Treasures, Hispanic Flavor - THC.Texas.Gov
outh Texas evokes images of sun-drenchedbeaches, swaying palms and colorful citrustrees. But there’s more to this region than justthe beach. The Texas Tropical Trail Region offerstravelers natural, cultural and historical treasures —all with a distinct Hispanic flavor.Many people have long called this place home —from Spanish and French explorers to riverboatbarons, from Hispanic vaqueros to salty sea captains,from land speculators to railroad tycoons.This is the balmy, vibrant southern tip of Texas,a triangle of coastal plains roughly bounded by the RioGrande and San Antonio River and the Gulf of Mexico.Situated between the mountain plateaus and the Gulf,and blessed with a subtropical climate, the regionhosts plants and animals found nowhere else in theUnited States.Diverse groups struggled for control of thisstrategic borderland. Allegiances ebbed and flowedamong six nations: Spain, France, Mexico, Texas, theConfederate States and the United States. Centuriesof conflict and cultural blending forged a history thatembodies the spirit of the six flags of Texas.Nomadic hunter-gatherers occupied this land in1519, when Spanish navigator Alonso Álvarez de Piñedamapped the Texas coast and explored the Rio Grande.Warfare, diseases, intermarriage and incursions byPlains Indians eventually decimated or dispersednative groups.South Texastreasures, Hispanic flavorHistoric Brownsville Museum
For almost three centuries, South Texas waspart of New Spain’s buffer zone between establishedSpanish provinces in present-day Mexico and FrenchLouisiana to the east. In 1685, France unsuccessfullychallenged Spanish control when Robert Cavelier,Sieur de La Salle, established the ill-fated Fort St.Louis near Matagorda Bay.In response, Spain bolstered its frontier presenceduring the 1700s with presidios (forts) and missions,including one in present-day Refugio. It also offeredporciones (land grants) to settlers and in 1748created a new province, Nuevo Santander, whichstretched across the Rio Grande to the Nueces River,where it bordered the province of Tejas (Texas).Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821.The lower Rio Grande Valley region kept itscommercial ties to the south despite growingcolonies north of the Nueces River. The Republic ofTexas gained independence from Mexico in 1836and claimed the Rio Grande as its southernboundary. Mexico set the Nueces River as the line,and the dispute continued even after Texas became anAmerican state in 1845. The Treaty of GuadalupeHidalgo, which ended the U.S.-Mexico War of 1846–48, settled the matter. The Rio Grande became theinternational boundary, and the U.S. gained Mexicanterritories from Texas to the Pacific Coast.La Lomita Chapel, MissionBackground: Historic downtown Weslaco2Full-scale replica of Columbus’ ship Niña, Corpus ChristiMuseum of Science & HistoryTEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
During the 1850s, steamboats hauled cargo upand down the Rio Grande, creating wealth forriverboat barons such as Richard King and MifflinKenedy, both of whom later turned their riches intoranching empires.After the Civil War, ranchers drove millions oflonghorn cattle to northern markets. Ancienttraditions of the Spanish vaquero (cowboy) formed abasis of the cowboy culture that spread across Texasduring the late 1800s. The early 20th century brought othernewcomers — tourists attracted by the coast’s prolificfisheries, cool breezes and pristine beaches,especially those found on Padre Island, the world’slongest barrier island.Today, bi-nationalism reigns in the region andMexican traditions permeate the language, food,music and religion. Relax in picturesque Hispanicplazas and browse shops along palm-lined streets.Enjoy piquant Mexican foods, rhythmic Tejano musicand flashy folklorico dances. Take a trail ride acrosswide-open spaces and sample sizzling steaks orbarbecue. Climb the stairs of a historic lighthouse andtry your hand at deep-sea fishing or beachcombing.For more than a century, Hispanic and Anglotraditions have blended to create a truly distinctivebicultural heritage. By preserving and promoting thatlegacy, dozens of museums and heritage sites in the20-county region remain guardias del pasado(guardians of the past).Midwesterners arriving in South Texas to buy land1852 Port Isabel Lighthouse StateHistoric SiteTEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION3
THE TEXAS TROPICAL TRAIL REGIONTROPICALThe following cities are described in this guideand the number refers to the city’s location on the map.9HARLINGEN 13BROWNSVILLE 16HILDAGO 22CARRIZO SPRINGS1KINGSVILLE 10CORPUS CHRISTI8LAREDO 27COTULLA2LOS FRESNOS 14ROMA 26DONNA 20MCALLEN 23SAN BENITO 17EDINBURG 19MISSION 24SARITA 12ALICEFALFURRIAS 11GEORGE WEST43ORANGE GROVE4PHARR 21PORT ISABEL 15REFUGIO6RIO GRANDE CITY lwww.texastropicaltrail.comWESLACO 18TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
