Soil Dynamics 11 Test.ppt
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017 رﻓﺘﺎر دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎ Hasan GhasemzadehSoil dynamics ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺧﺎﮎ ﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺳﻴﮑﻠﯽ Dr. H. GhasemzadehSoil Dynamics21
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017 آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎت آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺮش ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ σeDr. H. Ghasemzadeh3 آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎت آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ Dynamic Simple Shear Apparatus - DSSADr. H. GhasemzadehSoil Dynamics آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺮش ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ 42
K.N. Toosi University of Technology 11/11/2017 آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎت آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺮش ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺎده σ N ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﻣﻴﺮاﻳﻲ – ﻣﺪول ﺑﺮﺷﻲ – ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ رواﻧﮕﺮاﻳﻲ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ دوران ﻣﺤﻮر ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛﺮﻧﻨﺶ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ 5 Dr. H. Ghasemzadeh رﺳﻜﻮ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران - ﻛﻤﺒﺮﻳﺞ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎت آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺤﻮري 6 3 Dr. H. Ghasemzadeh Soil Dynamics
K.N. Toosi University of Technology 11/11/2017 آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎت آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺤﻮري σd 3 3 1 2 Cyclic Triaxial System 3 1 N ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ σd σ1 –σ3 دوران ﻧﻮد درﺟﻪ ﻣﺤﻮر ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ در ﻫﺮ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ 7 Dr. H. Ghasemzadeh آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎت آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺤﻮري آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺤﻮري اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ ﺗﻮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺤﻮري واﻗﻌﻲ 8 4 Dr. H. Ghasemzadeh Soil Dynamics
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017 آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎت آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ Resonant-Column آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺘﻮن ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ a column of soil is subjected to an oscillating longitudinal or torsional load.The frequency is varied until resonance occur.From the frequency and amplitude at resonance the modulus and dampingof the soil can be calculated.A further measure of the damping can be obtained by observing the decayof oscillations when the load is cut off. ﻣﻴﺮاﻳﻲ – ﻣﺪول ﺑﺮﺷﻲ T A sin ωtApply harmonic torqueMeasure angular rotationSweep across frequencies9Dr. H. Ghasemzadeh آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎت آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ Bender elementsadvantagesnon-destructive, simple to use, allows forunlimited number of tests during the experiment ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻮج ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﻣﺪول ﺑﺮﺷﻲ در ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﻛﻢ - Testing apparatus is triaxial, consolidometer, resonant column oretc.equipped with bender elements.Dr. H. Ghasemzadeh10piezoceramics have been combined in dierent forms to generate and receive shear wavesSoil Dynamics5
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017 ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻳﻲ In-Situ TestsIn-Situ Testing - Objectives Select in-situ tests for augmenting,supplementing, and even replacing borings.Realize the applicability of various in-situmethods to different soil conditions.Recognize the complementary nature of insitu direct push methods with conventionalrotary drilling & sampling methods.Recognize values for utilizing these methodsDr. H. Ghasemzadeh11and quality implicationsfor their underuse.A.P. Van den Berg Track TruckDr. H. GhasemzadehSoil Dynamics126
