ENCYCLOPEDIA Of GEOCHEMISTRY
E N C Y C L O P E D I A OF E A R T H SCIENCES SERIESENCYCLOPEDIAof GEOCHEMISTRY\\ redited byC L A R E P. M A R S H A L LR H O D E S W. FAIRBRIDGEKLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERSDORDRECHT BOSTON LONDONCBIBLIOTFCAH
ContentsLi : of cid DepositionMartin Mihaljevic1Acids and BasesCarl O. Moses2ActiniumCynthia E.A. Palmer5.Activation Energy, Activation Enthalpy,-Activation VolumeThomas J. WoleryActivity and Activity CoefficientsThomas J. WoleryA/ minum c Ildefonse--. cium: Element and GeochemistryR. Janecky, Wolfgang H. Runde andMary P. Neu571010ArgonThomas Staudacher "Ar/ Mr Dating MethodT. Mark Harrison1819 Arsenic21Jenny G. WebsterAstatineRonald S. KaufmannAtomic Absorption SpectrometryPhilip J. PottsAtomic Mass Unit, Avogadro Constant andMoleCesare Emiliani (deceased)232323Atomic NumberRussell S. Harmon25AuthigenesisRhodes W. Eairbridge26Barium28Kathleen S. Smith29Analysis: Field MethodsRR Barefoot11'.Tihrical Geochemistry/ .;: / ! Ruiz12- " T ical Techniques./. Potts13Biogenic Methane and Gas HydrateKeith A. Kvenvolden30-.r.-.imony: Element and GeochemistryW. Lueth15BiogeochemistryJohn K. Volkman3116Biomarker: AliphaticKenneth E. Peters and Clifford C. Walters31:. us SolutionsL?/i A. BurtonBerkeliumCynthia E.A. PalmerBerylliumJeffrey G. Ryan29
XCONTENTSBiomarker: AromaticBernd R. T. Simoneit33Carbonate SedimentsAbigail M. Smith73Biomarker: Assessment of Thermal MaturityKenneth E. Peters36Cerium75Biomarker: CoalsMatthias Radke39Biomarker: Higher PlantBernd R. T. Simoneit39Biomarkers: Lipid. Bacterial Chemical FossilsMichel Rohmer40Chemical KineticsYouxue Zhang77Biopolymers and MacromoleculesClaude Largeau42ChlorineRonald S. Kaufmann80Bismuth: Element and GeochemistryVirgil W. Lueth43ChromiumEugene S. Ilton81Black Shales and SapropelsJan Jehlicka44Clapeyron's EquationJae-Young Yu82BoronJugdeep Aggarwal44Clay MembranesP.M. Whitworth83BromineRonald S. Kaufmann49Clay Minerals: Ion ExchangeP.M. Whitworth85CadmiumKathleen S. Smith50Coal: Organic PetrographyJ.C Shearer and P. A. Moore87CalciumDavid W. Mittlefehldt51Coal: Origin and DiagenesisR.M. Bustin909251Coal: Types and CharacteristicsP.A. Moore and J.C. Shearer96CaliforniumCynthia E.A. Palmer57Coal: Vitrinite Reflectance and MaturityRalfLittkeCobalt97CalorimetryCharles A. Geiger58CarbonAustin Long58Calcium Carbonate and the Carbonic AcidSystemSylvia FrisiaCarbon-14 Dating and other Applications inEarth SciencesD. Lai and S. KrishnaswamiScott M. McLennanCesiumDavid W. MittlefehldtChelationRichard M. Kettler7676Achim AlbrechtColloidsMontserrat Eilella and Jacques BuffleComplexesHelen Mango989959Compound-Specific Isotope AnalysisRoger E. Summons100Carbon CyclePeter S. Bakwin65CopperMark A. Williamson101Carbon IsotopesJuha Karhu67Cosmic Elemental AbundancesD. Lai102Carbonate Compensation DepthElizabeth A. Burton73Cosmogenic NuclidesEric Phorson Brown104
xiCONTENTSCountersEmest B. Ledger108Eh-pH RelationsRichard B. Wanty183Critical PointsPeter A. Rock and William H. Casey110EinsteiniumCynthia E.A. Palmer187Crystal ChemistryDana T. Griffen110Electrolyte TheoryThomas J. Wolery187Cry stal Field TheoryHans Keppler118Electron CaptureCar la W. Montgomery189Crystal GrowthYouxue Zhang120Electron MicroprobeC. Wagner190Curium: Element and GeochemistryWolfgang H. Runde, Mary P. Neu andDavid R. Janecky123ElectronegativityJae-Young Yu191124Elementary ParticlesR,K. Varma193Dating MethodsBrian D. Marshall124Elements: Actinide SeriesBenoit Villemant195Debye-Hiickel EquationThomas J. Wolery126Elements: