M A C Og N Sy H Artur Journal Of A F L O L A N R U Cudor .
sofrnal Pharoural Producatutognosy &acNmJISSN: 2472-0992Journal ofPharmacognosy & Natural ProductsSandarani, J Pharmacogn Nat Prod 2017, 3:3DOI: 10.4172/2472-0992.1000143Review ArticleOpen AccessA Review: Different Extraction Techniques of PectinMDJC Sandarani*Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Livestock Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Sri Lanka*Correspondingauthor: MDJC Sandarani, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Livestock Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of SriLanka, Makandura, Sri Lanka; E-mail: jayanichathurika69@gmail.comReceived date: Aug 21, 2017; Accepted date: Nov 21, 2017; Published date: Nov 27, 2017Copyright: 2017 Sandarani MDJC. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permitsunrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.AbstractPectin is recently investigated for different applications in food industry, medicinal and pharmaceutical field.Extraction of pectin using different techniques have become a great challenge and yet to be discovered. Recentstudies involving extraction of pectin using acids, microwave assisted and enzymes are reviewed, with the aim tocapture the state of art on current research about pectin extraction. Extraction techniques have been discussed inrelated to different acids and enzymes.Keywords: Acids; Enzymes; Extraction; Microwave; PectinIntroductionThe complex hetero polysaccharide known as pectin is found in theprimary cell wall of dicotyledonous plants and it is extensivelyemployed as a gelling agent, thickener, stabilizer emulsifier and ediblecoating in food industry. It is made out of D-galacturonic acid, Lrhamnose, L-arabinose and D-galactose. They are linked by α (1 to 4)linkages [1-8].There are two types of pectin depending on their Degree ofMethylation (DM), pectin is referred to as high methoxy pectin(DM 50) or low methoxy pectin (DM 50). High methoxy pectin canform gels in an acidic medium (pH 2.0-3.5) if sucrose is present at aconcentration higher than 55 weight %. Low methoxy pectin can formgels over a larger pH range (2.0–6.0) in the presence of a divalent ion,such as calcium [9].Recovery of pectin is crucial unit operation in food industry inorder to provide adequate supply for the growing demand [10,11].Pectin is extracted at high temperature by hydrolyzing proto pectin into pectin at commercial level, but there are novel perspectives in pectinproduction [12-21].Conventional method is comprised with two main steps, hydrolysisof proto-pectin in to pectin using acids and subsequently precipitatedby ethanol [22-24]. However, acid treatments have several draw backs,due to that, novel methods such as Microwave Assisted Extraction,enzymatic extraction, supercritical water extraction and ultra soundextraction have become more popular [25-28]. Microwave AssistedExtraction exhibits large handling capacity, short processing time andgood purity. Enzymatic extraction exhibits mild conditions, low energyconsumption and no pollution [29-31].Pectin structure, uses and applications were extensively reviewed[32-34]. However, there are limited review articles based on differentextraction techniques of pectin. The main purpose of this article is tohighlight about extraction techniques of pectin.J Pharmacogn Nat Prod, an open access journal2472-0992Acid extraction of pectinPectin has been extracted using chemical methods in order toexamine the structural features and functional properties of pectin.The chemical agents used for pectin extraction are divided into fourgroups. They are water and buffers, calcium-ion chelators, acids andbases. Acids are the strongest extracting agents of pectin as theyfacilitate extraction of insoluble pectin that is tightly bound to the cellmatrix of the plant material and result in higher yields [35-37].Pectin is generally enriched in galacturonic acid. Various studieshave shown the effects of acid extractant strength on yield of pectin,chemical, and/or physicochemical characteristics [38]. Mostcommonly used acids are acetic, citric, lactic, malic, tartaric (organic),hydrochloric, nitric, oxalic, phosphoric and sulfuric acids [39-41].It has found that an increase in acid strength (that is, decreasingpH) plays an important role in increasing the galacturonic acidcontent. Moreover, acid type and concentration affect the yield,physiochemical and functional properties of pectin [42,43]. Incontrast, some of the results of studies are contradictory [44].Hydrochloric acid shown to be the highest yield of pectin amonghydrochloric, nitric and citric acid extracted from guava peel, citrusfruits, banana and cocoa pods. pH and temperature ranged from 1 to 3and 60 C to 85 C sequently [45-48]. Presence of high concentration ofhydrogen ions, stimulate the hydrolysis of pectin from proto pectin.Higher ionic strength acids have an improved