1 PETITION FOR FEDERAL RECOGNITION OF THE

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1PETITION FOR FEDERAL RECOGNITIONOF THEPIRO/MANSO/TIWA INDIAN TRIBE, PUEBLO OF SAN JUAN DE GUADALUPELAS CRUCES, NEW MEXICObyBarbara E. KauffmanAllogan SlagleStephen ConnPerformed under ANA Grant No. 90NA0810/01SUBMITTED TO THE PIRO/MANSO/TIWA INDIAN TRIBE,PUEBLO OF SAN JUAN DE GUADALUPE, LAS CRUCES, NEW MEXICO.JANUARY 1, 1992PMT-PFD-V001-D0005 Page 1of273

2TABLE OF CONTENTSI . INTRODUCTION4II. ORIGINS8III. MIGRATION TO THE MESILLA VALLEY, 1843 - 191434IV. THE CORPORATION: A FAILED PARTNERSHIP, 1914 - 1947 81V. DISSENSION AND REORGANIZATION 1948 - 1990l4SASPECTS OF PMT CULTURAL IDENTITYMODERN PMT SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, & POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONGENEAOLOGIES AND MARRIAGE PATTERNSYl. EVALUATION IN TERMS OF THE FEDERAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT CRITERIAREFERENCES2J'24 qAPPENDICESAppendix A: Research Procedures and Researchers' ResumesAppendix B: Geneaologies Compiled by Anthropologist and StaffAppendix C: Supporting DocumentsPMT-PFD-V001-D0005 Page 2 of 273

3LIST OF TABLES("T1 Be APPl!'NDCOJI. Piro/ Manso/ Tiwa Tribe and its El Paso Piro OriginsII. San Juan de Guadalupe Tiwa's Ysleta Tigua [TIWA] OriginsIII. Known El Paso Piro Immigration to the Mesilla ValleyIV. Known Ysleta Tigua Immigration to the Mesilla ValleyV. Las Cruces Pueblo IntermarriageVI. Las Cruces Children Attending Indian SchoolVII. Piro or Tigua Related Corporation MembersVIII. Assignment of House Lots by Blocks, Indian Town of GuadalupeIX. Ancestry of 1971 San Juan de Guadalupe Tiwa Tribal MembersX. Ancestry of Additional Tribal MembersPMT-PFD-V001-D0005 Page 3 of 273

4CHAPTER I:I.INTRODUCTION1.2.3.4.History of the effort to obtain acknowledgementSummary of proceduresOrganization of the reportSummary of evidence1.The Piro/Manso/Tiwa Indian Tribe, Pueblo of San Juan de Guadalupe(hereafter referred to as PMT) has sought Federal acknowledgement for manylong and frustrating years. Their effort was underway in the 1960s andcontinues to the present day, involving at various times the efforts ofseveral law firms, Native American assistance groups, anthropologists,ethnologists, and Tribal volunteers.The Piro/Manso/Tiwa Indian Tribe has sought acknowledgment through boththe legislative process and through the legal process set forth in 25 CFR 83and administered by the Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs.In the late 1960s, the PMT began lobbying their CongressionalRepresentative, Mr. Manuel Lujan, Jr., to introduce a bill into Congress thatwould grant the Tribe Federal Recognition. This action followed on the heelsof the successful effort of the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo in El Paso, Texas togain a form of Federal recognition through the legislative process. OnJanuary 18, 1971, the Piro/Manso/Tiwa Tribe requested Federal acknowledgmentfor the Tribe. Then-Cacigue Vicente Roybal submitted a (pre-25 C. F. R. 54/83) petition letter with some exhibits to the U. S. Department of InteriorBIA Area Office in Albuquerque, New Mexico [(Petition, January 18, 1971, SanJuan de Guadalupe(Tortugas) Tewa Indian Pueblo,New Mexico,thePiro/Manso/Tiwa Tribe to U. S. Department of the Interior/ Bureau of IndianAffairs, Albuquerque Area Office, with Chronology of the Tewa (Tigua) IndianPueblo of San Juan de Guadalupe (Tortugas), New Mexico]. The Tribe alsosubmitted a request for support to Congressman Manuel Lujan of New Mexico.However, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, after looking over the proposed billand supporting documents which the PMT had submitted to Representative Lujanin 1971, recommended that the bill should not be introduced because of itsbroad scope (Letter, March 11, 1971, Commissioner Louis R. Bruce to U. S.Representative Manuel Lujan), adding however that if the Tribe could notqualify for assistance under the Economic Opportunity Act, the BIA would haveno objection to legislation similar to the Ysleta del Sur Act (82 Stat. 93),April 12, 1968, which had given limited recognition to Yselta del Sur Puebloin order to make them eligible for programs under the Economic OpportunityAct of 1964 (78 Stat. 508), and for state programs. Congressional delegationchose to accept this advice, and the bill died. (See facsimile of Bill).2.In the mid-1970s the PMT engaged the legal firm of Nordhaus, Haltom andTaylor to prepare a petition for Federal Acknowledgement on behalf of thePMT-PFD-V001-D0005 Page 4 of 273