Alkali and Alkaline EarthDavid W. Mittlefehldt198DiagenesisL'we Brand, Joan O. Morrison andIan T. CampbellElements: ChalcophileH. Palme204J3JElements: DistributionFrederick A. Frey204DiffusionK. Stuwe133Elements: HalogenRonald S. Kaufmann207Dolomite and DolomitizationSylvia Frisia14QElements: Heat-producingFernando Bea208DysprosiumScott M. McLennan142Elements: High Field StrengthV.J.M. Salters209Earth's AtmosphereM.A.K. Khalil143Elements: IncompatibleW. Ian Ridley210Earth's Continental CrustScott M. McLennan and Stuart Ross Taylor145Elements: Lanthanide Series, Rare EarthsScott M. McLennan211Earth's CoreWilliam F. McDonough151Elements: Large-ion LithophileRoberta L . Rudnick214Earth's Formation and Geochemical EvolutionH. Palme156Elements: LithophileH.G. StoschEarth's Mantle GeochemistryIan Ridley162Elements: MetalloidsGraeme E. Bat ley215Earth's Ocean GeochemistryJoris M. Gieskes168Elements: Noble GasesThomas Staudacher216Earth's Oceanic CrustMichael Perfit179Elements: Platinum GroupSarah-Jane Barnes218Differential Thermal Analysis and ScanningCalorimetryJanies L . Gooding .214
xiiCONTENTSElements: RadioactivePaul R. Dixon219FugacityUwe Brand and Ian T. Campbell256Elements: SiderophileH. Palme221GadoliniumScott M. McLennan257Elements: TraceM. Elaine Kennedy222Gallium: Element and GeochemistryErich Schroll257Elements: TransitionL . Galoisy and C. Marshall223EnthalpyCarl O. Moses226Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GS-MS)Andrew T. RevillEntropyCarl O. Moses227EpigenesisVidojko Jovic232EquilibriumHeinz Gamsjdger232Equilibrium ConstantErich Konigsberger233ErbiumScott M. McLennan236EuropiumScott M. McLennan236Experimental Mineralogy and PetrologyCharles A. Geiger237ExsolutionJae-Young Yu239FermiumCynthia E.A. Palmer245Fick's LawRonald S. Kaufmann245Fission-track AnalysisCharles H. Naeser and Nancy D. Naeser246Fluid-Rock InteractionWilliam E. Glassley248259Gas Source Mass SpectrometryLP. Wright261GeoavailabilityKathleen S. Smith262Geochemical Classification of the ElementsScott M. McLennan263Geochemical ExplorationArthur W. Rose266Geochemical Reference MaterialsK. Govindaraju269Geochemical TectonicsJoaquin Ruiz270Geochemical ThermodynamicsPeter A. Rock and William H. Casey271GeochemistryWilliam S. Fyfe277Geochemistry: Low-temperatureElizabeth A. Burton280Geochemistry of SedimentsScott M. McLennan and Richard W. Murray282Geochronology and RadioisotopesCarla W. Montgomery292Geologic Time ScaleR. Michael Easton295Geothermal SystemsSteven W. Lonker298250GeothermometersMaurice Pagel and Pierre Barbey3 FluorineRonald S. Kaufmann252Geothermometry and GeobarometryRichard E. Wendlandt305FranciumDavid W. Mittlefehldt253Germanium: Element and GeochemistryErich Schroll307Free EnergyCarl O. Moses253Gibbs-Duhem EquationPeter A. Rock and William H. Casey3C Fluids in Volcanic and Plutonic Environments:Evidence From Fluid InclusionsB. De Vivo
CONTENTS309IronMark A. Williamson ,348312Isotope DilutionCarla W. Montgomery353312Isotope FractionationIan D. Clark354314KryptonThomas Staudacher35 315315Laboratory Simulations of Oil and Natural GasFormationJ.S. Seewald and T.I. Eglinton322LanthanumScott M. McLennanJ. Webster' :an PatchettStaudacher Isotopesi Graham- LawT. Campbell and Uwe Brand?f Geochemistry I" Fairbridge' !. McLennan.- .