capability to precipitatepectin due to their higher affinity for cations such as Ca2 whichstabilizes the pectin molecule. However, hydrochloric acid producedpectin with a smaller DM range in which LM pectin [49]. In hot acidmedia pectin can be degraded rapidly due to high lability andsensitivity for acid. Therefore, Pectin extracted using hot acid is lowmethoxylated due to demethylation and fragmentation of thepolygalacturonic chain. Moreover, LM pectin occurs in a broad pHrange, at most up to pH 6 [50-53].Nitric acid is also used commonly to acidify hot water in order toextract pectin. The pectin yield increased with increasing extractantstrength of nitric acid. The highest yield (10.9%) was obtained as theextractant strength was increased up to pH 1.2 from cinnamon [54].Volume 3 Issue 3 1000143
Citation:Sandarani MDJC (2017) A Review: Different Extraction Techniques of Pectin. J Pharmacogn Nat Prod 3: 143.doi: 10.4172/2472-0992.1000143Page 2 of 5Sulfuric acid has reported the highest yield for pectin extractedfrom dragon fruit peels [1] In addition, highest yield were reported forsulfuric acid among hydrochloric, acetic and benzoic acid forMoroccan Orange peels [55]. In contrast, some studies have reportedthat there is no significant effect of type acid on the yield of pectinfrom apple [56].Lowest yield were reported for the citric acid. Some studies hadreported that acid type strongly influenced the macromolecular andgelling properties of isolated pectin. It also reported that citric acid isthe least pectin degrading (depolymerizing and de esterifying)extracting agent. Citric acid can be used to isolate pectin with bettergelling properties. However, some studies suggested the use of citricacid because of its higher yield and better quality than other acids[57,58].The yield of ambarella pectin extraction varied from 16% to 22%dry weight of AIR, depending on the extraction condition used. Thehighest yields were obtained with Oxalic Acid/Ammonium Oxalate(OAAO) and the lowest with water [59].Microwave extraction of pectinMicrowave Assisted Extraction involves dielectric heating of plantmolecules through the exposure of microwaves. Dipolar rotation ofwater is taken place due to the absorbance of microwave energy, whichleads to generation of heat inside the plant tissues. Microwave-AssistedExtraction (MAE) has been recently investigated by many researchersand found that it can lead to a considerable increase in the yield andquality of extracted pectin [60-62].When orange peels are subjected to microwave radiation, there isinactivation of pectin esterase enzyme and destruction of orange skincells due to rapid heat generation in microwave environment [63].Since the pectin esterase interacts with the pectic substances in theorange peels and reduces their solubility, their inactivation improvesthe pectin extraction. Moreover, due to the disintegration ofparenchyma cells, there is also increase in specific surface area, whichfacilitates the water absorption capacity of the plant cell. It has beenused to reduce extraction time and energy [64,65].When increasing the microwave power pectin yield has beenincreased due to the increase in microwave irradiation energy, thepenetration of solvent into the plant matrix can be enhanced and canefficiently deliver to plant cells for pectin extraction. Molecularinteraction with the electromagnetic field offers a rapid transfer ofenergy to the solvent and matrix, allowing the dissolution ofcomponents to be extracted. As a polar solvent, water can efficientlyabsorb microwave energy and leads to efficient heating. Moreover, themicrowave irradiation accelerates cell rupture by sudden temperaturerise and internal pressure increase inside the cells of plant sample,which promotes the destruction of sample surface and in turns theexudation of pectin within the plant cells into the surrounding solventsand increase [66,67].pressure increase inside the cells of plant sample, which promotes thedestruction of sample surface and in turns the exudation of pectinwithin the plant cells into the surrounding solvents and increased theextraction yield [68]. Similarly, optimization of extraction process ofpectin from apple pomace using Microwave Assisted Extraction, foundto be the highest yield from apple pomace and also lower extractiontime when compared to conventional heating [69].In contrast, there is no any significant difference in yield and qualitycharacteristics extracted from both conventional extraction andMicrowave Assisted Extraction except moisture and ash content.Increase in microwave power did not affect yield and qualitycharacteristics of pectin from jackfruit rinds [70].In addition, pectin extracted using traditional method is not onlypoor in term of quantity but also quality in which prolonged exposureof pectin to the heat treatment during extraction leads to pectindegradation [71].Enzymatic extractionPlant cell wall is