5tribe. While a draft petition was completed in 1979, the Tribal Council wasconcerned about the quality and thoroughness of the document, and it wasnever submitted. In 1981, a grant from the Native American Rights Fund (NARF)enabled the PMT to resume the petition process. At this time, NARF engaged ateam of researchers to work on gathering the ethnological and genealogicaldata necessary to complete the petition. A vast amount of historical,ethnographic, and genealogical data were gathered and a draft petition withsupporting documentation was prepared by Dr. Terry Reynolds of NARF (Reynolds1981). Mary Taylor supplied technical assistance based on twenty years'research in the Archives of the Archdiocese of Santa Fe, the Archives of theArchdiocese of Durango, the Archives of Janos, Carrizal Archives, theEcclesiastical Archives of the Diocese of Chihuahua, and private historicalarchives in Chihuahua. Diana Vari provided general historical backgroundinformation regarding the American Southwest and U. S. Indian policy. TerryReynolds and Mary Taylor provided historical findings. The grant budget was,however, too small to enable the researchers to finish their research, andcritical sections of the petition, concerning the modern sociopoli ti calorganization of the Tribe, were left unfinished (Materials from the previouswork of these researchers have been incorporated, with additions andrevisions and newly-discovered material, into the present petition).In 1988, the Piro/Manso/Tiwa Indian Tribe received a grant from theAdministration for Native Americans (ANA) to complete work on their petition.Early in 1989, they engaged the services of Mr. Stephen Conn, a consultingattorney, Mr. Allegan Slagle, a consulting attorney and field anthropologist,and Batcho and Kauffman Associates, consulting anthropologists. This team hasworked with the Tribe to prepare the present petition for ndsupportingdocumentation prior to the present team's engagement by the PMT, considerablegroundwork had already been laid for the completion of the petition. Theseearlier consultants carried out extensive archival research in both Englishand Spanish language documents from the 18th through 20th centuries, preparedfamily history questionnaires and data sheets, compiled genealogical data,and carried out interviews with Tribal members and people in the Las Crucesarea.In general, the Reynolds report ( 1981) provides an excel lent anddetailed history of the PMT up to the time of World War II. However, due tofunding constraints, it does not adequately address the modern socioculturaland political organization of the Tribe. Moreover, the prior ethnographicwork in the region had focused on population groups tangential to the PuebloIndian population in the Las Cruces area, particularly on residents ofTortugas, New Mexico, many of whom are not only not members of the Tribe, butlack American Indian descent or cultural affiliations (Hurt 1952; Loomis andLeonard 1938; Oppenheimer 1957). The publicly displayed cultural activitiesof the religious corporation created as an auxiliary to the Tribe in 1914,Los Indigenes de Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe, had been almost entirelyexpropriated by non-Indians, primarily second generation Mexican descendants,by the time of these studies (Beckett (1980, 1979, 1974). No extensive studyof social or political organization of the PMT or its modern organization andcomposition existed. Some ethnographic research undertaken to establish thesocial boundaries of the present group performed earlier has been lost orotherwise become unavailable to the present project staff.PMT-PFD-V001-D0005 Page 5 of 273

