000 (high end receivers) or more,depending on the application. For Electricity transmissionand Telecom, typical device prices are in the order of 3,000 6,000.The following figure depicts the overall value chain of theGNSS timing and synchronisation market, together with themain industrial actors and corresponding roles. This valuechain is extracted from [RD9]. Companies mentioned in eachblock are not intended to be exhaustive and are mentionedas illustrations. This value chain is voluntarily high level andis further detailed for each sector considered (Telecom,Electricity transmission, Finance) in [RD1].Figure 2: Value Chain – GNSS T&S for CICOMPONENTSAND RECEIVERMANUFACTURERS U-BLOX*SYSTEMINTEGRATORSDESIGNONSULTANCIESTESTING &MAINTENANCEDEVICEMANUFACTURERS ARBITERBRANDYWINECHRONOS EKRON ABB*ACCENTUREALSTOM*CHRONOS PERSEUSSIEMENS*NETWORKOPERATORS Banks and StockExchanges Telecom Operators Transmission SystemOperators
R E P O R T O N T I M E & S Y N C H R O N I S AT I O N U S E R N E E D S A N D R E Q U I R E M E N T SThe first block is the GNSS Chipscale producers which arenot pure players of the T&S market. These actors are sellingtheir GNSS chipscales to many applications including massmarket. Considering the volumes, the T&S market representsa small part of their revenues.The added value and market specificities are added by theGNSS Time product manufacturers. GNSS Time equipmentusually takes the form of rackmount equipment with specificinterfaces supporting Time protocols such as PTP or NTP orsynchronisation specific electrical or optical interfaces, forexample IRIG B, which are often industry specific. However,there exist also Timing modules, particularly interestingfor small cell synchronisation applications. The market isdominated by a small number of actors (most players areUS companies), which main ones are the following:yyyyyyyyyyyyMicrosemi (which acquired Symmetricom on EI-ZyferLots of other actorsAdditional revenues can also be generated in the valuechain through the provision of:yy Synchronisation infrastructure design consultancy;yy Maintenance, calibration and testing services.These services are typically provided by equipmentresellers. System integrators are used to integrate GNSST&S equipment in complex system (network) depending onthe target market segment (i.e. PMU manufacturers, PMRbase station manufacturer) which is then used by the network operator (telecom, electricity transmission or finance).4.3 Main User Groups4.3.1 TELECOMIn the telecommunication segment, GNSS end users arethe network operators. The decision as to which timingsolution is implemented within the network, whether itis GNSS based or not, is decided by the communicationsnetwork operator itself. Different operators may have different approaches to timing solutions as standards onlystate requirements but not how they are met. It should benoted that the telecommunication operator might be anoutsourcing provider, such as Ericsson, MBNL and Huawei.As such, telecom backhaul equipment vendors also have arole in the user requirement definition. The timing solutiondecision will be based on a combination of commercial andtechnical factors [RD28].4.3.2 ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSIONGNSS end users of electricity transmission systems are theTransmission System Operators (TSO). TSO are operatorsthat transmit electrical power from generation plants overthe electrical grid to regional or local electricity distribution operators. Depending on country, TSO can also be incharge of the development of the grid infrastructure. Thedecision as to which timing solution is implemented withinthe network, whether it be GNSS based or not, is decidedby the Energy network operator but the PMU / Substationmanufacturer (e.g. ABB, Alstom) could also play a role inthe decision process, by e.g. proposing to the operator asolution meeting the technical requirements. Finally, in thefuture, Distribution System Operators (DSOs) could b
4 Market Overview and Trends 13 4.1 Market Evolution and Key Trends 13 4.2 Main Market Players 14 4.3 Main User Groups 15 5 GNSS User Requirements Analysis 16 5.1 GNSS Use for Timing & Synchronisation 16 5.2 Prospective Use of GNSS in Timing & Synchronisation 23 5.3 GNSS Limitat
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An RT system processes data in real time. The real-time results are output via an RS232 serial port, over 10/100 Base-T Ethernet using a UDP broadcast and on CAN bus. Outputs are time-stamped and refer to GPS time; a 1PPS timing sync can be used to give accurate timing synchronisation between systems. The inertial measurements
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services, such as file sharing, user authentication, network routing and resolution, time synchronisation. The master is usually statically determined at the installation time. The master node is a single point of failure for cluster availabil-ity since it
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