F21SC Industrial Programming: Python: Introduction .
F21SC Industrial Programming:Python: Introduction, Control-flowHans-Wolfgang LoidlSchool of Mathematical and Computer Sciences,Heriot-Watt University, EdinburghSemester 1 2017/180No proprietary software has been used in producing these slidesHans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/181 / 75
Contents1Python Overview2Getting started with Python3Control structures4FunctionsHans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/182 / 75
Online Resourceswww.python.org: official websiteCourse mostly based on Guido van Rossum’s tutorial.For textbooks in Python introductions see the end of this slideset.Stable version: 3.6.3 (October 2017)Implemented in C (CPython)Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/183 / 75
PythonPython is named after Monty Python’s Flying CircusPython is an object-oriented language focussing on rapidprototypingPython is a scripting languagePython features an elegant language design, is easy to learn andcomprehendOpen sourceHighly portableFirst version was made available 1990Current stable version is 3.6.3 (October 2017)Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/184 / 75
Python 3 vs Python 2We will use Python 3, which offers several important new conceptsover Python 2.If you find Python 2 code samples, they might not run with python3.There is a tool python3-2to3 which tells you what to change (and itworks in most cases). The most common issues areIn Python 3, print is treated as any other function, especially youneed to use parentheses as in write print(x) NOT print xFocus on iterators: pattern-like functions (e.g. map) now returniterators, i.e. a handle used to perform iteration, rather than a datastructure.For details hon-363/Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/185 / 75
Runtime behaviourPython source code is compiled to byte-code, which is theninterpretedCompilation is performed transparentlyAutomatic memory management using reference counting basedgarbage collectionNo uncontrolled crash (as in seg faults)Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/186 / 75
Language featuresEverything is an object (pure object-oriented design)Features classes and multiple inheritanceHigher-order functions (similar to Scheme)Dynamic typing and polymorphismExceptions as in JavaStatic scoping and modulesOperator overloadingBlock structure with semantic-bearing indentation (“off-side rule”as in Haskell)Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/187 / 75
Data typesNumbers: int, long, float, complexStrings (similar to Java)Tuples, Lists, DictionariesAdd-on modules can define new data-typesCan model arbitrary data-structures using classesHans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/188 / 75
Why Python?Code 2 10 shorter than C#, C , JavaCode is easy to comprehendEncourages rapid prototypingGood for web scriptingScientific applications (numerical computation, natural languageprocessing, data visualisation, etc)Python is increasingly used at US universities as a startinglanguageRich libraries for XML, Databases, Graphics, etc.Web content management (Zope/Plone)GNU MailmanJPythonHans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/189 / 75
Python vs. other languagesVery active communityA lot of good librariesIncreasingly used in teaching (MIT, Berkeley, etc)Good online teaching material, e.g. Online Python TutorPicks up many advanced language features from other languages(e.g. Haskell)Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1810 / 75
Python Textbooks (Advanced)Mark Lutz, “Programming Python.”O’Reilly Media; 4 edition (10 Jan 2011). ISBN-10: 0596158106.Good texbook for more experienced programmers. Detailed coverage oflibraries.David M. Beazley, “Python Essential Reference.”Addison Wesley; 4 edition (9 July 2009). ISBN-10: 0672329786.Detailed reference guide to Python and libraries.Alex Martelli, “Python in a Nutshell.”O’Reilly Media; 2nd edition (July 2006).Concise summary of Python language and libraries. Fairly dated.Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1811 / 75
Python Textbooks (Beginner)Mark Lutz, “Learning Python.”,5th edition, O’Reilly, 2013. ISBN-10: 1449355730Introduction to Python, assuming little programming experience.John Guttag. “Introduction to Computation and ProgrammingUsing Python.”, MIT Press, 2013. ISBN: 9780262519632.Doesn’t assume any programming background.Timothy Budd. “Exploring Python.”,McGraw-Hill Science, 2009. ISBN: 9780073523378.Exploring Python provides an accessible and reliable introduction intoprogramming with the Python language.Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1812 / 75