ALICENamed for ranch legend Richard King’s daughter, Alice became amajor cattle-shipping point in the 1880s at the junction of two raillines. After 1900, irrigation influenced agricultural development, and1930s oil discoveries brought more wealth.Alice made national headlines after a controversial 1948 U.S.Senate primary boosted the political career of future presidentLyndon B. Johnson. The election allegedly turned on help from SouthTexas political boss George “Duke of Duval” Parr, who was convictedof tax evasion in the 1930s. The judge’s bench used in that trial is aprime attraction at the South Texas Museum, housed in the 1940soffice building of prominent ranching brothers Claude and FrankMcGill. The museum displays a range of artifacts including a SanAntonio and Aransas Pass Railroad lantern and a rare horse collarwoven from corn shucks.The Tejano ROOTS Hall of Fame and Museum celebrates Alice’simportant role in the development of Tejano music. Tejano is theborderland-style music of conjunto with up-tempo instrumentationand modern stage presence. Museum exhibits display flashy stageclothes, instruments and photos of more than 100 Tejano stars. Anannual hall of fame induction features live stage shows. Inducteesinclude Armando Marroquin, Sr. and Paco Betancourt who startedAmerica’s first all-Hispanic recording company, Ideal Records, inAlice in 1944. Recording equipment from the landmark companyremains on display.Unusual early 1900s horse collarmade of woven corn shucks,South Texas Museum (right)1940 Stearman trainer, Maxine Flournoy Third Coast Squadron of theCommemorative Air Force MuseumThe Alice airport is home to the Maxine Flournoy Third CoastSquadron of the Commemorative Air Force. The squadron’s hangarhouses restored and flyable World War II planes such as a 1940Stearman trainer, as well as vintage aircraft under restoration.Exhibits also retell the stories of Coastal Bend military personnel,including squadron namesake Maxine Flournoy, a member of theWomen Airforce Service Pilots in World War II.At nearby Orange Grove, the Orange Grove Museum takesvisitors back to turn-of-the-20th-century life. A 1907 coveredwagon, railroad caboose and Model-T Ford recall early modes oftransportation. Period artifacts recreate leather and blacksmithshops, plus scenes of early homesteads.Across the Nueces River at San Patricio sits the state’s onlyremaining empresario home. Built in 1855, the McGloin Homesteadwas the residence of Irishman James McGloin who, along with JohnMcMullen, acquired Texas’ southernmost Mexican land grant in 1828to settle 200 Irish families. The Corpus Christi Area Heritage Societyoffers tours of the home, which also serves as a bed-and-breakfast. TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION5
BROWNSVILLEStately palm trees and blooming bougainvilleas lend the state’ssouthernmost city a subtropical charm.An early American settlement along the lower Rio Grande,Brownsville sprang up on the river’s north bank around Fort Brown(originally Fort Texas). U.S. Gen. Zachary Taylor established thegarrison in March 1846 to secure the disputed Nueces Strip. By May,the first major battle of the U.S.-Mexico War occurred on Palo Altoprairie. The Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site presents abalanced bilingual chronology of the pivotal two-year war and theensuing treaty that set the current U.S.-Mexico boundary.Fort Brown continued to secure the border as a U.S. (andtemporarily as a Confederate) post until it was closed after World WarII. A number of structures — including the fort hospital andbarracks — are part of the University of Texas at Brownsville andTexas Southmost College.A stone’s throw from Fort Brown, the Brownsville HeritageComplex commemorates local history. A heritage museum andresource center offer bilingual exhibits and resource material datingfrom the Spanish era to the early 20th century. The complex alsocontains the 1850 Stillman House Museum. After the U.S.