TIMSS 2019 Encyclopedia
TIMSS 2019EncyclopediaEducation Policy and Curriculum inMathematics and ScienceDana L. KellyVictoria A.S. CenturinoMichael O. MartinIna V.S. Mullis, EditorsTIMSS & PIRLSInternational Study CenterLynch School of Education
Exhibit 1: Years of School: Grades Provided and Compulsory Schooling*Reported by National Research CoordinatorsCountryGrades ProvidedCompulsory Ages and/or GradesAlbaniaGrades 1–12Ages 6–15; Grades 1–9ArmeniaGrades 1–12Grades 1–12AustraliaYears 1–12Ages 6–17; Years 1–10Grades 1–11 or 12Ages 6–15; Grades 1–9AzerbaijanGrades 1–11Ages 6–15; Grades 1–9BahrainGrades 1–12Grades 1–9Belgium (Flemish)Grades 1–12Ages 6–18; Grades 1–12AustriaBosnia and HerzegovinaGrades 1–9Grades 1–9BulgariaGrades 1–12Ages 7–16; Grades 1–10CanadaGrades 1–11 or 12Ages 6 or 7–16 or 18ChileGrades 1–12Ages 6–18; Grades 1–12Chinese TaipeiGrades 1–12Ages 6–15; Grades 1–9CroatiaGrades 1–11, 12, or 13Ages 6 or 7–14 or 15; Grades 1–8CyprusGrades 1–12Ages 5.7–15; Grades 1–9Czech RepublicGrades 1–13Ages 6–15; Grades 1–9DenmarkGrades 0–12Ages 6–16; Grades 0–9EgyptGrades 1–12Grades 1–9EnglandYears 1–13Ages 5–18FinlandGrades 1–12Grades 1–9FranceGrades 1–12Ages 6–16GeorgiaGrades 1–12Ages 6–15; Grades 1–9GermanyHong Kong SARHungaryIran, Islamic Rep. ofIrelandGrades 1–12 or 13Grades 1–9 or 10Primary 1–Secondary 6 (Grades 1–12)Primary 1–Secondary 3 (Grades 1–9)Grades 1–12 or 13Ages 6–16Grades 1–12Grades 1–9First Class–Sixth Year (Grades 1–12)Ages 6–16IsraelGrades 1–12Ages 5–16ItalyGrades 1–13Ages 6–16; Grades 1–10JapanGrades 1–12Ages 6–15; Grades 1–9JordanGrades 1–12Ages 6–16; Grades 1–10KazakhstanGrades 1–12Grades 1–9Korea, Rep. ofGrades 1–12Ages 6–14; Grades 1–9KosovoGrades 1–12Ages 6–14; Grades 1–9KuwaitGrades 1–12Ages 5.5–17; Grades 1–12LatviaGrades 1–12Ages 5–16; Grades 1–9LebanonGrades 1–12Ages 6–15; Grades 1–9LithuaniaGrades 1–12Ages 6 or 7–16; Grades 1–10MalaysiaGrades 1–11Ages 6–11; Grades 1–6MaltaMontenegroMoroccoYears 1–13Ages 5–16; Years 1–11Grades 1–13Ages 6–15; Grades 1–9Grades 1–12Ages 6–15; Grades 1–9NetherlandsGrades 1–10, 11, or 12Ages 5–16 or 18New ZealandYears 1–13Ages 6–16North MacedoniaGrades 1–12 or 13Ages 6–17 or 18; Grades 1–12 or 13Northern IrelandYears 1–12Ages 4–16; Years 1–12Grades 1–13Ages 6–15; Grades 1–10Norway*Does not include compulsory preprimary education.SOURCE: IEA's Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study – TIMSS 2019Downloaded from http://timss2019.org/encyclopedia/download
Exhibit 1: Years of School: Grades Provided and Compulsory Schooling*Reported by National Research Coordinators(Continued)CountryGrades ProvidedCompulsory Ages and/or GradesOmanGrades 1–12Ages 6–16; Grades 1–10PakistanGrades 1–12Ages 5–16; Grades 1–10Grades 1–12Ages 6–17; Grades 1–12PhilippinesPolandGrades 1–11, 12, or 13Ages 6–18PortugalGrades 1–12Grades 1–12QatarGrades 1–12Ages 6 or 7–15; Grades 1–9RomaniaGrades 1–12 or 13Ages 6–16; Grades 1–10Russian FederationGrades 1–11Ages 6.5–17 or 18; Grades 1–11Saudi ArabiaGrades 1–12Ages 6–18; Grades 1–9SerbiaGrades 1–12Ages 7–15; Primary 1–8SingaporePrimary 1–Secondary 5 (Grades 1–10)Ages 6–14; Primary 1–6Grades 1–12, 13, or 14Ages 6–16; Grades 1–10Slovak RepublicSouth AfricaGrades 1–12Ages 6–15; Grades 1–9SpainGrades 1–12Ages 6–16; Grades 1–10SwedenGrades 1–12Ages 7–16; Grades 1–9TurkeyGrades 1–12Grades 1–12United Arab EmiratesGrades 1–12Grades 1–9United StatesGrades 1–12Varies by state (commonly ages 6 or 7 to 16–19)Benchmarking ParticipantsOntario, CanadaGrades 1–12Ages 6–18Quebec, CanadaGrades 1–11Ages 6–16Grades 1–11Ages 6.5–18Moscow City, Russian Fed.Gauteng, South AfricaSame as South AfricaWestern Cape, South AfricaSame as South AfricaMadrid, SpainSame as SpainAbu Dhabi, UAESame as United Arab EmiratesDubai, UAESame as United Arab EmiratesSOURCE: IEA's Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study – TIMSS 2019Downloaded from http://timss2019.org/encyclopedia/download
