GAO-16-32, FEDERAL SUPPLY CHAINS: Opportunities To

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United States Government Accountability OfficeReport to the Honorable MatthewCartwright, House of RepresentativesOctober 2015FEDERAL SUPPLYCHAINSOpportunities toImprove theManagement ofClimate-Related RisksThis Report Is Temporarily Restricted Pending Official PublicRelease.GAO-16-32

October 2015FEDERAL SUPPLY CHAINSOpportunities to Improve the Management of ClimateRelated RisksHighlights of GAO-16-32, a report to theHonorable Matthew Cartwright, House ofRepresentativesWhy GAO Did This StudyWhat GAO FoundThe federal government obligatedabout 445 billion in fiscal year 2014for goods and services such asdisaster response products andtelecommunications. Agencies withmissions that depend on the secureand efficient transit of goods andservices have had their supply chainsdisrupted by weather-related events,such as Superstorm Sandy. Accordingto the National Climate Assessment,the severity and frequency of suchevents is expected to increase.Agencies developed adaptation plansin response to executive orders andimplementing guidance issued byCEQ, which coordinates federalenvironmental efforts. GAO was askedto review climate-related risks tofederal supply chains.Selected federal agencies have identified climate-related risks to their criticalsupply chains to varying degrees—including not at all—based on GAO’s analysisof survey responses and adaptation plans from 24 selected agencies. Accordingto GAO’s analysis of these plans, 12 included information on agency-specificrisks, 6 acknowledged general risks, and 6 did not mention risks. In surveyresponses and interviews with GAO, agencies reported facing several challengesidentifying these risks, including among others, unclear guidance on adaptationplanning. According to interviews with officials from several agencies and surveyresponses, the Council on Environmental Quality’s (CEQ) guidance does notclearly specify how agencies should meet Executive Order 13653’s directive forthem to consider in their adaptation plans the need to improve climate adaptationand resilience with respect to suppliers and supply chains. GAO reviewed theguidance and found that, although the executive order directs agencies to identifyand assess risks to their ability to accomplish their missions in their adaptationplans, CEQ’s guidance does not discuss how agencies should do so for risks tosuppliers and supply chains. CEQ officials said this guidance was broadly writtento allow agencies flexibility for differing missions. While CEQ has documentedguidance, which is consistent with federal standards for internal control,discussing how agencies should identify and assess supply chain risks inadaptation plans could better position agencies in the early stages of planning.This report examines (1) the extent towhich selected federal agencies haveidentified climate-related risks to theircritical supply chains, (2) the extent towhich they have identified andimplemented actions to manage theserisks, and (3) what is known about thefederal government’s fiscal exposure tosuch risks. GAO reviewed executiveorders; surveyed 24 agencies selectedbecause they account for over 98percent of federal contract obligations;analyzed their adaptation plans; andinterviewed officials from 5 of theseagencies selected because of missionand other factors.What GAO RecommendsGAO recommends that CEQ clarify itsguidance on including supply chainrisks in adaptation plans and develop aplan for convening an interagencyworking group on supply chain climatevulnerability. CEQ agreed with GAO’sfindings and recommendations.View GAO-16-32. For more information,contact J. Alfredo Gómez at (202) 512-3841 orgomezj@gao.gov.Few selected federal agencies have identified and implemented actions tomanage climate-related risks to their supply chains, in part because they are inthe early stages of planning and have not yet fully identified these risks. Of the 24adaptation plans GAO analyzed, 4 identified agency-specific actions to manageclimate-related risks to their supply chains. In survey responses and interviewswith GAO, agencies reported facing challenges in identifying and implementingactions to manage climate-related risks to their supply chains, such as planningtimelines that do not align with budget cycles and limited expertise. ExecutiveOrder 13693 directs CEQ to establish, as appropriate, temporary interagencyworking groups, including one on agency supply chain climate vulnerability, butCEQ has no planned date for convening it. Developing a plan to do so could bean important step toward helping agencies share experiences and informationabout climate-related supply chain risks as they update their adaptation plans.The federal government’s fiscal exposure to climate-related disruptions in supplychains is unknown, largely because agencies have not identified their exposure.Of the 24 adaptation plans GAO analyzed, one discussed budget or resourceneeds for managing climate-related risks to supply chains, and none identifiedfiscal exposure from supply chain disruptions. According to survey respondents,4 of the 24 agencies have tried to identify this exposure, and 3 identified a smallnumber of qualitative examples, such as greater suppression costs for increasedwildfires. Seven survey respondents said they did not try, or were unable, toidentify their exposure because of the challenges discussed above—particularlylimited information about risks. Many respondents described other challenges,including the lack of a standardized process for determining fiscal exposure. Insurvey responses and interviews with GAO, several agencies reported that aninteragency working group could help agencies address such challenges.United States Government Accountability Office