Python Textbooks (Beginner)Zed A. Shaw. “Learn Python the Hard Way.”,Heavily exercise-based introduction to programming. Good on-linematerial.Michael Dawson, “Python Programming for the AbsoluteBeginner.”,3rd edition, Cengage Learning PTR, 2010. ISBN-10: 1435455002Good introduction for beginners. Slightly dated. Teaches the principles ofprogramming through simple game creation.Tony Gaddis, “Starting Out with Python.”,Pearson New International Edition, 2013. ISBN-10: 1292025913Good introduction for beginners.Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1813 / 75
Python Textbooks (Beginner)Online resources:How to Think Like a Computer Scientist.An Introduction to Python.Dive into Python 3.Google’s Python Class.Main Python web page.For this course:Main course information page:http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/ hwloidl/Courses/F21SC/index new.html.Python sample code:http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/ hwloidl/Courses/F21SC/Samples/python sampleFAQs:http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/ hwloidl/Courses/F21SC/faq.html#pythonHans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1814 / 75
Python Textbooks (Beginner)Online resources:How to Think Like a Computer Scientist.An Introduction to Python.Dive into Python 3.Google’s Python Class.Main Python web page.For this course:Main course information page:http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/ hwloidl/Courses/F21SC/index new.html.Python sample code:http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/ hwloidl/Courses/F21SC/Samples/python sampleFAQs:http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/ hwloidl/Courses/F21SC/faq.html#pythonHans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1814 / 75
Launching PythonInteractive Python shell: pythonExit with eof (Unix: Ctrl-D, Windows: Ctrl-Z)Or: import sys; sys.exit()Execute a script: python myfile.pypython3 .python-args. script.py .script-args.Evaluate a Python expressionpython3 -c "print (5*6*7)"python3 -c "import sys; print (sys.maxint)"python3 -c "import sys; print (sys.argv)" 1 2 3 4Executable Python script#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: iso-8859-15 -*Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1815 / 75
Integer Arithmetic is the Python prompt, asking for input 4 .4 5 .2 -32 2# A comment on the same line as code.# A comment; Python asks for a continuation .2 2(50-5*6)/4# Integer division returns the floor:7/37/-3Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1816 / 75
Arbitrary precision integersint represents signed integers (32/64 Bit). import sys; sys.maxint2147483647long represents arbitrary precision integers. sys.maxint 12147483648L 2 ** 1001267650600228229401496703205376LConversion: [“ ” is a place-holder for an absent value.] - 2 ** 31-2147483648L int( )-2147483648Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1817 / 75
AssignmentVariables don’t have to be declared (scripting language). width 20 height 5*9 width * height900Parallel assignments: width, height height, width heightShort-hand notation for parallel assignments: x y z 0 x0 z0Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)# Zero x, y and zPython2017/1818 / 75
Floating-point numbersArithmetic operations are overloaded.Integers will be converted on demand: 3 * 3.75 / .522.5 7. / 23.5 float(7) / 23.5Exponent notation: 1e0 1.0e 1 1e-1 .1e-2Typically with 53 bit precision (as double in C). 1e-3239.8813129168249309e-324 1e-3240.0Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1819 / 75
Further arithmetic operationsRemainder: 4 % 31 -4 % 32 4 % -3-2 -4 % -3-1 3.9 % 1.31.2999999999999998Division and Floor: 7.0 // 4.41.0Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1820 / 75
Complex NumbersImaginary numbers have the suffix j. 1j * complex(0,1)(-1 0j) complex(-1,0) ** 0.5(6.1230317691118863e-17 1j)Real- and imaginary components: a 1.5 0.5j a.real a.imag2.0Absolute value is also defined on complex. abs(3 4j)5.0Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1821 / 75
Bit-operationsLeft- ( ) and right-shift ( ) 1 1665536Bitwise and (&), or ( ), xor (ˆ) and negation ( ). 1000 & 0377232 0x7531 0x8ace65535 0-1 0123 ˆ 01230Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1822 / 75
StringsType: str.Single- and double-quotes can be usedInput------’Python tutorial’’doesn\’t’"doesn’t"’"Yes," he said.’"\"Yes,\" he said."’"Isn\’t," she said.’Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Output--------’Python tutorial’"doesn’t""doesn’t"’"Yes," he said.’’"Yes," he said.’’"Isn\’t," she said.’Python2017/1823 / 75