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017In-Situ TestsCLAY SSILT S ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻳﻲ SANDSGRAV ELSCobbles/ Boulder sIn-Situ Test 101001000Grain Size (mm)Dr. H. Ghasemzadeh13Dr. H. Ghasemzadeh14Shear ModulusMeasurement of GmaxCorrelation to (N1)60Soil Dynamics7
K.N. Toosi University of Technology 11/11/2017 ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري ﺻﻔﺤﻪ اي ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻧﺠﺎم آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺣﻔﺮ ﮔﺎﻟﺮي و آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﻧﺼﺐ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ اﻧﺠﺎم آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ اراﺋﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﭻ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ 30 در 30 ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري وﺑﺎر ﺑﺮداري ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺑﺎر و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد 15 Dr. H. Ghasemzadeh ﺑﺎﺭﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﯼ σ ks 1 δe ks / 16 8 δe3 δe1 Dr. H. Ghasemzadeh Soil Dynamics
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017 ﺑﻠﻮﮎ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ 2.75 ﺣﺮﻛﺖ دوراﻧﻲ 0.75Vertical ﺷﺘﺎب ﺳﻨﭻ ConcreteBlock0.7Pit bottomHorizontal1.54.5 داﻣﻨﻪ ارﺗﻌﺎش ﻗﺎﺋﻢ Az ﺷﺘﺎب ﻗﺎﺋﻢ az4 f ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ارﺗﻌﺎش 2217Dr. H. Ghasemzadeh ﺑﻠﻮك ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ Az ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت Am ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺧﺎك ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ CuAm / 2 F Ma z M 4 2 f 2 Azfk s Cu f1 fnz f2 A1f 2 f12 f nz ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ Cu F A M 4 2 f 2 Az A AzAz4 2 f 2 MACu 1 CuAA1Dr. H. GhasemzadehSoil Dynamics ﺟﺮم ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﻠﻮك A1 10m 2189
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017 ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﯽ Es (1 2 )1 . 13 E s A (1 2 )Cu Cu رواﺑﻂ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك Vesic ﭘﺮاﻛﺎش ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ C C 0 .5 C u3Cu3C ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ C ﺧﺎك Barkan ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻫﻨﺪوﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﻨﺶ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ ارﺗﻌﺎش ﮔﻬﻮاره اي C 2C uC 2C 3C C Barkan ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك Dr. H. Ghasemzadeh19Soil Dynamics Tests (Geophysical Methods) Mechanical Wave Measurements Seismic Refraction Crosshole Tests (CHT) Downhole Tests (DHT) Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) Suspension Logging Electromagnetic Wave Techniques Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Electromagnetic Conductivity (EM) Surface Resistivity (SR) Magnetometer Surveys (MT)Dr. H. GhasemzadehSoil Dynamics2010
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Mechanical Wave Nondestructive measurements ( s 10-4%) Both borehole geophysics and non-invasivetypes (conducted across surface). Measurements of wave dispersion:velocity, frequency, amplitude, attenuation. Determine layering, elastic properties,stiffness, damping, and inclusions Four basic wave types: Compression (P),Shear (S), Rayleigh (R), and Love (L).21Dr. H. GhasemzadehMechanical Body WavesAmplitudeSRTimePOscilloscopeSourceReceiver (Geophone)RDr. H. GhasemzadehSoil DynamicsS2211
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Mechanical Waves (Compression)P - Wave VelocitiesSteelIntact RocksWeathered RocksIceTillSandClaySea WaterFresh Water01000200030004000500060007000Dr. H. GhasemzadehCompressionWave Velocity, Vp (m/s)800023Mechanical Waves (Shear)S - W ave V elocitiesSteelIntact RocksWeathered RocksIceTillSandClaySea Water}VFresh Water0s 0100020003000Shear Wave Velocity, VS (m/s)Dr. H. GhasemzadehSoil Dynamics40002412
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Geophysical EquipmentSeismographSpectrum AnalyzerPortable AnalyzerDr. H. GhasemzadehVelocity Recorder25oscilloscopeSeismic RefractionASTM D 5777Note: Vp1 Vp2Determine depthto rock layer, zRSource(Plate)zRt1t2Vertical Geophonest3t4x1x2x3x4Soil: Vp1Dr. H. GhasemzadehSoil DynamicsRock: Vp22613