ContentsLetter1BackgroundSelected Agencies Have Identified Climate-Related Risks to TheirSupply Chains to Varying Degrees and Face SeveralChallenges in Doing SoFew Selected Agencies Have Identified and Implemented Actionsto Manage Climate-Related Risks to Their Supply Chains andFace Several Challenges in Doing SoThe Federal Government’s Fiscal Exposure to Climate-RelatedDisruptions in Supply Chains Is Unknown, and Agencies FaceChallenges Identifying Their ExposureConclusionsRecommendations for Executive ActionAgency Comments30373838Appendix IObjectives, Scope, and Methodology41Appendix IISummary Results of GAO Survey of Senior Sustainability Officers45Appendix IIIComments from the United States Postal Service60Appendix IVGAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments61Related GAO Products7152462TableTable 1: Extent to Which Selected Agencies Include Informationon Climate-Related Risks to Their Supply Chains in TheirClimate Change Adaptation PlansPage i16GAO-16-32 Federal Supply Chains

FiguresFigure 1: New York Army National Guard Engineers Clear Debrisfrom Roads in New York State after Superstorm SandyFigure 2: Members of the Maryland National Guard Help Recovera Utility Vehicle Stuck in Mud Following Heavy SnowfallThat Occurred during Superstorm OUSGCRPUSPSCouncil on Environmental QualityDepartment of Homeland SecurityDepartment of Defensegeographic information systemGeneral Services AdministrationNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationOffice of Management and BudgetSenior Sustainability OfficerU.S. Global Change Research ProgramU.S. Postal ServiceThis is a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright protection in theUnited States. The published product may be reproduced and distributed in its entiretywithout further permission from GAO. However, because this work may containcopyrighted images or other material, permission from the copyright holder may benecessary if you wish to reproduce this material separately.Page iiGAO-16-32 Federal Supply Chains

Letter441 G St. N.W.Washington, DC 20548October 13, 2015The Honorable Matthew CartwrightHouse of RepresentativesDear Mr. Cartwright:The federal government obligated approximately 445 billion in fiscal year2014 to purchase goods and services, such as military base supplies,disaster response products, and data and telecommunications services,according to federal procurement data. 1 The General ServicesAdministration (GSA), which makes common-use items available tofederal agencies, alone provides the federal government with 11 milliondifferent goods and services totaling more than 54 billion in annualsales. 2 As we and others have found, the efficient and secure transit ofgoods and services through federal supply chains is critical to agencies’missions. 3 For example, in July 2010, we found that the Department ofDefense (DOD) spends billions of dollars to manage a vast and complexsupply chain network—providing everything from spare parts and basesupport items to food and fuel—that is vital to supporting operations andmaintaining readiness and is a critical link in determining outcomes on thebattlefield and meeting national security goals. 4 However, federalagencies with missions that depend upon their supply chains have hadtheir activities disrupted by weather-related disasters. For example, inOctober 2012, Superstorm Sandy caused widespread damage to logisticsand transportation networks throughout the Northeast, leading to majorfuel shortages for agencies to overcome while providing critical federal1Federal Procurement Data System - Next Generation database, accessed July 6, 2015.2GSA’s acquisition solutions offer private-sector professional and other services,equipment, supplies, telecommunications, and information technology to federalgovernment organizations and the military. More than 18,000 commercial companies holdlong-term governmentwide contracts.3The National Institute of Standards and Technology has defined the term “supply chain”to mean a set of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources for creatingand moving a product or service from suppliers through to an organization’s customers.4GAO, DOD’s High-Risk Areas: Observations on DOD’s Progress and Challenges inStrategic Planning for Supply Chain Management, GAO-10-929T (Washington, D.C.: July27, 2010).Page 1GAO-16-32 Federal Supply Chains