-Mexico War,Charles Stillman, a ship owner and merchant living across the riverin Matamoros, Mexico, saw a business opportunity. He bought partof a Spanish land grant at Fort Brown, then founded and named thetown Brownsville. The Stillman House boasts family heirlooms andan exhibit on an incident of Anglo vs. Hispanic borderland violenceknown as the Cortina Wars.1840s U.S. infantry reenactor, Palo Alto Battlefield61850 Stillman House parlor, Brownsville Heritage ComplexHead to the Brownsville Convention and Visitors Bureau and pickup a local heritage trail guide highlighting Brownsville’s manyhistoric structures. Downtown, a restored Spanish Colonial Revivalstyle Southern Pacific depot is home of the Historic BrownsvilleMuseum. The 1928 structure displays bilingual exhibits on early townhistory. Its star attraction is the restored 1870s steam-powered Engine#1 of the Rio Grande Railroad. Also displayed is the 1850s mahoganybedroom set of local entrepreneur Simón Celaya, who ran therailroad between Brownsville and the port of Point Isabel (now PortIsabel). Further down the street stands the restored 1912 CameronCounty Courthouse, designed by the office of renowned San Antonioarchitect Atlee B. Ayres.Near downtown is the Mitte Cultural District, site of the GladysPorter Zoo and the Brownsville Museum of Fine Art. The museumfeatures a collection of works by N.C. Wyeth, Marc Chagall and JamesWhistler. It also maintains the 1834 Neale House, considered the city’soldest frame house, as well as the original Fort Brown bandstand.The cultural district also contains Dean Porter Park, opened in1927 on a former river channel or resaca. A cultural education centerhouses the Children’s Museum of Brownsville and the Costumes ofthe Americas Museum. Antique and new costumes reveal how nativewomen and men across the Americas have dressed in various historicperiods. Rotating exhibits of 50–100 colorful costumes come fromthe museum’s collection of 500.The Brownsville-South Padre Island International Airport ishome to the hangar and museum of the Commemorative Air Force’sRio Grande Wing. The museum exhibits World War II artifacts andretells little-known aviation stories including the tale of the 201stMexican Fighter Squadron (Aztec Eagles) that trained in Texas forservice in the Pacific Theater. The hangar stores flyable World War IIaircraft such as a rare German Focke Wulf-44 Steiglitz biplane andan American Boeing PT-13 Stearman biplane. The wing also hosts amajor air show each spring.TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
CARRIZO SPRINGSFor 50 years, Carrizo Springs teacher J.W. House combed the areasearching for Native American artifacts. His vast collection isdisplayed at the Wade House Memorial Museum, located in theDimmit County Public Library. Uncovering 11,000 years of localhistory, the compilation includes large projectile points for killingmammoths and mastodons, stone adzes (ax-like tool) forwoodworking and metates (grinding slabs) and manos (handstones) for processing seeds and nuts. The museum also includesNative American artifacts of the Catarina Ranch collection donated byranch owner and former Gov. Dolph Briscoe, Jr.Downtown, the 1884 Dimmit County Courthouse was originallydesigned in a simplified Italianate style. The county expanded andremodeled the courthouse in 1927 to reflect the Classical Revivalarchitecture it displays today.LOS CAMINOSDEL RIOIn 1989, the Texas HistoricalCommission and the TexasDepartment of Transportationpartnered to celebrateLos Caminos Del Rio, orRoads of the River, a binational heritage corridoralong the Rio Grande fromLaredo to the Gulf of Mexico.The corridor celebrates an areaunlike any other — a placewhere culture spans a bordercreating shared values,environment, history andeconomics. From historiccathedrals and plazas tounique international bridgesand panoramic views, LosCaminos Del Rio is filled withheritage and natural wonders.To learn more about Los Caminos Del Rio, request a free brochure at866/276-6219 or download a copy at www.thc.state.tx.us.Dimmit County Courthouse, Carrizo SpringsThe 1884 Dimmit CountyCourthouse reflects ClassicalRevival architecture. Hand-drawn ferry border crossing, Los EbanosTEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION7
8American White PelicansNot Just for the Birds TxDOTGreen JayTxDOTECOTOURISMhe Texas Tropical Trail Region is anenchanting paradise for birders andecotourists. Dozens of preserves,natural areas and refuges scatteredthroughout the Rio Grande Valley offers someof the best bird watching in the country.Because the Valley is one of the mostecologically complex regions in the U.S.,it has become a popular destination forvisitors who delight in experiencing itsbiodiversity. Texas is a natural destination forbird watchers with more than three-quartersof America’s bird species, and the TexasTropical Trail Region is home to many ofthese winged wonders.Highlighting the Valley’s biodiversity,the World Birding Center is a network ofnine sites scattered along 120 miles of riverroad with habitats ranging from drychaparral brush and verdant riversidethickets to freshwater marshes and coastalwetlands. For more information on locations,visit www.worldbirdingcenter.org.