Exhibit 2: National Policies on Age of School Entry and PromotionReported by National Research CoordinatorsCountryOfficial Policy onAge of Entry to PrimarySchoolBased on ParentalDiscretion,Usual Practice on Age ofEntry to Primary SchoolChanges to Age of EntryPolicy Within the Past 10YearsPolicy on Promotion andRetention in Grades 1–8AlbaniaChildren must be 6 years oldby August 31 to begin schoolin September.Most children begin school atage 6, but some begin at age 7because their parents feel theywill benefit from being moremature.No changeNo policyArmeniaChildren begin school in thecalendar year of their sixthbirthday.Follows policyNo changeNo policyAustraliaVaries by state, but generallychildren begin school by age6. Children in all states areexpected to begin a preprimary or Foundation Year(Preparatory, Transition,Kindergarten, Reception, orPreprimary) from between 4years and 5 months and 5years by January 1. Thus,minimum age at entry toprimary school (Year 1)ranges from 5 years and 5months to 6 years (as ofJanuary 1) across the states.Most children begin school inthe year following attainmentof the minimum age, butchildren among the youngestin their cohort (born in the first4–6 months of the calendaryear) may start a year laterbased on either advice frompreprimary staff or thejudgment of parents, usuallybecause of developmentalreasons.All states now include a full yearof preprimary education withinthe primary school setting. Priorto 2014, children in SouthAustralia began Year 0(Reception) in the school termafter their fifth birthday.Beginning in 2014, all childrenstart at the beginning of theschool year if they are 5 yearsold by May 1. The NorthernTerritory has also moved to asingle point of entry at the startof the school year. Queenslandintroduced Year 0 (Preparatory)in 2007 and made it compulsoryin 2017. Western Australiaintroduced Year 0 (Preprimary)in 2002 and made it compulsoryin 2013.Varies by state, but generally,automatic promotion in Grades 1–8.AustriaChildren begin school if theyare 6 years old beforeSeptember 1. For prematurelyborn children, the calculateddate of birth may be usedinstead of the actual date ofbirth.Parents may requestearlier/later admission, butschool authorities ultimatelymake this decision (in somecases, based on medical orpsychological tests).As of 2009, children mustattend kindergarten the yearbefore beginning primaryschool. This policy does notaffect primary education butprolongs compulsory education.Until 2018, promotion was automaticfor Grades 1–3 and dependent onacademic progress through uppersecondary school. Beginning in 2019,promotion is only automatic for Grade1, then dependent on academicprogress.AzerbaijanChildren begin school inSeptember if they will be 6years old by December 31.Children typically begin schoolat age 6, but parents maydelay enrollment until age 7.Before June 12, 2018, childrenhad to be 6 years old to beginschool. Now children can beginschool before age 6.Promotion is automatic in the primarylevel (1–4) and the lower secondarylevel (5–9). No examinations are takenat Grades 1–9. Students may apply tofinish school one year earlier at Grade3, 8, or 10 and can apply only once inevery school year. They need to meet6 requirements to be approved, andthe decisions will be made by theschool principal, management, andteachers. No special examinations aretaken for this process. If approved,the student will be at Grade 3, 8, or 10in the first semester and at Grades 4,9, or 11 in the second semester.BahrainChildren must be 6 years oldby the start of the academicyear to begin school.Most children begin school atage 6. Children who enroll inschool after age 6 take anexamination for gradeplacement.Since 2017, children born inNovember may begin school atthe start of the academic yearbefore their sixth birthday.Automatic promotion for Grades 1–3.For Grades 4–8, students mustachieve 60% in the 4 core subjects(mathematics, science, Arabic, andEnglish) and 50% in the other subjectsto progress to the next grade. In somecases, students who fail core subjectsbut pass Arabic may be promotedwith a plan to ensure they pass theclasses to which they are promoted.SOURCE: IEA's Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study - TIMSS 2019Downloaded from http://timss2019.org/encyclopedia/download
Exhibit 2: National Policies on Age of School Entry and PromotionReported by National Research Coordinators(Continued)CountryOfficial Policy onAge of Entry to PrimarySchoolBased on ParentalDiscretion,Usual Practice on Age ofEntry to Primary SchoolChanges to Age of EntryPolicy Within the Past 10YearsPolicy on Promotion andRetention in Grades 1–8Belgium (Flemish)Children begin school onSeptember 1 of the calendaryear of their sixth birthday.Follows policyIn the past, children wererequired to attend at least 220half-days in an accreditedDutch-language kindergartenbefore beginning school. Sincethe start of the 2018–2019school year, children shouldattend at least 250 half-days. If achild does not meet thisrequirement, the primaryschool’s class council decideswhether the child begins