composed of an entangled network of differentpolysaccharides including pectin. Cell wall degrading enzymes withminimum pectinolytic activity are used to hydrolyze non pectin plantcell wall components in enzymatic extraction of pectin [72,73].Enzymatic extraction of pectin is environmentally safe and moreeffective in terms of pectin yield. Different enzymes such aspolygalacturonase, hemicellulose, protease and microbial mixedenzymes, cellulose, α-amylase, celluclast, alcalase and α-amylase andneutrase, Xylase, cellulose, b-glucosidase, endopolygalacturonase andpectinesterase are used in pectin extraction as enzymes have the abilityto degrade pectin and modify the physicochemical properties of thepectin [74-82].Cellulase enzymeCellulase enzyme has been used for isolation of pectin from chicoryroots and cauliflower and has shown positive effects towardshydrolyzing of cellulose from the cell wall and releasing of pectin fromthe cell wall [83].Use of the cellulase led to the biggest yield and Poly GalacturonicAcid (PGA) content in pectin extracted from pumpkin due to thedegradation of the cellulose matrix. Furthermore, pectin was extractedfrom pumpkin using an enzyme complex which contained cellulasehas given the highest yield (14% on dry weight basis) due todegradation of cellulose matrix and other insoluble constituents of theplant cell wall. In contrast, it is believed that it has a pectinesteraseactivity, which could have an effect on degree of esterification [84].Polygalacturonase enzymeThe increasing micro wave irradiation energy can enhance thepenetration of solvent in to the plant matrix and deliver efficiently tomaterials through molecular interaction with the electromagnetic fieldand offer a rapid transfer of energy to the solvent and matrix, allowingthe dissolution of components to be extracted.Polygalacturonase have been used to extract pectin from apple andpears and observed a great performance in yield which indicates ahigher affinity of the PGI enzyme for this substrate. Yield of pectin was20% and 60% higher than with chemical extraction for apple and pearsrespectively. These results indicate that pear pomace seems to be abetter substrate for pectin enzymatic extraction rather than applepomace [85].Water can efficiently absorb microwave energy and leads to efficientheating as it is a polar solvent. Moreover, the microwave irradiationaccelerates cell rupture by sudden temperature rise and internalThe commercial enzyme used originates from a selected strain ofAspergillus niger and has mixed activities of pectinlyase, pectinesteraseand polygalacturonase. Pectin yield from cladodes is not significantlyJ Pharmacogn Nat Prod, an open access journal2472-0992Volume 3 Issue 3 1000143
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Citation:Sandarani MDJC (2017) A Review: Different Extraction Techniques of Pectin. J Pharmacogn Nat Prod 3: 143.doi: 10.4172/2472-0992.1000143Page 5 of 585.Franchi ML, Marzialetti MB, Pose1 GN, Cavalitto SF (2014) Evaluation ofenzymatic pectin extraction by a recombinant polygalacturonase (PGI)from apples and pears pomace of argentinean production andcharacterization of the extracted pectin. Journal of Food Processing andTechnology 5: 352.J Pharmacogn Nat Prod, an open access journal2472-099286.Tripodo MM, Occhiuto F, Galati EM, Lanuzza F (2015) Proceedings ofVIIIth IC on Cactus Pear and Cochineal. p: 393-398.Volume 3 Issue 3 1000143
Pharmacognosy & Natural Products J o u r n a l o f P h a r m a c og n s y & N t u r a l P r o d u c t s ISSN: 2472-0992. Sulfuric acid has reported the highest yield for pectin extracted from dragon fruit peels [1] In addition, highest yield were reported for sulf
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Collectively make tawbah to Allāh S so that you may acquire falāḥ [of this world and the Hereafter]. (24:31) The one who repents also becomes the beloved of Allāh S, Âَْ Èِﺑاﻮَّﺘﻟاَّﺐُّ ßُِ çﻪَّٰﻠﻟانَّاِ Verily, Allāh S loves those who are most repenting. (2:22
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enFakultätaufAntragvon Prof. Dr. ChristophBruder Prof. Dr. DieterJaksch Basel,den16. Oktober2012, Prof. Dr .
AssemblyLine flow and Hooks .26 Controlling the flow of an AssemblyLine . . . 30 Expressions .30 Expressions in component parameters .33 Expressions in LinkCriteria .33 Expressions in Branches, Loops and Switch/Case 34 Scripting with Expressions .34 The Entry object.35 Chapter 2. Scripting in TDI .37 Internal data model: Entries, Attributes and Values 38 Working with .
(OSH Act) standards because they were rarely exposed to construction jobsite hazards. However, with the increasing roles that designers are playing on worksites, such as being part of a design-build team, it is becoming increasingly important that they receive construction safety training, including information about federal and state construction safety standards. The Occupational Safety .