CORPUS CHRISTIThe region’s largest city is a deep-water seaport, tourist hot spot and astep away from Padre Island National Seashore.Town founder and land speculator Henry Kinney built a fortlike trading post in 1839 on a bluff above Corpus Christi Bay. Profitssoared in 1845 when Gen. Zachary Taylor made Kinney’s store hismilitary base following the annexation of Texas by the United States.Soldiers stationed there included three future American presidents— Taylor, Franklin Pierce and Ulysses S. Grant — as well as futureConfederate President Jefferson Davis. Also serving was Capt. ForbesBritton who later built a home next to Kinney’s post. Today, Britton’shome is the Centennial House, a museum with period furnishings.Occupied by the U.S. Army during the Civil War, the house withstoodfour 20th-century hurricanes and remains the city’s oldest structureon its original site.Nine restored and relocated Victorian homes welcome visitors atHeritage Park, located in the city’s bayfront museum and conventiondistrict. The park’s 1908 French-Galvan House hosts a multiculturalcenter with rotating exhibits. The 1905 Lichtenstein House was theresidence of a prominent Jewish family, but today houses a Hispanicculture museum. African American displays occupy the early-1900shome of Hattie Moore Littles, one of the city’s first black residents.A short walk away,the Texas State Museum ofAsian Cultures promotesunderstanding of PacificRim nations and India. Thenucleus of the museum is thecollection of Corpus nativeBillie Trimble Chandler, wholived many years in Japan.Objects range from a five-footbronze Buddha statue to a bikepowered Singapore taxi, fromJapanese Hakata dolls toChinese kites and Koreandrums. The museum celebratesJapanese samauri statue, AsianAsian holidays with music,Cultures Museumdance and craft demonstrations.The museum district also boasts the Art Museum of South Texas,a striking modernistic edifice. The museum’s 1,100-piece permanentcollection depicts classical to modern art, emphasizing works fromTexas, Mexico and the United States.Across the Water Garden, the massive Corpus Christi Museumof Science & History details the region’s natural and cultural history.Hands-on and interactive displays feature species adapted to asemi-arid climate, such as reptiles, birds and bats. Other areashighlight the world of shells, the nature of hurricanes and droughttolerant Xeriscaping.Several galleries examine encounters between French andSpanish explorers and Native Americans. The “Seeds of Change”exhibit, developed by the Smithsonian Institution, explains the impactof the exchange of corn, potatoes, diseases, horses and sugar betweenthe Old World and Nuevo Mundo (New World).Heritage Park’s 1908 French-Galvan HouseLion’s paw and lightning whelk shells,Corpus Christi Museum of Science& HistoryTEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION9
COTULLAUSS Lexington Museum on the Bay, Corpus ChristiAs the state’s official marine archeology repository, the museumhouses two of North America’s most important shipwrecks. The LaSalle Odyssey exhibit recounts the birth of the ill-fated 17th-centuryexpedition of French explorer Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle.Visitors view ship fittings and bronze cannons, while learning howKarankawa Indians salvaged and used shipwreck materials.The museum also interprets the New World’s oldest scientificallyexcavated shipwreck, three Spanish ships that sank in 1554 off PadreIsland. Glimmering displays of rare artifacts comprise the world’slargest collection of 16th-century silver bullion and Spanish coins.Other artifacts include bombards (wrought-iron cannons) and part ofa ship’s keel.Visitors literally step aboard nautical history on replicas ofChristopher Columbus’ ships, the Niña, Pinta and Santa Maria. Thereplicas were built in Spain and sailed to Texas to celebrate the 500thanniversary of the Columbus voyages in 1992.Across the ship channel rests the Texas State Aquarium and“Lady Lex.” Naval enthusiasts climb aboard a World War II aircraftcarrier at the USS Lexington Museum on the Bay. “Lady Lex” servedin nearly every major operation of the Pacific Theater. Visitors