-rbons J VolkmanXIII323359360Laser Ablation-Inductively CoupledPlasma-Mass SpectrometryDouglas L . Miles360325LawrenciumCynthia E.A. Palmerm326LeadMartin Mihaljevic362330Lead: Stable IsotopesLeon E. Long363-ermal Alteration Berger331Lipids (Eubacteria and Archebacteria)Michel Rohmer368;;riial Solutions/ Bodnar333Lithium: Element and GeochemistryJu-chin Chen369\ Kaufman: r " Isotopesimurthy: gic Cyclek my337JovicElement and Geochemistry339LuminescenceG. Galas:370LutetiumScott M. McLennan371340Lutetium-Hafnium Decay SystemP. Jonathan Patchett372341Magmatic ProcessesRobert L . Cullers373:ge ChromatographyS.dsteren342MagnesiumDavid W. Mittlefehldt379rrobeShimizu343MagnetismGuillaume Morin344ManganeseLloyd M. Petrie382347Mass TransferRoss C. Kerr384'-' oil. Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry -MS)BeaC V. ButlerGriffenBmtfoot,379
xivCONTENTSMendeleviumCynthia E.A. Palmer387NitrogenA. Hall426MercuryMartin Mihaljevic387Nitrogen CycleElisabeth A. Holland428Metamorphic Environments: Chemical MobilityD. R. Bowes and J. Rosier389Nitrogen IsotopesNathaniel E. Ostrom and Peggy H. Ostrom431MeteoritesGregory A. Snyder395NobeliumCynthia E.A. Palmer434Micro-Raman SpectroscopyStephen Roberts400NucleosynthesisJ.N. Goswami434Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt (MORB)Anton P. le Roex401NutrientsJ. Faganeli437Mineral DefectsAnnemarie Meike401Occurrence of Organic FaciesR. Basil Johns439Mineral GenesisAlain J. Baronnet404Oil Seeps and Coastal BitumensAndrew T. Revill441MineralogyWilliam S. Eyfe409Oil ShalesA.T Revill441MolybdenumA.A. Bookstrom411Oil-Oil and Oil-Source Rock CorrelationClijford C. Walters442Mossbauer SpectroscopyD.G. Rancourt413444Natural GasAlain Prinzhofer415Oklo Natural Nuclear ReactorMark J. Rigali and Bartholomew S. Nagy(deceased)Natural ResourcesMartin HaleOnuma DiagramsJean M. Richardson446416NeodymiumScott M. McLennanOre DepositsMartin Hale447418Neodymium in Igneous Rocks/ RosierOrganic GeochemistryJohn K. Volkman453418421Organic Matter in FossilsStephen A. Macko and Michael H. Engel456Neodymium in Sedimentary RocksCarol D. FrostNeonThomas StaudacherOrganic Matter in MeteoritesScott Messenger458422Neptunium: Element and GeochemistryWolfgang H. Runde, David R. Janecky andMary P. Neu423Organics: Contemporary Degradation andPreservationStuart G. Wakeham458Neutron Activation AnalysisJames R. Budahn424Organics: Sources and DepositionalEnvironmentsStuart G. Wakeham460NickelLaurence Galoisy425OsmiumJohn W. Morgan461NiobiumA.M.R. Neiva426Oxidation-ReductionCharles G. Patterson462
CONTENTSXVOxygenSteven C. Semken467PhosphorusGerald Matisoff516Oxygen IsotopesEthan L . Grossman469PlatinumW. Crawford Elliott516Paleo-Sea Surface Temperature Estimations:Organic Geochemistry and PaleoclimatesElisabeth L . Sikes475Plutonium: Environmental Chemistry andGeochemistryPaul R. Dixon and David B. CurtisPaleoenvironments.V/. Elaine Kennedy477Polonium: Element and GeochemistryWolfgang H. RundePaleoproductivityUwe Brand, Ian T. Campbell andJoan O. Morrison479PorphyrinsChris BorehamPaleotemperatureUwe Brand, Joan O. Morrison andIan T. Campbell480PalladiumChristopher J. Capobianco484ParagenesisRobert J. Kamilli485Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE)J . L . Campbell488Partition CoefficientsRobert L . Cullers489PeatWilliam Shotyk490Periodic TableGregory A. Snyder491PetroleumR.G. Sehaefer494Petroleum: HydrothermalBernd R. T. Simoneit497Petroleum: In-reservoir BiodegradationJacques Connan498Petroleum: Kinetic ModelingRG. Sehaefer499'517518,519PotassiumDavid W. Mittlefelhdt522Potassium-Argon Dating MethodK.A. Poland522Potassium-Calcium Decay SystemBrian D. Marshall525PraseodymiumScott M. McLennan526Precambrian AtmosphereGrant M. Young526Precambrian GeochemistryR. Michael Easton532Precambrian Organic MatterRoger E. Summons 535PromethiumScott M. McLennan537ProtactiniumDavid A. Pickett537Quantum NumbersD. G. Rancourt539RadioactivityStephen A. Prevec540RadiumArthur W. RoseMl500RadonArthur W. Rose542Petroleum: Surface GeochemistryRP. Philp502Rare Earth Element Tetrad EffectT. Akagi543Petroleum: Types, Occurrence and ReservesRG. Sehaefer and D.H. Welte504Remote SensingDavid A. Rothery544Phase EquilibriaRobert W. Luth505RheniumJohn W. Morgan547Petroleum: Primary Migration (Generation andExpulsion)Jean Burrus