Escape-Sequences\\\’\"\t\n\r\bbackslashsingle quotedouble quotetabnewlinecarriage returnbackspaceHans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1824 / 75
Multi-line string constantsThe expressionprint ("This is a rather long string containing\n\several lines of text as you would do in C.\n\Whitespace at the beginning of the line is\significant.")displays this textThis is a rather long string containingseveral lines of text as you would do in C.Whitespace at the beginning of the line is signHans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1825 / 75
Triple-quoteMulti-line string including line-breaks:print ("""Usage: thingy [OPTIONS]-hDisplay this usage message-H hostnameHostname to connect to""")givesUsage: thingy [OPTIONS]-hDisplay this usage message-H hostnameHostname to connect toHans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1826 / 75
Raw stringsAn r as prefix preserves all escape-sequences. print ("Hello! \n\"How are you?\"")Hello!"How are you?" print (r"Hello! \n\"How are you?\"")Hello! \n\"How are you?\"Raw strings also have type str. type ("\n") type ’str’ type (r"\n") type ’str’ Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1827 / 75
UnicodeUnicode-strings (own type) start with u. print ("a\u0020b")a b "\xf6""ö" type ( ) type ’unicode’ Standard strings are converted to unicode-strings on demand: "this " "\u00f6" " umlaut"’this ö umlaut’ printthis ö umlautHans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1828 / 75
String operations"hello" en("hello")"hello" "jello""e" in "hello"Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt TruePython########concat.repetitionindexing(from end)slicingsizecomparisonsearch2017/1829 / 75
ListsLists are mutable arrays.a [99, "bottles of beer", ["on", "the", "wall"]]String operations also work on lists.a b, a*3, a[0], a[-1], a[1:], len(a)Elements and segments can be modified.a[0] 98a[1:2] ["bottles", "of", "beer"]# - [98, "bottles", "of", "beer",["on", "the", "wall"]]del a[-1] # - [98, "bottles", "of", "beer"]Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1830 / 75
More list operations 5 42 a range(5)a.append(5)a.pop()# [0,1,2,3,4]# [0,1,2,3,4,5]# [0,1,2,3,4]a.insert(0, 42)a.pop(0)# [42,0,1,2,3,4]# [0,1,2,3,4]a.reverse()a.sort()# [4,3,2,1,0]# [0,1,2,3,4]N.B.: Use append for push.Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1831 / 75
WhilePrint all Fibonacci numbers up to 100 (interactive): a, b 0, 1 while b 100:.print (b).a, b b, a b.Comparison operators: ! NB: Indentation carries semantics in Python:IIIndentation starts a blockDe-indentation ends a blockOr: a, b 0, 1 while b 100: print (b); a,b b, a b.Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1832 / 75
IfExamplex int(input("Please enter an integer: "))if x 0:x -1print(’Sign is Minus’)elif x 0:print(’Sign is Zero’)elif x 0:print(’Sign is Plus’)else:print(’Should never see that’)NB: elif instead od else if to avoid further indentations.Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1833 / 75
Forfor iterates over a sequence (e.g. list, string)Examplea [’cat’, ’window’, ’defenestrate’]for x in a:print(x, len(x))NB: The iterated sequence must not be modified in the body ofthe loop! However, it’s possible to create a copy, e.g. usingsegment notation.for x in a[:]:if len(x) 6: a.insert(0,x)print (a)Results in[’defenestrate’, ’cat’, ’window’, ’defenestrate’].Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1834 / 75
Range functionIteration over a sequence of numbers can be simplified using therange() function: range(10)[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] range(5, 10)[5, 6, 7, 8, 9] range(0, 10, 3)[0, 3, 6, 9] range(-10, -100, -30)[-10, -40, -70]Iteration over the indices of an array can be done like this:a [’Mary’, ’had’, ’a’, ’little’, ’lamb’]for i in range(len(a)):print (i, a[i])Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1835 / 75
For-/While-loops: break, continue, elsebreak (as in C), terminates the enclosing loop immediately.continue (as in C), jumps to the next iteration of the enclosingloop.The else-part of a loop will only be executed, if the loop hasn’tbeen terminated using break construct.Examplefor n in range(2, 10):for x in range(2, n):if n % x 0:print (n, ’equals’, x, ’*’, n//x)breakelse: # loop completed, no factorprint (n, ’is a prime number’)Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1836 / 75