schoolor remains in preprimaryeducation for another year.Promotion is dependent on academicprogress across primary school andGrades 7–8. In primary school,students may repeat a maximum of 2school years. If a student has obtaineda certificate of primary education, theycan go to the first grade A (Grade 7)or the first grade B of full-timesecondary education. If students havenot obtained a certificate of primaryeducation by age 12, they may beautomatically promoted to the firstgrade B. Grade B focuses on studentswith learning disabilities or studentswho are less apt at theoreticaleducation and prefer practicallyoriented education. Whensuccessfully finishing the first grade B,these students can either go to theprevocational year or to the first gradeA (Grade 7).Bosnia and HerzegovinaChildren must be 6 years oldby September 1 to beginschool in September.Entry may be postponed 1 ormore years for children withpsychophysical difficulties.No changeNo policyBulgariaChildren begin school duringthe calendar year of theirseventh birthday.Children may begin at age 6 atthe discretion of theirparent/guardian.No changeAutomatic promotion for Grades 1–4;promotion dependent on academicprogress for Grades 5–12.CanadaVaries by province, but moststudents begin school in theyear they will be 6 years old.Students in many provincesbegin school before thecompulsory age.In 2013, Saskatchewanchanged the compulsory ageminimum from 7 years to 6years to recognize currentpractices and to increaseconsistency with otherprovinces. The official policiesin other provinces have notchanged.In most provinces, the decision topromote or retain students typicallyresides with the schools and schoolboards/districts, in consultation withparents/guardians, teachers, andschool principals. However, in BritishColumbia, students are automaticallypromoted until Grade 10.ChileChildren begin school inMarch if they will be 6 yearsold by March 31. Schoolprincipals can admit youngerchildren with sixth birthdaysbefore July 1 of thecorresponding year.Parents may decide to delayenrollment. Teachers also mayrecommend that parents delayenrollment for children whoare not yet ready for school.No changePromotion for Grades 2–11 isdependent on academic progress andattendance. Students must have aminimum grade point average of 4.0of 7.0 and attend at least 85% of theschool year. Promotion for Grades 1–2 and 11–12 is automatic, but inexceptional cases, principals may limitpromotion for students who present asignificant delay in reading, writing,and/or mathematics.Chinese TaipeiChildren must begin school inthe fall of the year of theirsixth birthday if their birthdayis on or before September 1.Legal representatives canapply for early enrollment forintellectually gifted childrenover age 5 or a 1-year delay inenrollment for 6-year-oldchildren with disabilities. Ineither case, children must takean assessment provided bythe committee responsible fortheir placement.No changeAutomatic promotion for Grades 1–8.Legal representatives of intellectuallygifted students may apply foraccelerated promotion in specificlearning areas or all learning areas.Elementary schooling years can onlybe shortened to 5 years.SOURCE: IEA's Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study - TIMSS 2019Downloaded from http://timss2019.org/encyclopedia/download
Exhibit 2: National Policies on Age of School Entry and PromotionReported by National Research Coordinators(Continued)CountryOfficial Policy onAge of Entry to PrimarySchoolBased on ParentalDiscretion,Usual Practice on Age ofEntry to Primary SchoolChanges to Age of EntryPolicy Within the Past 10YearsPolicy on Promotion andRetention in Grades 1–8CroatiaChildren who are 6 years oldby April 1 must begin schoolin September of that year.Parents can request to enrollchildren who are slightlyyounger than age 6 on April 1or to delay enrollment (usuallyfor medical conditions). Allrequests must be approved byan expert committee.No changePromotion is dependent on academicprogress. Schools must organizeadditional classes for students withinsufficient marks in 1 or 2 subjects(10–25 hours per subject). Followingadditional classes, students in Grades1–3 with 1 insufficient mark can stillprogress to the next grade, whilestudents in Grades 4–8 must take acorrection examination to determinetheir promotion or retention. InGrades 1–3, students can complete 2grades in 1 school year if an objectiveassessment establishes that thestudent's knowledge is comparable orbeyond that of students in the