services, such as disaster relief and mail delivery, and causing anestimated 70 billion in direct damages and lost economic output. 5Further, according to a study commissioned by GSA, because of thecomplex nature of supply chains, which typically span many tiers of directand indirect suppliers and have wide geographic dispersion, disruptions inone region of the world can have wide-ranging implications for parts ofthe supply chain in other regions of the world. 6According to the U.S. Global Change Research Program’s (USGCRP)May 2014 National Climate Assessment, 7 climate change is expected toincrease the severity and frequency of certain extreme weather events. 8In February 2013, we recognized that climate change is a complex,crosscutting issue that presents a significant financial risk to the federalgovernment and placed limiting the federal government’s fiscal exposureby better managing climate change risks on our high risk list. 9 In theFebruary 2015 update to our high risk list, we recognized that climatechange also poses risks to private-sector decision makers by, forexample, disrupting supply chains that provide the food, medicine,energy, and products that support the U.S. economy. 10 Because thefederal government both relies on private-sector supply chains to provide5In late October 2012, Superstorm Sandy, which had been a hurricane in the AtlanticOcean, made landfall in southern New Jersey as an intense post-tropical cyclone, witheffects felt across 11 states and the District of Columbia, particularly the denselypopulated New York and New Jersey coasts.6Riverside Technology, Inc. and Acclimatise. Climate Risks Study for Telecommunicationsand Data Center Services. Report prepared for the General Services Administration (FortCollins, CO: 2014).7USGCRP coordinates and integrates the activities of 13 federal agencies that conductresearch on changes in the global environment and their implications for the UnitedStates. USGCRP began as a presidential initiative in 1989 and was codified in the GlobalChange Research Act of 1990 (Pub. L. No. 101-606, § 103 (1990)). The act requiresUSGCRP to periodically prepare a scientific assessment—known as the National ClimateAssessment—which is an important resource for understanding and communicatingclimate change science and impacts in the United States.8Jerry M. Melillo, Terese (T.C.) Richmond, and Gary W. Yohe, eds., Climate ChangeImpacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment, U.S. GlobalChange Research Program (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, May2014).9GAO, High-Risk Series: An Update, GAO-13-283 (Washington, D.C.: February 2013).10GAO, High-Risk Series: An Update, GAO-15-290 (Washington, D.C.: February 2015).Page 2GAO-16-32 Federal Supply Chains

these goods and services and provides disaster assistance, including tothe private sector, in the aftermath of extreme weather events, risks to theprivate sector also increase the federal government’s fiscal exposure to achanging climate. While it may not be possible to link any individualweather event to climate change, these and other observed impacts ofsuch events disrupt people’s lives and affect many sectors of oureconomy, including the budgets of federal, state, and local governments.To establish an integrated strategy towards sustainability in the federalgovernment and prepare the United States for the impacts of climatechange, the President signed two executive orders in 2009 and 2013,respectively. 11 The implementing instructions for the 2009 executiveorder, and the 2013 executive order itself, directed federal agencies tosubmit climate change adaptation plans—known as adaptation plans—tothe Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) 12 and the Office ofManagement and Budget (OMB). Under the 2013 executive order, theseadaptation plans are to be updated regularly and are to evaluateagencies’ most significant climate change related risks to, andvulnerabilities in, agency operations and missions in both the long andshort term and outline actions the agency will take to manage such risksand vulnerabilities. In addition, under the 2013 executive order, agencyadaptation plans are to describe how the agency will consider the need toimprove climate adaptation and resilience with respect to suppliers andsupply chains, among other things. 13 In response to these executiveorders, agencies submitted the first round of adaptation plans to CEQ and11Exec. Order No. 13514, 74 Fed. Reg. 52,117 (Oct. 8, 2009); Exec. Order No. 13653, 78Fed. Reg. 66,819 (Nov. 6, 2013). In March 2015, Executive Order 13693 revokedExecutive Order 13514. See 80 Fed. Reg. 15,871, 15,880 (Mar. 25, 2015).12CEQ coordinates federal environmental efforts and works closely with agencies andother entities within the Executive Office of the President in the development ofenvironmental initiatives. CEQ was established within the Executive Office of thePresident by the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, and additional responsibilitieswere provided by the Environmental Quality Improvement Act of 1970.13Executive Order 13653 defines “adaptation’’ as adjustment in natural or human systemsin anticipation of or response to a changing environment in a way that effectively usesbeneficial opportunities or reduces negative effects; and ‘‘resilience’’ as the ability toanticipate, prepare for, and adapt to changing conditions and withstand, respond to, andrecover rapidly from disruptions.Page 3GAO-16-32 Federal Supply Chains