clamorfrom lower decks to the bridge, getting a feel for wartime life at sea.Ship exhibits outline Japan’s attack at Pearl Harbor and its kamikazecampaigns. An aircraft elevator space houses a 30-foot theater screenshowing action-packed historical fi lms. Head to the fl ight deck forscenic views and a variety of military aircraft.Corpus Christi is also home to the Texas Surf Museum, whichheralds surfing history through classic boards, historic photos andmemorabilia. Adjacent is the South Texas Music Walk of Fame bearingnames of regional music stars. The city’s biggest music star, SelenaQuintanilla, has her own museum. Located in the recording complexwhere the late Latina diva cut major hits, the Selena Museum displaysmemorabilia and costumes worn at concerts and award shows.10When Polish immigrant Joseph Cotulla learned the Internationaland Great Northern Railroad was coming to the area in 1881, hedonated land for a townsite that soon became the La Salle County seat.Pioneers ranched cattle and sheep on scrubby brushland, but in 1898two local men planted onion seeds from Bermuda and began sellingsweet onions. That ushered in a prosperous era of irrigated springproduce in La Salle and adjacent counties, an area known as theWinter Garden Region.Cotulla’s Brush Country Museum rekindles La Salle Countyhistory in a small white house and adjacent school building. A replicaparlor, bedroom, kitchen and doctor’s office recall early-20th-centurylife. The schoolroom features displays on education, includingsegregated Hispanic and Anglo schools, plus the Welhausen Schoolwhere Lyndon B. Johnson first taught and served as principal.A Texas Main Street city, Cotulla also boasts the 1931 Modernestyle La Salle County Courthouse with Art Deco detailing.DONNASituated along the Chisholm Trail, this area was a gathering point for19th-century cattle drives headed north. In 1903, Thomas J. Hooksmoved his family to the area because of the farming potential. Hesecured a stop on the St. Louis, Brownsville and Mexico Railroadwhere the Lott Town and Improvement Company founded Donna in1904. Railroad entrepreneur Uriah Lott named the town after Hooks’daughter. When Donna Hooks Fletcher divorced in 1908, she receivedland from her father, which she turned into a prosperous produce anddairy operation. Local history is honored at her namesake facility —Donna Hooks Fletcher Museum. Artifactsinclude the town’s first telephone, abar supposedly used in the 1914Blue Goose Saloon andhousehold appliances,including an ice box, clotheswringer wash tub andbutter churn. Prominentlydisplayed is the Bible thatDonna Hooks Fletcher heldin one hand, while theother hand held a pistol,during the tense 1910s whenMexican revolutionariesraided across the nearbyRio Grande.Portrait of town namesake DonnaHooks FletcherTEXAS HISTOR ICAL COMMISSION
EDINBURGFALFURRIASNamed for the capital ofScotland, Edinburg was aranching settlement whenthe first rail spur line arrivedin 1909. By the time a majorSouthern Pacific Railroad linereached town in 1927,irrigation had turned manyranches into farms. Therestored 1927 Southern Pacificdepot, currently housing theEdinburg Chamber ofCommerce, featuresmemorabilia and photosReplica of mammoth, Museum ofencapsulating early railroadSouth Texas History, Edinburghistory. Artifacts include switchlocks, a conductor’s cap and the gold-colored spike used during the1927 ceremony celebrating the line’s completion.Regional heritage is elaborately interpreted at the Museum ofSouth Texas History, which incorporates the century-old HidalgoCounty jail. Replica settings and authentic artifacts trace the sweepof history across South Texas and northeastern Mexico. A full-sizedreplica of a mammoth recalls the region’s Ice Age past. A world-classdiorama demonstrates Coahuiltecans hunting along the Rio Grande.Military artifacts exemplify the Spanish conquest including a chainmail shirt, Burgonet helmet, cup-hilt rapier and matchlock musket.An early carreta (cart) recalls Mexican traders who transportedgoods between ranches on both sides of the Rio Grande. The U.S.Mexico War exhibit recounts how the confl ict divided communitiesand families along the