6the PMT. In addition, the present research team has focused on more fullydocumenting the social and economic pressures of the wider social system intowhich the PMT was and is linked. Examining the Tribe in the context of thedominant Hispanic/ Anglo social, political, and economic system helps toexplain the individual and group decisions of the Tribe and its members asthey have sought to preserve their cultural and tribal identity. Interviewersincluded Barbara Kauffman, Steven Conn, Allegan Slagle and Fred Almarez, whohave conducted interviews and observed community activities from 1989 to1991. Nuclear families were represented in the interviews, and often werequestioned in a group setting. Most interviews are recorded on audio and 1/4"video/vhs formats. There were interviewees from, or associated with,Tortugas, Las Cruces, El Paso and California. Present and former ceremonialand administrative officers participated extensively in the process, asinterviewees and as facilitators, particularly Mr. Lamberto Trujillo, theTribal Secretary, and Louis Roybal, the Vice-Chairman. Most were conducted istoriesofinterviewees and their households; the history of the PMT Tribe in the LasCruces area; interactions of tribal members with each other and the Tribe aswell as with other communities and governments (including other tribes).Follow-up interviews expanded on various topics or cross-checked information.Researchers attended tribal meetings and gatherings at the East SideConununi ty Center near the heart of the core community in Las Cruces, atPicacho, at A Mountain and other sites, accompanied by tribal members, and inparticular, officers of the tribal government. Videotape and audiotaperecords were made to document many of these inquiries. The investigatorsinvolved the Tribe and its members and all potential tribal (member)interviewees in the development of the research instrument and protocol andits administration, explaining in detail its purposes and procedures atmeetings in 1989 and 1990. All persons interviewed were required to sign aninformed consent form. The prior work of ethnographers in the area anddiscussions of native traditions with Louis Roybal, Tribal Vice-President, aswell as other members of the Council, the ceremonial officers, and certainelders, greatly facilitated the ethnographic and historical research.4.The Piro/Manso/Tiwa Indian Tribe, Pueblo of San Juan de Guadalupe, hasa long and interesting history. The Tribe is composed of members of threedistinct cultural and tribal entities that merged in the 17th and 18thcenturies in the Paso del Norte (modern day El Paso, Texas and adjacentCiudad Juarez, Chihuahua) area under the leadership of a Cacigue, thetraditional spiritual leader of the Tribe. The heritage of two of theseearlier groups, the Piro and Manso, survives today only in the Pueblo of SanJuan de Guadalupe.The petition will show that the Tribe has maintained its cohesion andcontrol over its members despite numerous upheavals outside their control,such as their forced migration from their historic homeland in the centralRio Grande Valley of New Mexico following the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, theMexican Revolution of 1821, the rapid international border changes of the1850s, and the social and economic impacts of World War II and the post-warera. The PMT has been identified throughout history to the present day as algovernment-to-government relationship with the United States. A majority ofits members can trace both firm American Indian ancestry and long associationPMT-PFD-V001-D0005 Page 6 of 273

7Mexican Revolution of 1821, the rapid international border changes of the1850s, and the social and economic impacts of World War II and the post-warera. The PMT has been identified throughout history to the present day as algovernment-to-government relationship with the United States. A majority ofits members can trace both firm American Indian ancestry and long associationwith the Piro/Manso/Tiwa Indian Tribe. Firm community ties are evident in theextensive social contact of Tribal members outside of formal Tribalactivities, in the form of life-cycle events which bring the communitytogether, an enduring Core Neighborhood in the heart of Las Cruces, andintermarriage. Further sections of the petition will describe the Tribe'sgoverning document and membership criteria, and present the current list ofTribal members. There are no Tribal members who are members of any otherNorth American Indian Tribe. The Piro/Manso/Tiwa Indian Tribe, Pueblo of SanJuan de Guadalupe, has never had a formal treaty relationship with theFederal government, or obtained a Federal trust land base. They have neverbeen the subject of legislation expressly terminating or forbidding such arelationship, including the in 1950s Ysleta del Sur legislation. Therestoration of the Ysleta del Sur tribe did not include or affect theacknowledgement of the Piro/Manso/Tiwa Tribe, and there is no record of anyclaim that it could or that it did. Nor was there any effort on the part ofthe PMT Tribe to associate itself with the Ysleta del Sur Tribe's efforts forits own restoration.PMT-PFD-V001-D0005 Page 7 of 273