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Seismic RefractionHorizontal Soil Layer over Rockt valuesTravel Time (seconds)0.020zc 0.015xc Vp2 Vp12 Vp2 Vp11Vp2 4880m/s0.010xc 15.0 m10.005Depth to Rock:zc 5.65 mVp1 1350m/s0.0000x values1020304050Distance From Source (meters)27Dr. H. GhasemzadehShear Wave Velocity, Vs Fundamental measurement in all solids(steel, concrete, wood, soils, rocks) Initial small-strain stiffness representedby shear modulus:(alias Gdyn Gmax G0) G0 Vs2Applies to all static & dynamic problems atsmall strains ( s 10-6) Applicable to both undrained & drainedloading cases in geotechnical engineering.Dr. H. GhasemzadehSoil Dynamics2814
K.N. Toosi University of nt29Dr. H. GhasemzadehCrosshole TestingOscilloscopeASTM D 4428Pumpx fctn(z)from inclinometers t Paul Mayne/GTShear Wave Velocity:Vs x/ tDownholeHammer(Source)TestDepth xpackerNote: Verticality of casingmust be established byslope inclinometers to correctdistances x with depth.Soil DynamicsSlopeInclinometerPVC-casedBoreholeDr. H. peInclinometerPVC-casedBorehole3015
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Downhole SeismicTesting Equipment31Dr. H. GhasemzadehDownhole TestingOscilloscopePumpHorizontal Plankwith normal loadx phoneReceivers)TestDepthIntervalShear Wave Velocity:Vs R/ tR12 z12 x2R22 z22 x2Dr. H. GhasemzadehSoil Dynamics Paul Mayne/GTCasedBorehole3216
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Automated Seismic Source Electronically-actuated Self-contained Left and rightpolarization Modified beam uses finto enhance shear wavegeneration Successfully tested todepths of 20m Capable of being usedwith traditional impulsehammerDr. H. Ghasemzadeh33Downhole Shear Wave VelocityAnchoring SystemAutomated Source Polarized Wave Downhole Vs withexcellent soil coupling. Dr. H. GhasemzadehSoil Dynamics3417
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Complete Set of Shear Wave TrainsMud Island Site A, Memphis TN35Dr. H. GhasemzadehIn-Situ Surface Wave er 1RayleighSurfaceWavesSoil DynamicsLayer 2Layer 3Layer 418
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Seismic Piezocone Test (SCPTu)37Dr. H. GhasemzadehSeismic Piezocone TestObtains Four IndependentMeasurements with Depth:Hybrid of Penetrometerwith Downhole GeophysicsCone Tip Stress, qtPenetration Porewater Pressure,uSleeve Friction, fsArrival Time of Downhole ShearWave, tsDr. H. GhasemzadehSoil DynamicsVsfsu2u160oqc3819
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Soundingqt (MPa)Depth (m)01020fs (kPa)30400100200Vs (m/sec)u2 252525253030303035353535100200300400d 35.7 mm05Vs10fsu2qtDr. H. Ghasemzadeh39Seismic Flat Dilatometer (SDMT)Dr. H. GhasemzadehSoil Dynamics4020
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Seismic DMTs at UMASS, AmherstLift-off Pressurepo (bars)0246080Expansion Pressurep1 (bars)510Travel Time ofShear Wave (ms)1500204060800SDMT1Depth (m)SDMT422244466SDMT566SDMTDMT 2 1DMT 23DMT888SDT 43DMT8SDMT 4101010121212SDMT 5101241Dr. H. GhasemzadehBoreholes Data CollectionPropertyMethodShear (s) andcompression (p)wave velocity Suspension (p-s) logging Downhole logging (impulsive and vibratorysources)Density Gravity-density logging Compensated density ( - logging)Geometry of contact(depths/thicknesses) Geologic logs (examination of core/cuttings) Geophysical logging suite–Compensated density ( - )–Neutron porosity–Dual induction resistivity–Full waveform sonicModulus reduction and Resonant column and torsional shear testsdampingDr. H.GhasemzaSoil DynamicsSediment particle size Gradation testingBorehole condition Acoustic televiewer Caliper logging Gyroscope surveys4221
K.N. Toosi University of TechnologySoil Dynamics11/11/2017Dr. H. Ghasemzadeh43Dr. H. Ghasemzadeh4422
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Shear Wave MeasurementsDr. H. Ghasemzadeh45More Measurements isMore BetterDr. H. GhasemzadehSoil Dynamics4623
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Soil Dynamics Tests(Geophysical Methods)Electromagnetic WaveTechniquesElectromagnetic Wave Nondestructive methods Non-invasive; conducted across surface. Measurements of electrical & magneticproperties of the ground: resistivity(conductivity), permittivity, dielectric,and magnetic fields. Cover wide spectrum in frequencies(10 Hz f 1022 Hz).Dr. H. GhasemzadehSoil Dynamics4824