border.Exhibits also reveal historical footnotes such as the 1936 “RocketMail” stunt in which mail from McAllen to Reynosa, Mexico wasrocketed across the Rio Grande, making it the first-knowninternational postal rocket delivery.In the 1890s, rancher and land developer Edward C. Lasater boughtranches from Hispanic land-grant families and amassed the 350,000acre Falfurrias Ranch. Within a few years he attracted a rail line to hisranch where he founded a town, then sold tracts to farmers who grewproduce on the prairie. In 1914, noted architect Alfred Giles designedthe Classical Revival Brooks County Courthouse, which still standstoday. Lasater eventually developed the world’s largest herd of Jerseycattle, and his Falfurrias Creamery distinguished the town.Lasater is among many pioneers lauded at the FalfurriasHeritage Museum. The museum’s claim to fame is its Texas Rangercollection. Items vary from more than 70 pairs of boots to a fiddleplayed by a Ranger as he rode the Chisholm Trail. One exhibithighlights county namesake John A. Brooks, one of the Texas Rangers’“Four Great Captains.”Just outside of town, areligious shrine commemoratesPedro (Don Pedrito) Jaramillo,a young Native AmericanMexican who arrived in 1881 withstories of self-healing. With scantmedical care in the region, thisMexican peasant became a famouscurandero (faith healer), walkingor riding a burro to serve ranchfamilies. Ailing locals later cameto his home for healing. Each yearthousands still pilgrimage to hisburial site and shrine, leavingphotographs and written wishesDon Pedrito Jaramillo Shrine,for improved health.Falfurrias TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSIONGEORGE WESTWhile still a teenager, George Washington West was one of the first todrive longhorns from South Texas to Midwest railheads after the CivilWar. In 1880, he bought a large Live Oak County ranch and by 1912 hegave right-of-way to the San Antonio, Uvalde and Gulf Railroad for aline to his ranch, where he founded his namesake town. West gave histown up-to-date amenities, complete with a courthouse heconstructed in order to move the county seat from nearby Oakville.West’s colorful past comes alive at the Grace Armantrout Museum.The modern building showcases the life-long collection of localbenefactor Grace Armantrout. Featured are vintage furniture(1860–1940), antique firearms, a tusk of a mammoth and GeorgeWest’s personal washstand. The museum also boasts an 1890s sodafountain and a 1920s rail caboose.11
HARLINGENHIDALGOIn 1900, successful lawyer LonC. Hill first came to South Texasby coach and spent the night atthe Paso Real Stagecoach Inn.Along the Rio Grande he sawMexican-Americans growingabundant fruits and vegetables.He also noticed the land on theAmerican side slopes downhilltoward the Gulf. He quicklybought the property, begangrowing crops and built theSouth Texas grapefruitregion’s first gravity-fedirrigation canals. Hill brought the first railroad to the Valley andfounded Harlingen, named to honor the canal-laced ancestral Dutchhome of railroad magnate Uriah Lott.Today, this Texas Main Street city honors the town’s history andHill’s 1904 home at the Harlingen Arts & Heritage Museum. Exhibitschronicle early transportation and medicine in two other structures— a replica of the 1850s Paso Real Stagecoach Inn and the firstHarlingen Hospital, built in 1923 by two local businesswomen. Themuseum is on the grounds of a World War II gunnery school,Harlingen Army Airfield (later Harlingen Air Force Base). The policestation and brig of the Air Force base houses the museum’s permanentcollection of historical artifacts and photographs, as well as rotatingarts and cultural exhibits.Also on the formerHarlingen Army Airfieldgrounds is the Marine MilitaryAcademy, a military preparatoryschool. On the school’s paradegrounds rises the originalworking model of the Iwo JimaMonument that stands atArlington National Cemetery.The school also includes amuseum of Marine Corpsmemorabilia and the graveof Corporal Harlon H. Block,the only Texan depicted in thefamous statue.At Hidalgo, U.S. Highway 281 becomes a scenic river road en routeto Brownsville. It passes levees and irrigation