xviCONTENTSRhenium-Osmium Dating MethodJohn W. Morgan547Stable IsotopesIan D. Clark588RhodiumR.R. Barefoot550Standard StatesPeter A. Rock and William H. Casey592Rock-Eval PyrolysisKenneth E. Peters551Steroidal CompoundsJohn K. VolkmanRocksVidojko Jovic554StoichiometryR. Hellmann595Rubidium: Element and GeochemistryE. Craig Simmons555Strontium: Element and GeochemistryE. Craig Simmons598Rubidium-Strontium MethodLeon E. Long556Strontium in Igneous RocksJon Davidson599RutheniumR.R. Barefoot561Strontium in Sedimentary RocksUwe Brand, Joan O. Morrison andIan T. Campbell600SamariumScott M. McLennan563Sulfate MineralsJeremy P. Richards603Samarium-NeodymiumCarla W. Montgomery563Sulfate ReductionHans G. Machel603Sampling567Sulfide MineralsJeremy P. Richards605569Sulfides in Mafic and Ultramafic MagmasRobert D. Francis606569Sulfosalt MineralsJeremy P. Richards607Sedimentary FluidsIan E. Hutcheon570SulfurMartin A. A. Schoonen608SeleniumEugene S. Ilton571Sulfur CycleMartin A. A. Schoonen608Silicon, SilicaNancy W. Hinman572Sulfur Isotopes in GeochemistryKeith Hannan610Silver: Element and GeochemistryHelen N. Mango576SupergeneVidojko Jovic615Sodium578Surface GeochemistryChristian Ludwig and William H. Casey616578Synchrotron X-Ray Fluorescence AnalysisPhilip J. Potts617580SyngenesisRhodes W. Eairbridge618583TantalumA.M.R. Neiva620SolubilityHeinz GamsjdgerSpectrophotometryIan T. Campbell and Uwe Brand587Technetium: Environmental Chemistry andGeochemistryPaul R. Dixon and David B. CurtisJean M. RichardsonScandiumScott M. McLennanScanning Electron MicroscopeC. WagnerDavid W. MittlefehldtSoilWilliam S. FyfeSolid SolutionErich Konigsberger593 621
CONTENTSxviiTelluriumVidojko Jovic621Van der Waals ForceJae-Young Yu655TerbiumScott M. McLennan622VanadiumGregory A. Snyder656ThalliumVidojko Jovic622Volcanic GasesP.M. Gerlach656Thermal Ionization Mass SpectrometryPeter van Calsteren623VolcanismPeter W. Francis658ThermochemistryMitchell Schulte624WaterCarl O. Moses660ThermogravimetryPatrick K. Gallagher626Water: FreshArthur H. Brownlow667ThermoluminescenceChristophe Falgueres628Weathering: ChemicalPatrick V. Brady668ThixotropyH.C. Weed630X-Ray DiffractionR.J. Angel670Thorium: Element and Geochemistry5". Krishnaswami630X-Ray Fluorescence AnalysisPhilip J. Potts670ThuliumScott M. McLennan635671TinA.M.R. Neiva635XenonThomas Staudacher673Titanium: Element and geochemistryFrancois Farges636YtterbiumScott M. McLennan673Trace Element Partitioning ModelsRoger L . Nielsen637YttriumScott M. McLennan674TritiumAustin Long639ZincMartin Mihaljevic675TungstenJohn C. Groen639Zirconium: Element and GeochemistryFrangois FargesAppendix A: List of entries by subject676Uranium: Element and GeochemistryFernando Bea645Uranium-Lead Thorium-Lead Decay SystemP. Vidal648Uranium Series DisequilibriaMichel Condomines650Appendix B: Alphabetical list of the chemicalelements (up to 103)680Appendix C: The international system of units682Index of authors cited685Subject index703
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