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Electromagnetic Wave Surface Mapping Techniques: Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Electrical Resistivity (ER) Surveys Electromagnetic Conductivity (EM) Magnetometer Surveys (MS) Downhole Techniques Resistivity probes, MIPs, RCPTu 2-d and 3-d TomographyDr. H. Ghasemzadeh49Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) GPR surveys conducted on gridded areas Pair of transmitting and receiver antennae Short impulses of high-freq EM wave Relative changes in dielectric propertiesreflect differences in subsurface. Depth of exploration is soil dependent (upto 30 m in dry sands; only 3 m in wetsaturated clay)Dr. H. GhasemzadehSoil Dynamics5025
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)XadarSensors & SoftwareGeoRadarDr. H. Ghasemzadeh51Illustrative Results from GroundPenetrating Radar (GPR)Crossing an underground utility corridorDr. H. GhasemzadehSoil Dynamics5226
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Illustrative Results from GroundPenetrating Radar (GPR)Dr. H. Ghasemzadeh53Illustrative Results ofGround PenetratingRadar (GPR)GeostratigraphyDr. H. GhasemzadehSoil Dynamics5427
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Examples of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)Useful in Locating Underground UtilitiesDr. H. Ghasemzadeh55Results from Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)Dr. H. GhasemzadehSoil Dynamics5628
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Results from Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)Dr. H. Ghasemzadeh57Electrical Resisitivity MeasurementsDr. H. GhasemzadehSoil Dynamics5829
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Electrical Resistivity (ER) Surveys Resisitivity R (ohm-m) is an electricalproperty. It is the reciprocal of conductivity Arrays of electrodes used to measurechanges in potential. Evaluate changes in soil types and variationsin pore fluids Used to map faults, karst features (caves,sinkholes), stratigraphy, contaminant plumes.Dr. H. Ghasemzadeh59Electrical ResisitivityMeasurementsWhat will be gained bychanging electrode spacing?Depth of ER survey: i.e., greaterspacing influences deeperDr. H. GhasemzadehSoil Dynamics6030
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Electrical Resisitivity MeasurementsDr. H. Ghasemzadeh61Electrical Resisitivity MeasurementsDr. H. GhasemzadehSoil Dynamics6231
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Electrical Resisitivity MeasurementsResistivity Values (ConeTec & GeoProbe, 1997)Weathered RocksGlacial TillSands & GravelsLoose SandsLoamClay110100100010000Bulk Resistivity, (ohm-meters)Dr. H. Ghasemzadeh63Electrical Resisitivity MeasurementsDr. H. GhasemzadehSoil Dynamics6432
K.N. Toosi University of Technology 11/11/2017 Electrical coductovoty ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻌﻜﻮس ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺧﺎك ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪاز : ﻧﻮع ﺧﺎك ، ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﻜﻬﺎي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل درآب ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺧﺎك ، ﻣﻘﺪار رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ، ﺣﺮارت ، داﻧﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺧﺎك ، ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ آن و ﻣﻴﺰان ﻓﺸﺮدﮔﻲ ﺧﺎك . 65 Dr. H. Ghasemzadeh ) Electromagnetic Conductivity (EM 33 Soil Dynamics
K.N. Toosi University of Technology11/11/2017Magnetometer Surveys (MS)Measure relative changesin the earths' magneticfield across a site.Soil Dynamics34
K.N. Toosi University of Technology 11/11/2017 Soil Dynamics 6 In-Situ Testing - Objectives Select in-situ tests for augmenting, supplementing, and even replacing borings. Realize the applicability
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Soil pH Test: 1. Fill test tube (0755) to line 4 with pH Indicator (5701). Squeeze bottle gently. Soil pH Test: 2. Use .5 g spoon (0698) to add three measures of soil sample to test tube solution. Soil pH Test: 3. Cap and mix gently for one minute. Soil pH Test: 4. Al
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recommended when soil pH is above 5.3, soil test phosphorus is above 25 ppm, soil test potassium is above 150 ppm, soil test calcium is above 5 meq/100 g soil (1,000 ppm), and soil test magnesium is above 0.5 meq/100 g soil (60 ppm). Do not use
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