8CHAPTER 2:II.ORIGINS OF THE POPULATION OF THE PRESENT PIRO/MANSO/TIWA TRIBE, PUEBLOOF SAN JUAN DE GUADALUPE: THE PROVENANCE DEBATE1. The Piro/Tompiro and Tiwa Pueblos in New Mexicoa. ArchaeologyBatcho and Kauffman/ others have conducted certain archaeologicalinvestigations in the Las Cruces and Tortugas areas. Archaeologists haveestimated that Indians living in the Mesilla Valley around 1225 B. C. weregrowing a hybrid corn, and:Some researchers believe the corn, which had eight rows and was found inrock shelters in the southern Organ Mountains, prove the valley's earlyinhabitants were more dependent on agriculture than scientists hadoriginally thought (Las Cruces Bulletin, 13 Sept. 1989, C-2).That particular population is believed to have abandoned the area by 1450.Batcho and Kauffman's 1989-1990 salvage archaeology in the Tortugas areaduring a road improvement project located evidence of @ 800-900 A.D.occupation by an unidentified population now absent from the area. TheFranciscan Friar Augustin Rodrigues and Captain Francisco Chamuscado were thefirst non-Indians to explore the Mesilla Valley, arriving in 1581 with eightsoldiers, two other friars and 19 servants. Under the authority of Spain, DonJuan de Onate came with 200 soldier-colonists in 1598, naming the valley,Mesilla / Little Table. Northwest of Las Cruces, a mountain named for PedroRobledo's death by drowning nearby. The Village of Dona Ana appears to havebeen named for a Spanish immigrant who died there in 1798. Las Cruces takesits name from the site of graves of Mexican traders attacked there by Apachesin 1830, "La Placita de Las Cruces" (Las Cruces Bulletin, 13 Sept. 1989, C2) b. History through Spanish accountsThe members of the Piro/Manso/Tiwa Indian Tribe trace descent from atleast three cultural groups that were first encountered by the Spanish in the1500s, when expeditions led by Cabeza de Vaca, Coronado, Chamuscado, andothers set out from Mexico to explore the northern frontiers of New Spain.These three groups are the Manso, who were living in the area of the MesillaValley and present day El Paso, Texas; the Piro & Tompiro, whose pueblos werelocated in the middle Rio Grande Valley near modern Socorro, New Mexico, andeastward in the Salinas Valley east of the Manzano Mountains; and the Tiwa,whose pueblos were north of the Piros on the Rio Grande and also to the eastin the foothills of the Manzano Mountains.Both the Piro and Tiwa were settled agriculturalists who lived incontiguous villages, practiced irrigation agriculture, grew cotton, corn, andother indigenous crops, and domesticated turkeys and dogs. They lived inmultistory adobe pueblos, built around plazas, with underground ceremonialchambers, or kivas, in the plazas. Each Piro pueblo had its own Cacique, thenumber varying according to the pueblo's size (Schroeder 1979:237). TheSpanish recorded their dress, food, and kachina dances, and establishedseveral missions in various Tiwa, Piro, and Tompiro pueblos in the early1600s.PMT-PFD-V001-D0005 Page 8 of 273