highergrade. In Grades 4–8, students cancomplete 2 grades in 1 school year ifthey take overall class examinations inprescribed subjects.CyprusChildren can begin school inSeptember if they are 5 yearsand 8 months old bySeptember 1.Parents can apply to theDirector of Primary Educationto delay enrollment for 1 year.No changeIn primary school, students may berequired to repeat a particular gradebased on academic or socioemotionalprogress, or parents can request thattheir child completes an additionalyear of school. In secondary school,promotion is dependent on academicprogress and minimum attendancerequirements.Czech RepublicChildren begin school at age6. Children with birthdaysbefore September 1 begin atthe start of the academic year,while children with birthdaysSeptember–December beginat the start of the followingacademic year.Parents can request to delayenrollment for 1 year or toenroll children who will turn 6years old by December 31,with proof of the child’spedagogical and psychologicalreadiness.No changePromotion is dependent on academicprogress. Repeating the same gradeis allowed only once in Stage 1(primary level) Years 1–5 and onlyonce in Stage 2 (lower secondarylevel) Years 6–9.DenmarkChildren can begin schoolduring the calendar year oftheir sixth birthday.Parents may request earlyenrollment for mature childrenwhose fifth birthdays arebefore October 1, withapproval from the schoolprincipal. Parents also mayrequest a 1-year delay inenrollment for developmentallychallenged children, withapproval from the municipalcouncil.No changeAutomatic promotion for Grades 1–8.EgyptChildren must be 6 years oldby the beginning of Octoberto begin school in September.Follows policyNo changeAutomatic promotion for Grades 1–9.EnglandChildren can begin school theSeptember following theirfourth birthday and mustbegin by the prescribed day(December 31, March 31, orAugust 31) following their fifthbirthday.Parents may delay their child’senrollment or arrange for thechild to attend part-time untilage 5. Children who turn 5years old on August 31 are notrequired to start school until 1full year after the point atwhich they could haveenrolled. In such cases,parents may requestenrollment out of the normalage group (reception ratherthan Year 1), which requiresthe approval of schooladmission authority.No changeGenerally, promotion is automatic forGrades 1–8. Head teachers maydecide to educate a student in a yeargroup higher or lower than thatindicated by their age based on soundeducational reasons.SOURCE: IEA's Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study - TIMSS 2019Downloaded from http://timss2019.org/encyclopedia/download
Exhibit 2: National Policies on Age of School Entry and PromotionReported by National Research Coordinators(Continued)CountryOfficial Policy onAge of Entry to PrimarySchoolBased on ParentalDiscretion,Usual Practice on Age ofEntry to Primary SchoolChanges to Age of EntryPolicy Within the Past 10YearsPolicy on Promotion andRetention in Grades 1–8FinlandChildren begin school inAugust during the calendaryear of their seventh birthday.Parents may request to enrollchildren 1 year earlier or laterthan the official policy forpsychological or medicalreasons.No changeFor Grades 1–8, promotion isdependent on academic progress. Astudent may be retained due to failingmarks or if retention is consideredappropriate from the perspective ofthe student's general academicsuccess.FranceChildren must begin school inSeptember of the calendaryear of their sixth birthday.In rare cases, parents and/orteachers may request earlyenrollment for academicallyadvanced and mature childrenor request a 1-year delay inenrollment for immaturechildren.As of September 2019, childrenmust begin school at age 3.For Grades 1–5, promotion isdependent on academic progress.The board of teachers, including thehead of school, makes arecommendation for each child, andparental input is considered. Studentsmay repeat or skip only 1 grade inprimary school.GeorgiaChildren must be 6 years oldby September 15 to beginschool.Follows policyStarting in 2014, the age ofentry is defined as 6 years old.No policyGermanyChildren begin school onAugust 1 if they are 6 yearsold before a statutoryqualifying date set by the state(June 30―September 30).Exceptions to the policy varyby state―children may enterearly if their sixth birthday isafter the statutory date, ordefer enrollment and attendkindergarten instead. Parentscan apply to the local primaryschool for exceptions to theenrollment