The empty expressionThe expression pass does nothing.while True:pass # Busy-wait for keyboard interruptThis construct can be used, if an expression is syntacticallyrequired, but doesn’t have to perform any work.Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1837 / 75
ProceduresProcedures are defined using the key word def.def fib(n):# write Fibonacci series up to n"""Print a Fibonacci series up to n."""a, b 0, 1while b n:print (b)a, b b, a bVariables n, a, b are local.The return value is None (hence, it is a procedure rather than afunction).print (fib(10))Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1838 / 75
A procedure as an objectProcedures are values in-themselves. fib function fib at 10042ed0 f fib f(100)1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1839 / 75
Call-by-valueWhen passing arguments to functions, a Call-by-value disciplineis used (as in C, C , or C#).Assignment to parameters of a function are local.def bla(l):l []l [’not’, ’empty’]bla(l)print(l)l is a reference to an object.The referenced object can be modified:def Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1840 / 75
Global VariablesThe access to a global variable has to be explicitly declared.def clear l():global ll []l [’not’, ’empty’]clear l()print(l)Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1841 / 75
Global VariablesThe access to a global variable has to be explicitly declared.def clear l():global ll []l [’not’, ’empty’]clear l()print(l). . . prints the empty list.Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1841 / 75
Return valuesThe return construct immediately terminates the procedure.The return .value. construct also returns a concreteresult value.def fib2(n):"""Return the Fibonacci series up to n."""result []a, b 0, 1while b n:result.append(b)# see belowa, b b, a breturn resultf100 fib2(100)f100Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)# call it# write the resultPython2017/1842 / 75
Default values for function parametersIn a function definition, default values can be specified forparameters:def ask(prompt, retries 4, complaint ’Yes/no?’):while True:ok raw input(prompt)if ok in (’y’, ’ye’, ’yes’): return Trueif ok in (’n’, ’no’): return Falseretries - 1if retries 0: raise IOError, ’refused’print (complaint)When calling the function, some arguments can be omitted.ask ("Continue (y/n)?", 3, "Yes or no, please!")ask ("Continue (y/n)?", 3)ask ("Continue (y/n)?")Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1843 / 75
Default values for function parameters (cont’d)Wrong:ask ("Continue (y/n)?", "Yes or no, please!")ask ()Named arguments (keyword arg) are useful when usingarguments with and without default values:ask ("Continue (y/n)?", complaint "Yes or no?")ask (prompt "Continue (y/n)?")Wrong:ask (prompt "Continue (y/n)?", 5)ask ("Yes/no?", prompt "Continue (y/n)?")Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1844 / 75
Evaluation of default values:Default values will be evaluated only once, when the function isdefined:i 5def f(arg i):print (arg)i 6f()Which number will be printed?Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1845 / 75
Evaluation of default values:Default values will be evaluated only once, when the function isdefined:i 5def f(arg i):print (arg)i 6f()Which number will be printed?. . . prints 5.Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1845 / 75
Evaluation of default valuesBeware of mutable objects!def f(a, L []):L.append(a)return Lprint (f(1))print (f(2)). prints [1] and [1, 2]. However:def f(a, L None):if L is None:L []L.append(a)return L. prints [1] and [2].Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1846 / 75
Argument listsPrefixing a paramter with * declares a paramter that can take anarbitrary number of values.def fprintf(file, format, *args):file.write(format % args)A list can be passed as individual arguments using * notation: args [3, 6] range(*args)[3, 4, 5]Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1847 / 75
Doc-stringsThe first expression in a function can be a string (as in elisp).def my function():"""Do nothing, but document it.No, really, it doesn’t do anything."""passThe first line typically contains usage information (starting with anupper-case letter, and terminated with a full stop).After that several more paragraphs can be added, explainingdetails of the usage information.This information can be accessed using . doc or helpconstructs.my function. doc# return doc stringhelp(my function)# print doc stringHans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1848 / 75