OMB in June 2012 and submitted the second, and most recent, round ofplans in June 2014. 14You asked us to examine climate-related risks to federal supply chains. 15In this report, we (1) evaluate the extent to which selected agencies haveidentified climate-related risks, if any, to their critical supply chains andchallenges, if any, that they face in doing so; (2) evaluate the extent towhich these agencies have identified and implemented actions to manageclimate-related risks to their critical supply chains and challenges, if any,that they face in doing so; and (3) describe what is known about thefederal government’s fiscal exposure to climate-related disruptions infederal supply chains and challenges, if any, agencies face in identifyingsuch exposure. 16To address these objectives, we analyzed the adaptation plans that 24selected federal agencies submitted in 2012 and 2014 to determine theextent to which these agencies had identified climate-related risks to theirsupply chains and identified and implemented actions to manage these14Agencies publicly released final versions of these plans in February 2013 and October2014, respectively. Agencies, as defined in 5 U.S.C. § 105 with the exception of GAO,were subject to Executive Order 13514. Executive Order 13653 directs agencies todevelop and update adaptation plans but does not define agencies. Not all agencies, asdefined in 5 U.S.C. § 105, submitted adaptation plans in 2012 or 2014. For example, theDefense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board and the National Science Foundation areagencies as defined in 5 U.S.C. § 105, but neither submitted an adaptation plan. Inaddition, according to CEQ, the U.S. Postal Service voluntarily submitted an adaptationplan. Executive Order 13653 directs agencies to regularly update their adaptation planswith updates due not later than 1 year after the publication of each quadrennial NationalClimate Assessment report.15This review was conducted in response to a 2014 request from Representative MattCartwright—then Ranking Member, House Subcommittee on Economic Growth, JobCreation, and Regulatory Affairs; Committee on Oversight and Government Reform—toreview the management of climate-related risks to federal supply chains.16This report refers to “climate-related risks,” which we define as vulnerabilities of naturaland human systems, such as environmental and economics systems, due to changes inthe earth’s climate—including higher temperatures, changes in precipitation, rising sealevels, and increases in the severity and frequency of severe weather events.Page 4GAO-16-32 Federal Supply Chains

risks. 17 We selected these 24 agencies because they were expected toreceive an OMB Sustainability and Energy Scorecard for fiscal year 2014and, according to CEQ documents, are responsible for a significantportion of the federal government’s spending on goods and services. 18 Inparticular, these agencies account for over 98 percent of the federalgovernment’s fiscal year 2014 contract obligations, according to federalprocurement data. 19 In addition, we surveyed the Senior SustainabilityOfficers at these 24 agencies to better understand federal agencyadaptation efforts and any challenges agencies face in these efforts andreceived responses from all 24 agencies. 20 From these 24 agencies, weselected a nonprobability sample of 5 key agencies—DOD, theDepartment of Homeland Security (DHS), GSA, the National Aeronauticsand Space Administration (NASA), and the U.S. Postal Service (USPS)—for a more detailed review and to discuss specific examples of efforts toidentify and manage climate-related risks to their supply chains. Weselected these 5 key agencies based on a range of different factors suchas agency size, geographic dispersion of facilities and infrastructure,17The 24 agencies are the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education,Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and UrbanDevelopment, the Interior, Justice, Labor, State, Transportation, the Treasury, andVeterans Affairs; Environmental Protection Agency; General Services Administration;National Archives and Records Administration; National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration; Office of Personnel Management; U.S. Postal Service; SmithsonianInstitution; Tennessee Valley Authority; and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.18OMB and CEQ use this annual scorecard process to assess key agencies’ performancein achieving, among other things, federal energy and environmental goals. Because thefiscal year 2014 scorecards were not yet released at the time of our review, we selectedthe 24 agencies that, according to CEQ officials and documents, were expected to receivescorecards for fiscal year 2014. Based on this information, we did not include the SocialSecurity Administration, which went on to receive a 2014 scorecard. CEQ’s instructionsclarify that the U.S. Postal Service voluntarily receives a scorecard. See CEQ,Implementing Instructions for Executive Order 13693 Planning for Federal Sustainability inthe Next Decade (Washington, D.C.: June 10, 2015).19Federal Procurement Data System - Next Generation database, accessed August 31,2015.20Executive Order 13514 directed agencies to designate, within 30 days of the date of theexecutive order, a Senior Sustainability Officer to be accountable for agency conformancewith the executive order, including preparing and implementing a multiyear StrategicSustainability Performance Plan and updating and submitting this plan annually to OMBand CEQ for review. In March 2015, Executive Order 13693 revoked Executive Order13514 and directed agencies to designate, within 45 days of the date of the executiveorder, an agency Chief Sustainability Officer and made the agency head responsible fordeveloping, implementing, and updating the Strategic Sustainability Performance Plan.Page 5GAO-16-32 Federal Supply Chains