policy. Generally,the school administrationmakes the final decision basedon parents’ preferences andthe results of the school entrytest.Policy changes vary by state.Common changes includeflexible school entry, schooldeferment, and school choice.Policies vary by state. In all states,students must be promoted fromGrade 1 to Grade 2, either throughstrict promotion, restricted retention,or the possibility of restriction. Forsubsequent grades, promotion isdependent on students’ grades. Insome schools, students who are notpromoted may be granted aprobationary promotion or retake anexamination. It is also possible forstudents with superior performance toskip a year.Hong Kong SARChildren may begin schoolwhen they are 5 years and 8months old.Some parents choose not tosend their children to schoolaccording to policy. In thesecases, the Education Bureaucontacts the parents or makeshome visits to confirm that thechild’s educational needs arebeing addressed. If there is novalid reason, the EducationBureau may require theparents to send the child toschool.No changePolicies on promotion and retentionacross Grades 1–8 are school-based.However, the Education Bureau hasprescribed a maximum retention ratewith which schools in the publicsector must comply.HungaryChildren typically beginschool during the calendaryear of their sixth birthday iftheir birthday is before August31.A committee of experts maydecide that a child should stayin preschool for 1 more year.This committee also may allowa child early entry at therequest of their parents.Before 2013, children beganschool during the calendar yearof their sixth birthday if theirbirthday was before May 31.Enrollment could be deferreduntil the year of the child’sseventh birthday, or even theyear of their eighth birthday iftheir birthday is after August 31.Promotion is dependent on academicprogress for all grades.SOURCE: IEA's Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study - TIMSS 2019Downloaded from http://timss2019.org/encyclopedia/download
Exhibit 2: National Policies on Age of School Entry and PromotionReported by National Research Coordinators(Continued)CountryOfficial Policy onAge of Entry to PrimarySchoolBased on ParentalDiscretion,Usual Practice on Age ofEntry to Primary SchoolChanges to Age of EntryPolicy Within the Past 10YearsPolicy on Promotion andRetention in Grades 1–8Iran, Islamic Rep. ofChildren must be 6 years oldby September 21 to beginschool.Parents may decide whetherthey want their children tostart school at age 7.No changeFor Grades 1–6, students complete adescriptive evaluation and arepromoted if they perform satisfactorilyin all subjects. Students who fail tomeet the standard for 1 subject onceor twice during their primaryeducation can complete remedialclasses or teacher-assigned tasks tobe promoted. Otherwise, studentsrepeat the grade. Students whoperform unsatisfactorily inmathematics and Farsi are notpromoted. For Grades 7 and 8,students must receive at least 10 outof 20 in all subjects by June, or retakethe examinations in those subjects inSeptember. Students who do notmeet the standard in Septemberrepeat the grade.IrelandChildren must begin school byage 6 and may begin at age 4.The first 2 years of primaryschool are “infants” classes,which have a shorter schoolday and are classified asISCED 0, but are part of thesame primary schools.In recent years, thepercentage of childrenbeginning school at age 5 hasincreased (75%), while thepercentage beginning at age 4has decreased (23%). Theexpansion of the EarlyChildhood Care and Education(ECCE) program and schooladmission policies in oversubscribed schools havecontributed to this change.No changeFor Grades 1–9, students can repeat ayear only for educational reasons andin exceptional circumstances. Theprimary curriculum (Grades 1–6) isflexible and child-centered, and canbe adapted to meet individualstudents’ needs.IsraelIn general, children beginschool during the calendaryear of their sixth birthday.Parents who feel their child isnot ready to begin school mayapply to the authorities fordelayed enrollment. Requestsare discussed by thekindergarten teacher, aneducational psychologist, andthe parents. Decisions shouldbe made on commonagreement, but parents havethe final say.No changeAutomatic promotion for Grades 1–8,but retention is possible in exceptionalcircumstances.ItalyChildren must be 6 years oldby December 31 to beginschool in the fall of that year.Parents may request earlyentry for children who are 6years old by April 30 of