Anonymous FunctionsA function can be passed as an expression to another function: lambda x, y: x function lambda at 0xb77900d4 This is a factory-pattern for a function incrementing a value:def make incrementor(n):return lambda x: x nf make incrementor(42)f(0)f(1)Functions are compared using the address of their representationin memory: (lambda x: x) (lambda x: x)FalseHans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1849 / 75
ExercisesImplement Euclid’s greatest common divisor algorithm as afunction over 2 int parameters.Implement matrix multiplication as a function taking 22-dimensional arrays as arguments.Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1850 / 75
More list operationsModifiers:IIl.extend(l2) means l[len(l):] l2, i.e. add l2 to the endof the list l.l.remove(x) removes the first instance of x in l. Error, ifx not in l.Read-only:IIIIl.index(x) returns the position of x in l. Error, if x not in l.l.count(x) returns the number of occurrences of x in l.sorted(l) returns a new list, which is the sorted version of l.reversed(l) returns an iterator, which lists the elements in l inreverse order.Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1851 / 75
Usage of listsLists can be used to model a stack: append and pop().Lists can be used to model a queue: append und pop(0).Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ)Python2017/1852 / 75
Higher-order functions on listsfilter(test, sequence) returns a sequence, whoseelements are those
“Introduction to Computation and Programming Using Python.”, MIT Press, 2013. ISBN: 9780262519632. Doesn’t assume any programming background. Timothy Budd. “Exploring Python.”, McGraw-Hill Science, 2009. ISBN: 9780073523378. Exploring Python provides an accessible and reliable introduction into programming with the Python language. Hans-Wolfgang Loidl (Heriot-Watt Univ) Python 2017 .
Python Programming for the Absolute Beginner Second Edition. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 GETTING STARTED: THE GAME OVER PROGRAM 1 Examining the Game Over Program 2 Introducing Python 3 Python Is Easy to Use 3 Python Is Powerful 3 Python Is Object Oriented 4 Python Is a "Glue" Language 4 Python Runs Everywhere 4 Python Has a Strong Community 4 Python Is Free and Open Source 5 Setting Up Python on .
Python 2 versus Python 3 - the great debate Installing Python Setting up the Python interpreter About virtualenv Your first virtual environment Your friend, the console How you can run a Python program Running Python scripts Running the Python interactive shell Running Python as a service Running Python as a GUI application How is Python code .
Python is readable 5 Python is complete—"batteries included" 6 Python is cross-platform 6 Python is free 6 1.3 What Python doesn't do as well 7 Python is not the fastest language 7 Python doesn't have the most libraries 8 Python doesn't check variable types at compile time 8 1.4 Why learn Python 3? 8 1.5 Summary 9
Launch Eclipse Install Python plug-in for Eclipse Add a Python Interpreter Create a Python Project Create a Python Program Run a Python Program Debug a Python Program 0 Introduction This tutorial is for students who want to develop Python projects using Eclipse. E
CR ASH COURSE PY THON CR ASH COURSE 2ND EDITION ERIC MATTHES SHELVE IN: PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES/ PYTHON 39.95 ( 53.95 CDN) LEARN PYTHON— FAST! COVERS PYTHON 3.X Python Crash Course is the world's best-selling guide to the Python programming language. This fast-paced, thorough introduction to programming with Python will
site "Python 2.x is legacy, Python 3.x is the present and future of the language". In addition, "Python 3 eliminates many quirks that can unnecessarily trip up beginning programmers". However, note that Python 2 is currently still rather widely used. Python 2 and 3 are about 90% similar. Hence if you learn Python 3, you will likely
There are currently two versions of Python in use; Python 2 and Python 3. Python 3 is not backward compatible with Python 2. A lot of the imported modules were only available in Python 2 for quite some time, leading to a slow adoption of Python 3. However, this not really an issue anymore. Support for Python 2 will end in 2020.
Dosen Jurusan Pendidikan Akuntansi Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta CP: 08 222 180 1695 Email : adengpustikaningsih@uny.ac.id. 23-2. 23-3 PREVIEW OF CHAPTER Intermediate Accounting IFRS 2nd Edition Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield 23. 23-4 6. Identify sources of information for a statement of cash flows. 7. Contrast the direct and indirect methods of calculating net cash flow from .