9When the Chamuscado expedition encountered the Piro pueblos in 1581,they found them at war with their Tiwa neighbors. Early accounts suggest thatthe Piro and Tiwa were related, and spoke languages that were either dialectsof the same language family, or at least mutually intelligible. Relationsbetween the Piro and Tiwa must have swung back and forth from ally to enemy,because when the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 forced the Spanish retreat from NewMexico, they noted that Tompiros were living in the Tiwa pueblo of Isleta.They had reportedly taken refuge in the Tiwa and Piro pueblos along the RioGrande some ten years before, when the Salinas pueblos had been abandoned,presumably due to Apache raids (Tainter and Levine; Schroeder 1979: 237-241).Nevertheless, it must have been an uneasy alliance, as the Spanish werediligent in settling the two tribes in separate communities once the refugeesarrived at El Paso del Rio del Norte.Onate first mentioned the Manso in 1598, locating them near what becamePaso del Norte. No village or dwellings were noted, and it is generallyassumed that they were nomadic, but that the lower Mesilla Valley and thePaso del Norte area were part of their normal range. The Franciscansestablished the first mission at Paso del Norte for the Manso and Suma, whosetraditional range was to the east and south of the Manses, along the RioGrande. This mission, Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe de los Manses, wasdedicated in 1659 (Waltz 1951: 14; Forbes 1960: 126; Bandelier 1893:348-9;Hughes 1914:305). Early baptismal, marriage, burial records and otherdocuments also note the presence of Piros, Sumas, Janos (from the areasouthwest of the Manses), and some Apaches at the mission after 1668 (Hughes1914:314; Forbes 1959).Governor Lopez in the 1650s required large forces of Indians from thevillages in the Piro and Tompiro areas to work for him in gathering suppliesof salt, pinon nuts, and hides. The missionaries claimed that this resultedin taking Indians away from their agricultural activities around the missionsand even from their own food production (Spicer, Cycles of Conquest: 158).While the total population at the time of contact apparently was small,about 500-1000 (Bandelier 1890: 165-166). In any case, the documentaryevidence points to an early historic relationship between the Manso and Pirothat continues throughout the history of settlement at Paso del Norte and upto the present.c. Traditional antagonism between Piro and Tiwa in New Mexican pueblos.Relations between the various groups settled in the Paso del Norte areawere not always cordial. When the Manses staged a series of uprisings in the1680s to 1690s, joining with the Suma and other indigenous groups furthersouth in Chihuahua, they tried to enlist the aid of the Piro and Tiwa, butmembers of these tribes reportedly informed the Spanish authorities instead.In 1684, Chiquita's band led the other Manos a revolt against the Spanish inthe Paso del Norte and Janos areas (Walz 1951: 150-151).After Spanish settlement and missionization activities created orincreased inter-Pueblo antagonisms, and following abortive rebellion andyears of unrest, considerable internal rivalry and dissension was inevitableamong originally distinct groups, even as external pressures forced themtogether; thus:In the 1670s warfare with the Apaches increased to the point where threesouthern Tiwa mountain villages had to be abandoned. The remnants of thevillagers came in 1674 to live with the Tiwa in Isleta. Likewise, thePMT-PFD-V001-D0005 Page 9 of 273

10Tompiro and Piro villages to the south were harassed constantly andbecame dangerous places to live (Spicer, Cycles of Conquest: 161).Mutiny attempts bore no fruit, and:The Piro and Tompiro pueblos did not long survive those abortive effortsat liberation. With their leadership destroyed and their numbersdecimated, they could not withstand the famine and epidemics and thedevastating surge of Apache hostility that best them from 1668 to 1671.Encomenderos did what they could, repeatedly taking the field withPueblo warriors to punish the enemies, but even that remedy posedhazards. Piro and Tompiro men were then so few that departure of anyuseful number left their people and property exposed to raids .(John, Storms Brewed: 93). Through 1680, Father Decorme claimed about850 Manses accepted baptism at the Guadalupe Mission [Decorme n.d.:4,citing no source for this information except that feeding and briberyinduced baptisms (Walz 1951: 148-194)]. There are suggestions in some ofthe historic documents that the Piros were brought to the mission by theSpanish to translate for the Mansos [hunter-gatherers living in brushhomes (Gerald 1974a: 118-119)], and that they may have been related insome way, but these accounts are discordant. Manses organized underbands of related families under the leadership of a headman. One ofthese bands and its headman, Captain Chiquito, were renowned for theirresistance to Spanish invaders (Walz 1951:14,21, 267; Rivera 1945: 69;Forbes 1960). Captain Chi qui to' s band, unlike most of the Mansos,continued to live in Mesilla Valley, where they had close ties with theGila Apaches (Walz 1951:22; Forbes 1959:118).2. The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 and its AftermathThe disruption of the indigenous population prior to 1680, whether asthe result of war or other causes, was greater among Pueblos than among therancheria peoples of the South. The common Spanish frontier phenomenon of adeclining Indian population was much more marked north of the present borderthan in the south. By the time of the 1680 rebellion the Pueblo populationhad declined by about half what it was when the Spaniards came in. Itdeclined by a half again during the 1700s . . . . Whole areas were completelydepopulated -- the Piros on the south and their neighbors, the Tompiros(Spicer, Cycles of Conquest: 161).When the New Mexico pueblos revolted against the Spanish in 1680, thePiro and Tiwa did not take part. Several hundred inhabitants of the Tiwapueblo of Isleta and the Piro pueblos of Senecu, Sevilleta, Alamillo, andSocorro in New Mexico were relocated south to the area of Paso del Norte withthe fleeing Spanish. When Otermin made his unsuccessful attempt to reconquerNew Mexico in 1681, he put several Rio Grande pueblos to the torch, and tooksome 385 more Isletans back to Paso del Norte with him (Hackett1942(2):220-230).Over the next few years, the Spanish established settlements for therefugees at approximately two league intervals south of the Mission ofGuadalupe along the west bank of the Rio Grande. Spanish and Pueblo refugeeswere settled in separate camps, and different Pueblo tribes were assigned toindividual settlements. In order of increasing distance from the Mission ofGuadalupe were the Real de San Lorenzo for Spanish, the pueblo of Senecu forPiros, Ysleta for the Tiwas, and Socorro for Piros, Tanos, and some Jemez.All of these settlements still exist in much the same location today. SanPMT-PFD-V001-D0005 Page 10 of 273