theacademic year of reference orthat children who pass anexamination skip the first yearof school and start with thesecond year.No changeAutomatic promotion for Grades 1–5,with the exception of cases justifiedwith special reasons and theunanimous agreement of all teachers.For Grades 6–8, promotion isdependent on academic progress.JapanChildren must be 6 years oldby April 1 to begin school.Follows policyNo changeNo policyJordanChildren must be 5 years and8 months old by September 1to begin school.Follows policyNo changeFor Grades 1–3, students who failArabic language or mathematics mayrepeat a grade with parental consent.For Grades 4–10, promotion isdependent on academic progress.Students cannot repeat more than 2grades or the same grade twice.However, students who are absent formore than 20% of the school yearwithout a legal reason will repeat thegrade, irrespective of their totalnumber of repetitions.KazakhstanChildren begin school duringthe calendar year of their sixthbirthday.Follows policyNo changeNo policySOURCE: IEA's Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study - TIMSS 2019Downloaded from http://timss2019.org/encyclopedia/download
Exhibit 2: National Policies on Age of School Entry and PromotionReported by National Research Coordinators(Continued)CountryOfficial Policy onAge of Entry to PrimarySchoolBased on ParentalDiscretion,Usual Practice on Age ofEntry to Primary SchoolChanges to Age of EntryPolicy Within the Past 10YearsPolicy on Promotion andRetention in Grades 1–8Korea, Rep. ofChildren must be 6 years oldby December 31 to beginschool the following March.Parents or guardians mayapply for early entry or for a 1year delay in enrollment.However, this is rare.No changePromotion is dependent on minimumattendance. Students must attend atleast two-thirds of the school days tobe promoted.KosovoChildren begin school duringthe calendar year of their sixthbirthday.Follows policyNo changeNo policyKuwaitFor public schools, privateArabic schools, and privateEnglish schools, children mustbe 6 years old by March 15 tobegin school the previousSeptember. For privateAmerican schools, childrenmust be 6 years old bySeptember to begin school.Follows policyNo changePromotion is dependent on academicprogress for Grades 1–8.LatviaChildren begin school at age6 or 7.Many children begin primaryschool at age 7 because theirparents feel they will benefitfrom being more mature andpsychologically prepared.Previously, children beganschool during the calendar yearof their seventh birthday withsome exceptions (health statusand psychologicalpreparedness). Since April2018, amendments to the lawprovide for a commensurate,balanced, and flexible transitionto basic education from age 6.Promotion is dependent on academicprogress for Grades 1–8. Studentsmay repeat the same grade onlyonce.LebanonChildren must be 6 years oldby January 31 to begin schoolin October of that academicyear.Children typically participate inoptional preprimary educationkindergarten programsbeginning at age 3.No changePromotion is dependent on academicprogress for Grades 1–8.LithuaniaChildren begin school duringthe calendar year of theirseventh birthday. Childrenwho attended a preprimaryeducation program 1 yearearlier begin school at age 6.Parents or guardians canrequest early enrollment or a1-year delay in enrollment.Since 2017, policy recommendsthat children enter school at age6 when educated under thepreprimary education program1 year earlier.No policy, but decisions dependent onacademic progress may be made atthe school level.MalaysiaChildren who are 6 years oldby January 1 begin school inJanuary of that academicyear. The Minister ofEducation may exempt anystudent or class of studentsfrom compulsory education,either absolutely or underspecific conditions.Follows policyNo changeNo policyMaltaChildren begin school in thecalendar year of their fifthbirthday.Follows policyNo changeAutomatic promotion for allcompulsory grades. In exceptionalcases, students may be retained withconsent from their parents orguardians.MontenegroChildren begin school duringthe calendar year of their sixthbirthday, following a medicalexamination.Parents may request to enrolltheir child before age 6 or fora 1-year delay in enrollment.A commission comprising apediatrician, a schoolpsychologist, and an educatoror a teacher, must approve allrequests.No changeAutomatic promotion for Grades 1–5.Schools are required to organizeremedial instruction for students thatdo not meet grade-level standards.MoroccoChildren begin school at age5.5 to 6.Follows policyNo changeFor Grades 1–6, promotion is basedon teachers’ continuous assessmentof academic progress. For Grades 6–7, promotion is based on teachers’continuous assessment, a unifiedschool midterm examination, and aunified final examination designed bythe local directorate of the Ministry ofEducation. For Grades 7–8, promotionis based on teachers’ continuousassessment.SOURCE: IEA's Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study - TIMSS 2019Downloaded from http://timss2019.org/encyclopedia/download