types of supply chains, and mission. Because this is a nonprobabilitysample, our findings cannot be generalized to other agencies but provideus with examples of the extent to which agencies identify and manageclimate-related risks to their supply chains. We conducted interviews withofficials from these 5 key agencies. We refer to the 24 agencies wesurveyed as “selected agencies” and to the 5 agencies with officials weinterviewed as “key agencies.” We also interviewed officials and staff fromthe coordinating entities that review and approve agency adaptationplans—that is, CEQ and OMB, respectively—and one that providesscience support to agencies—USGCRP—regarding their roles andagencies’ adaptation planning efforts and challenges. We comparedagency efforts to relevant executive orders and related guidance 21 andcompared the related guidance to federal standards for internal control. 22To describe what is known about the federal government’s fiscalexposure to climate-related disruptions in federal supply chains, weconducted a literature review to determine what has been reported aboutthe government’s fiscal exposure to climate-related disruptions in federalsupply chains. We interviewed officials from the 5 key agencies to obtainexamples of fiscal exposure based on particular instances of supply chaindisruptions and, through our survey results and interviews with officialsand staff, identified challenges selected agencies and coordinatingentities face in identifying such exposures. Appendix I contains moredetailed information on the objectives, scope, and methodology of ourreview.We conducted this performance audit from October 2014 to October 2015in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards.Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtainsufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for ourfindings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe thatthe evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings andconclusions based on our audit objectives.21Exec. Order No. 13693, 80 Fed. Reg. 15,871 (Mar. 25, 2015); Exec. Order No. 13653,78 Fed. Reg. 66,819 (Nov. 6, 2013); and Exec. Order No. 13514, 74 Fed. Reg. 52,117(Oct. 8, 2009).22GAO, Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government, GAO/AIMD-00-21.3.1(Washington, D.C.: Nov. 1, 1999).Page 6GAO-16-32 Federal Supply Chains