11Lorenzo and Senecu have been absorbed into the modern city of Ciudad Juarezalong with the Mission of Guadalupe. [As late as 1923, el barrio del pueblo,a suburb of Ciudad Juarez, is reported to have contained 55 Piro descendantswith a tribal organization and ceremonies (Bloom 1933-1938, 13:206-207).]Oppenheimer cited Hackett's study of the Pueblo Rebellion as hisprincipal source regarding the Isletan retreat to El Paso (Oppenheimer,Thesis, "An Ethnological Study of Tortugas, New Mexico," May 28, 1957,University of New Mexico Department of Anthropology, p. 3), and for thesource of his conclusions on the Tortugans' provenance, finding with Bloom(Bourke on the Southwest, p. 10) that most Indians of the Tortugas Puebloappear to have been of Isletan descent, whose ancestors retreated to El Pasofollowing the Pueblo Rebellion of 1680. Oppenheimer writes (p. 18):The written sources on the settlement of Tortugas and the testimony ofinformants, both Indian and Anglo, agree that most of the originalinhabitants of Tortugas came from the pueblo of Isleta del Sur, withsome Piros from Senecu, and a few Mansos.What Oppenheimer neglected to mention here was the possible establishment ofthe core Indian community of the Piro/Manso/Tiwa Tribe in Las Crucespredating the establishment of its Tortugas colony. It is useful here toreview in brief the history of the El Paso del Sur/ Juarez/ Isleta del Sur.Isleta, a neutral northern Pueblo, was a haven for retreating Spaniards, anda base for Otermin's attempted entrada of 1681-1682.Spicer wrote:The surviving Spaniards took refuge for a short time at Isleta andthen marched southward to El Paso. On the way they were accompanied bysome southern Tiwas and by all the remaining people of the depopulatedPiro villages in the vicinity of Socorro and southward. At El Paso theSpaniards remained for twelve years, unable to force their way back intothe lost territory. Governor Otermin made a misguided effort .in1681 by attacking Isleta . . . . burning southern Tiwa villages.Siete Rios seemed to conspire in harassing the wagon route from El Pasoto Senecu. Life grew so intolerable that Piros and Tompiros drifted awayfrom their homes, some to other Pueblos, some to the distant sanctuaryof the El Paso missions. By the end of the 1670s, the Pueblo world wasnearly dead east of the Manzanos and its southern reaches on the RioGrande were shrinking (Spicer, Cycles of Conquest: 163).In the autumn of 1681, Pueblo leaders schemed to stave off famine and at thesame time conciliate the Apaches. They would conquer Isleta by trickery, sackits granaries, kill its men, and present the Isleta women and children toApaches in compensation for Apache women and children lost to Spaniards andPueblos over the years. Isleta would be destroyed for its failure to join inthe rebellion, and the handsome gift might win the Apaches' friendship andalliance. The plot involved twenty-six pueblos: Tanos, Tewas, Keres, andthose of Acoma and Jemez (John Storms Brewed: 106-107). Sando traced thefirst exodus of Isletans to Hopi mesas lasted until 1681, and the sacking andburning of Isleta by the Spanish during the first attempted reentry to NewMexico (Sando, The Pueblo Indians: 213).On 5 November 1681, Otermin and a party of 290 (including 112 "Indianallies of the Manses, Piros, Tigua [Tiwa], and Jemez nations") left El Paso,then located at the site of the present city of Juarez, Chihuahua (p. 7 fromHackett, Revolt, p. cxxxiii ff.) Dec. 5, with a small group, Otermin took thePueblo of Isleta. Hackett indicated that among those held in the Plaza werePMT-PFD-V001-D0005 Page 11 of 273