Exhibit 2: National Policies on Age of School Entry and PromotionReported by National Research Coordinators(Continued)CountryOfficial Policy onAge of Entry to PrimarySchoolBased on ParentalDiscretion,Usual Practice on Age ofEntry to Primary SchoolChanges to Age of EntryPolicy Within the Past 10YearsPolicy on Promotion andRetention in Grades 1–8NetherlandsChildren must beginkindergarten on the firstschool day of the month aftertheir fifth birthday. Mostchildren are 6 years old whenthey begin Grade 1.Most children beginkindergarten at age 4 and are6 years old when they beginGrade 1. Some children startGrade 1 later, if the schoolthinks that they would benefitfrom being more mature.Parents are involved in thisdecision, but the school hasthe final say.No changeAutomatic promotion for Grades 1–6.After Grade 6, schools decide thepromotion and retention of students.Students are assigned to a trackbased on their previous academicprogress, advice from teachers, andscores on a national assessment, andthey may be assigned to a lower trackor not be promoted to the next gradeif they are not doing well.New ZealandChildren may begin schoolfollowing their fifth birthdayand must begin school bytheir sixth birthday.Nearly all children beginschool on or soon after theirfifth birthday. Parents maydelay their child's entry untilthe beginning of a later term oruntil age 6.Starting in 2020, schools, withconsultation from theircommunity, can opt to havenew entrants start in groups atthe beginning of each term aftertheir fifth birthday. Only a smallnumber of schools haveindicated plans to use thisoption.Promotion is typically automatic butcan be subject to parent or principaldiscretion.North MacedoniaChildren begin school duringthe calendar year of their sixthbirthday.Follows policyNo changeAutomatic promotion for Grades 1–5;promotion dependent on academicprogress for Grades 6–9.Northern IrelandChildren who are age 4 byJuly 1 begin school inSeptember of that year.Children with fourth birthdaysJuly 2–August 31 beginschool in September of thenext year, when they are 5years old.Follows policyNo changeAutomatic promotion for allcompulsory grades.NorwayChildren begin school duringthe calendar year of their sixthbirthday.Follows policyNo changeNo policyOmanFor public schools, childrentypically begin school whenthey are 6 years old (or atleast 5 year
Encyclopedia TIMSS 2019 Dana L. Kelly Victoria A.S. Centurino Michael O. Martin Ina V.S. Mullis, Editors Education Policy and Curriculum in Mathematics and Science TIMSS & P
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advanced mathematics teachers reported that TIMSS Advanced mathematics topics were taught to 98 percent of all U.S. TIMSS Advanced students by the time of the assessment (either in the current or a prior year). In physics, there was considerable variation in the coverage of the TIMSS Advanced
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Mathematics Achievement Across Countries TIMSS 2011 Mathematics Achievement This section reports the TIMSS 2011 mathematics results as average scores and distributions on the fourth and eighth grade TIMSS scales, each of which has a range of 0–1,000 (although student performance typically ranges between 300 and 700).
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THE STUDENT, TEACHER, AND SCHOOL QUESTIONNAIRE DATA TIMSS ADVANCED 2015 USER GUIDE FOR THE INTERNATIONAL DATABASE iii I S Cr L S E, Bo Ce Derived Variable Naming Convention The derived variables are named according to the variable-naming convention in the TIMSS Advanced 2015 International Database (see Chapter 4 of the User Guide).
Beyond Illustration aims to survey recent, pioneering research in the application of visualisation technologies in archaeology, moving beyond the tacit assumption that visualisation is only for teaching and illustration, and employing the computer model as a research tool to generate new archaeological knowledge.