canals that water largefields of citrus fruits, vegetables and cotton.Housed in a restored irrigation facility, the Hidalgo PumphouseHeritage & Discovery Park explores the heritage of South Texas water.Since the mid-1700s, when Spanish colonizer José de Escandónestablished the province of Nuevo Santander, water was the key to thefuture. To meet water needs, early settlers received river frontage,making land-grant porciones (portions) long narrow strips of land.In the early 1900s, land developers brought Midwest farmersto what they called the “Magic Valley,” a place where anything wouldgrow. But the Rio Grande had high banks in places, requiring pumpsto move water into canals. In 1909, Hidalgo built a pumphousecapable of irrigating 40,000 acres. The pumphouse’s first steamboilers were fired by mesquite wood cleared from new farmland.Coal, oil and electricity were used until the pumphouse closed in1983. The park offers a rare glimpse at the workings of century-oldwater technology. On site is a riverine hike-and-bike trail to thepumphouse’s settlement basin and a canoe trail on an irrigationcanal. The park hosts a branch of the World Birding Center andalso offers guided trolley tours of an adjacent waterwayenvironment and nearby Hidalgo Viejo (Old Hidalgo)Historic District.Harlingen Arts & Heritage MuseumHidalgo Pumphouse Heritage & Discovery Park12TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
WILD HORSE DESERTestled between the Rio Grande and theNueces River lies a land of endless wavinggrass and brawny Texas Longhorns.Historically known as the Wild HorseDesert for its wild mustangs, today this area is home tosome of Texas’ largest and most noteworthy ranches.This land wasn’t always popular. In the 1840s,the area was a source of contention between Texasand Mexico. Texans believed their border was theRio Grande, while Mexicans argued it was the NuecesRiver. Eventually, the Rio Grande was set as theborder and people slowly began to settle the land. Lifewas harsh, and it required sturdy, dedicated peopleto survive.Two of these dedicated settlers were renownedcattle barons Mifflin Kenedy and Richard King. Theywere among numerous Anglo investors who createdsuccessful ranching empires and helped tame theWild Horse Desert. Vaqueros (cowboys) helped runthe ranches and teach Anglos ranching skills.The cooperative efforts of Anglos and Mexicanscreated a blended culture that endures today.Above: Richard King, Mifflin Kenedy(photo credits: King Ranch Inc. and Kenedy Museum)Background: 1909 carriage house on King RanchKing and Kenedy 13
14KINGSVILLELAREDOConsummate 19th-century entrepreneur Richard King forgedfortunes in steamboats and ranching. The King Ranch he and hiswife Henrietta began on the Wild Horse Desert remains one of Texas’largest ranches at 825,000 acres and larger than Rhode Island. Kingwas among the first to trail Texas Longhorns from Mexico to Midwestmarkets. Later innovations — from cattle and horse breeding anddisease control to artesian well drilling and pasture improvement— made King Ranch the “birthplace of American ranching” and aNational Historic Landmark.The King Ranch Visitor Center offers guided tours along anold stagecoach road past grazing Texas Longhorns, a mid-1800scommissary and Mrs. King’s1909 carriage house and1913 home.After Captain King diedin 1885, his wife and son-inlaw Robert J. Kleberg broughtthe St. Louis, Brownsville andMexico Railroad to the ranchand formed a town g
travelers natural, cultural and historical treasures — all with a distinct Hispanic fl avor. Many people have long called this place home — from Spanish and French explorers to riverboat barons, from Hispanic vaqueros to salty sea captains, from land speculators to railroad t
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be looking at him through this square, lighted window of glazed paper. As if to protect himself from her. As if to protect her. In his outstretched, protecting hand there’s the stub end of a cigarette. She retrieves the brown envelope when she’s alone, and slides the photo out from among the newspaper clippings. She lies it flat on the table and stares down into it, as if she’s peering .