BackgroundThis section describes (1) executive orders directing agencies to manageclimate-related risks, (2) growing concerns about climate-related risks tosupply chains, and (3) risk management as a strategy for managingclimate-related risks to supply chains.Executive Orders DirectingAgencies to ManageClimate-Related RisksIn 2009, the President signed Executive Order 13514 which, among otherthings, called for agencies to designate a Senior Sustainability Officerresponsible for preparing and implementing a multiyear StrategicSustainability Performance Plan and updating and submitting this planannually to OMB and CEQ for review and ultimate approval by OMB. 23The executive order called for agencies’ plans to evaluate climate changerisks and vulnerabilities to manage the effects of climate change on theiroperations and missions, among other things. 24 It also called for agenciesto participate in the existing Interagency Climate Change Adaptation TaskForce co-chaired by CEQ. The executive order directed the task force todevelop recommendations for the federal government on adapting toclimate change impacts.In 2010, the task force recommended, among other things, that agenciesestablish and implement coordinated adaptation plans that addressunique challenges to their missions, operations, and programs. In 2011,based on these recommendations, CEQ issued detailed implementinginstructions for adaptation planning. 25 The instructions directed eachfederal agency subject to the executive order to issue an agency-wideclimate change adaptation policy statement that commits the agency toadaptation planning to address challenges posed by climate change tothe agencies’ missions, programs, and operations; pursue opportunitiesfor sharing and coordination across the federal community; complete ahigh-level analysis of agency vulnerability to climate change; and submitto CEQ and OMB adaptation plans that reflect and advance, where2374 Fed. Reg. 52,117 (Oct. 8, 2009).24Under Executive Order 13514, agencies are to develop, implement, and annuallyupdate a plan that prioritizes actions based on a life-cycle return on investment andachieves greenhouse gas emissions, energy, water, and waste reduction goals andtargets.25CEQ, Instructions for Implementing Climate Change Adaptation Planning in Accordancewith Executive Order 13514 Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and EconomicPerformance (Mar. 4, 2011) and CEQ, Implementing Climate Change Adaptation Planningin Accordance with Executive Order 13514, Support Document (Mar. 4, 2011).Page 7GAO-16-32 Federal Supply Chains

appropriate, interagency crosscutting national adaptation planning efforts.In June 2012, as directed by CEQ’s instructions, these agenciessubmitted the first round of adaptation plans for implementation in fiscalyear 2013 to CEQ and OMB as an appendix to their annual StrategicSustainability Performance Plans.In November 2013, the President signed Executive Order 13653, whichdirects federal agencies to develop or update comprehensive adaptationplans that include, among other things, a description of how the agencywill consider the need to improve climate adaptation and resilience,including the costs and benefits of such improvement, with respect toagency suppliers and supply chain. 26 Agencies are to prepare such plansapproximately every 4 years, although some agencies may choose toupdate their plans annually, according to officials and staff from CEQ,OMB, and USGCRP. In addition, the executive order terminated the taskforce and established an interagency Council on Climate Preparednessand Resilience to continue and build upon the task force’s work. Thecouncil, co-chaired by the Chair of CEQ and other officials from theExecutive Office of the President, was tasked with coordinatinginteragency efforts on and tracking implementation of priority federalgovernment actions related to climate preparedness and resilience,among other things. 27 In December 2013, CEQ issued guidance foragencies on preparing adaptation plans in accordance with ExecutiveOrder 13653 and, in June 2014, agencies submitted the second and mostrecent round of adaptation plans to OMB and CEQ. These plans weremade public at the end of October 2014.In March 2015, the President signed Executive Order 13693, whichreplaced and revoked Executive Order 13514. Executive Order 13693directs the Chair of CEQ to establish and disband, as appropriate,temporary interagency working groups to provide recommendations to theChair of CEQ associated with the goals of the executive order, includingagency supply chain climate vulnerability. In June 2015, CEQ issued2678 Fed. Reg. 66,819 (Nov. 6, 2013).27Executive Order 13653 defines ‘‘preparedness’’ as actions taken to plan, organize,equip, train, and exercise to build, apply, and sustain the capabilities necessary toprevent, protect against, ameliorate the effects of, respond to, and recover from climatechange related damages to life, health, property, livelihoods, ecosystems, and nationalsecurity.Page 8GAO-16-32 Federal Supply Chains

implementing instructions for Executive Order 13693. 28 These instructionsdirected both temporary and existing working groups to providerecommendations for policies, guidance, reporting metrics, and othertools to CEQ to improve agency implementation of the executive order.Growing Concerns aboutClimate-Related Risks toSupply ChainsAccording to the Quadrennial Energy Review, extreme weather eventsresulting in more than 1 billion in damages have increased over the pastdecade. 29 The review states that these events can have a range ofimpacts on energy transmission, storage, and distribution infrastructures,which are key supply chain components. For example, according to thereview, hurricane impacts on certain energy infrastructure, such as portsand electrical power, can have a high probability of damage, and theseverity of the damage can be catastrophic (i.e., disrupting infrastructurefor mont

DOD’s High-Risk Areas: Observations on DOD’s Progress and Challenges in Strategic Planning for Supply Chain Management, GAO-10-929T (Washington, D.C.: July 27, 2010). Letter

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