12Piros from the pueblos of Socorro, Alamillo, and Sevilleta, among others, sothat there were 511 persons assembled (p. 8, Hackett, Revolt, p. cxxxii ff.)Hackett said that:Previous to the uprising Isleta had received accessions from the Tiguase.ttlements near the Manzano, when these pueblos were abandoned inconsequence of the Apaches. This explains why the southern Tiguas ofIsleta in Texas claim to have descended from Cuaray at the Salines. Thefugitives from the latter village fled to Isleta, and were subsequentlytransported thence to the south. ."A number of Piros fled the Isleta Pueblo to join the leader of the apostates,Don Luis Tupatu, leaving only 385 of the 511 first taken at Isleta to betaken to El Paso out of harm's way (p. 12, Hackett, Revolt, p. cxxxix ff.,and Persons, Isleta, p. 208). Persons wrote:On the eastern side [of the Rio Grande] there is a settlement of aboutsix houses, the people of whom are referred to as nabatortot'ainin,White Village people, who are said to be 'mean people' also to speak alittle differently, dialectically, from the townspeople proper. In folktales these names refer to two different groups, the Yellow Earth peoplebeing localized in the ruins in the bluff above the White Village. Ihave heard also that from this district went the immigrants to Isleta ElPaso, Isleta del Sur."McGovern's General Survey, p. 20, added that some Isletans "are said to havescattered to other pueblos at the time of the revolt in 1680, with othersgoing to the Hopi country" (Oppenheimer, Thesis, p. 12). On his secondretreat, the remaining inhabitants followed Otermin, who had their Puebloburned; and they resettled in the El Paso-Juarez area, where they were"progressively Mexicanized" (Oppenheimer, Thesis, p. 17). Six Piro prisonersfrom Acoma, captured after escaping Isleta and joining the rebels, wereabsolved and taken with the rest to El Paso del Norte, starting January 2,1682 (p. 13; Espinosa, Crusaders, p. 20). Otermin reported stopping near theend of the trek at a place called Estero Largo, near the present site of LasCruces, "about twenty-eight leagues from El Paso on February 11, 1682," andtook a head-count before proceeding to El Paso.3. The Paso del Norte Pueblos, and other Sources of the Piro/Manso/TiwaTribea. founding of cultural groupings in mission settlementsVery little information concerning the culture and organization of themission settlements through the 17th and 18th centuries survives in archivalsources. The tribes had a difficult time surviving at all. Manso populationstook part in the rebellion of 1711, and incurred further disruption (Griffen1979:23). The early 1700s were a time of more epidemics which halved theirnumbers (Gerald 1974a:l23; ACCJ 1729-1776: Reel 4). Manses still lived at ElPaso during the early 1700s, and records for their marriages at the Guadalupemission from 1707 to 1728 are in Bandelier's work (1883:192-193). Variousmissionaries and administrators

PIRO/MANSO/TIWA INDIAN TRIBE, PUEBLO OF SAN JUAN DE GUADALUPE LAS CRUCES, NEW MEXICO by Barbara E. Kauffman Allogan Slagle Stephen Conn Performed under ANA Grant No. 90NA0810/01 SUBMITTED TO THE PIRO/MANSO/TIWA INDIAN TRIBE, PUEBLO OF SAN JUAN DE GUADALUPE,

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och krav. Maskinerna skriver ut upp till fyra tum breda etiketter med direkt termoteknik och termotransferteknik och är lämpliga för en lång rad användningsområden på vertikala marknader. TD-seriens professionella etikettskrivare för . skrivbordet. Brothers nya avancerade 4-tums etikettskrivare för skrivbordet är effektiva och enkla att