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Phonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes and AllophonesPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

Course ReadingsPhonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsCourse ReadingsHandoutsIntroductionThe following readings have been posted to the Moodlecourse site:IContemporary Linguistics: Chapter 3 (pp. 59-69)ILanguage Files: Chapter 3.1 (pp. 101-108)Aspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

Handouts for This LecturePhonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsCourse ReadingsHandoutsIntroductionI have also posted to the course website the followinghandout, which you might find useful over the next coupleclasses:I“Important Vocabulary Items for Phonology”Aspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary(You’ll probably want to have it with you for next class.)

A Review of Where We AreThe Fundamental Question:What are the rules and mental representations thatunderlie our ability to speak and understand a language?Last Class:Phonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesIThere are rules that affect the pronunciation of words.Minimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionIThe study of these rules is phonology.SummaryIThere is a phonological rule for breaking down wordsinto syllables (syllabification).

A Review of Where We AreThe Fundamental Question:What are the rules and mental representations thatunderlie our ability to speak and understand a language?Last Class:Phonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesIThere are rules that affect the pronunciation of words.Minimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionIThe study of these rules is phonology.SummaryIThere is a phonological rule for breaking down wordsinto syllables (syllabification).This Class:There are phonological rules that affect thepronunciation of single, individual phones.

Phonemes andAllophonesAn Oversimplification RevealedReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionRight now, we’d transcribe these words as pop’‘spool’‘eep’Aspiration inEnglish[pAp][spul][ip]Under this transcription:IAll the words in the 1st column share a sound: [t]IAll the words in the 2nd column share a sound: [k]IAll the words in the 3rd column share a sound: [p]The FactsThe RulePhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

Phonemes andAllophonesAn Oversimplification RevealedReadings andOther MaterialsRight now, we’d transcribe these words as ip]Problem:The actual ‘t’-sounds in the 1st column are a bit differentfrom each other.IPut your hand in front of your mouth and say “top”.IThere’s a strong burst of air when you say the “t”.IThis burst isn’t there when you say “stool” and “eat”.Aspiration inEnglishThe FactsThe RulePhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

Phonemes andAllophonesAn Oversimplification RevealedReadings andOther MaterialsRight now, we’d transcribe these words as ip]Problem:The actual ‘k’-sounds in the 2nd column are a bit differentfrom each other.IPut your hand in front of your mouth and say “cop”.IThere’s a strong burst of air when you say the “c”.IThis burst isn’t there with “school” and “eke”.Aspiration inEnglishThe FactsThe RulePhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

Phonemes andAllophonesAn Oversimplification RevealedReadings andOther MaterialsRight now, we’d transcribe these words as ip]Problem:The actual ‘p’-sounds in the 3rd column are a bit differentfrom each other.IPut your hand in front of your mouth and say “pop”.IThere’s a strong burst of air when you say the “p”.IThis burst isn’t there when you say “spool” and “eep”.Aspiration inEnglishThe FactsThe RulePhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

Phonemes andAllophonesAspirationVocabulary:The strong burst of air when you pronounce [t]/[k]/[p] in“top”/“cop”/“pop” is called aspiration.Readings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishThe FactsThe RuleIPA Representation:Aspiration on a consonant C is represented in IPA by asuperscripted “h” (Ch ).Phonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummaryTherefore the following is a more accurate transcription ofthe words we saw before:‘top’‘stool’‘eat’[th Ap][stul][it]‘cop’‘school’‘eke’[kh Ap][skul][ik]‘pop’‘spool’‘eep’[ph Ap][spul][ip]

Aspiration and PhonologyKey Observation:English speakers don’t just aspirate any old consonant theywant.Phonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishThe FactsIINormal pronunciation requires aspiration to be on [t] in“top”Normal pronunciation requires no aspiration on [t] in“stool” and “eat”.The RulePhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummaryConclusion:Part of knowing English is knowing where aspiration can (andmust) go.Question:How is this information represented in our brains?

Towards the Aspiration RuleWrong Hypothesis:Maybe we just memorize it on a word-by-word basis?I When we learn a word like ‘cop’, we learn:IIThe phones that compose it: [kAp]Whether any phones are aspirated: [kh Ap]Phonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishThe FactsThe RulePhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

Phonemes andAllophonesTowards the Aspiration RuleWrong Hypothesis:Maybe we just memorize it on a word-by-word basis?I When we learn a word like ‘cop’, we learn:IIThe phones that compose it: [kAp]Whether any phones are aspirated: [kh Ap]Problem for Wrong Hypothesis:English speakers know where aspiration must go inwords they’ve never heard before.IRead the following words to yourselves ��Readings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishThe FactsThe RulePhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

Phonemes andAllophonesTowards the Aspiration RuleWrong Hypothesis:Maybe we just memorize it on a word-by-word basis?I When we learn a word like ‘cop’, we learn:IIThe phones that compose it: [kAp]Whether any phones are aspirated: [kh Ap]Problem for Wrong Hypothesis:English speakers know where aspiration must go inwords they’ve never heard before.INow say them with your hand in front of your adings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishThe FactsThe RulePhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

Phonemes andAllophonesTowards the Aspiration RuleWrong Hypothesis:Maybe we just memorize it on a word-by-word basis?I When we learn a word like ‘cop’, we learn:IIThe phones that compose it: [kAp]Whether any phones are aspirated: [kh Ap][th [kh Aspiration inEnglishThe RulePhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummaryYou probably pronounced them as nThe FactsProblem for Wrong Hypothesis:English speakers know where aspiration must go inwords they’ve never heard before.IReadings andOther Materials[ph Oôbl]"[spIb][Oôp]

Towards the Aspiration RulePhonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsConclusion:ISince you’d never heard those made-up words before.IYour knowledge of where aspiration goes couldn’t havebeen memorized.ISo the ‘Wrong Hypothesis’ is wrong.IntroductionAspiration inEnglishThe FactsThe RulePhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

Towards the Aspiration RulePhonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsConclusion:ISince you’d never heard those made-up words before.IYour knowledge of where aspiration goes couldn’t havebeen memorized.ISo the ‘Wrong Hypothesis’ is wrong.Right HypothesisAspiration in English is governed by a general rule.IThis rule tells you which consonants aspiration hasto go on.IntroductionAspiration inEnglishThe FactsThe RulePhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

Towards the Aspiration RuleSo, what is the rule for where aspiration goes?.The following set of English words is representative of the pattern:‘top’[th Ap]‘cop’[kh Ap]‘pop’[ph tter’ [th wI.dô] ‘quitter’[kh wI.dô] ‘please’ [ph liz]"‘return’ [ôi.th 1ôn]‘recoil’[ôi.kh Ojl]"‘repay’[ôi.ph ej]‘outlier’ [awt.lajô] ‘rick-roll’ [ôIk.ôowl] ‘lip-lock’ ��[lIps]Phonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishThe FactsThe RulePhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

Towards the Aspiration RuleSo, what is the rule for where aspiration goes?.The following set of English words is representative of the pattern:‘top’[th Ap]‘cop’[kh Ap]‘pop’[ph tter’ [th wI.dô] ‘quitter’[kh wI.dô] ‘please’ [ph liz]"‘return’ [ôi.th 1ôn]‘recoil’[ôi.kh Ojl]"‘repay’[ôi.ph ej]‘outlier’ [awt.lajô] ‘rick-roll’ [ôIk.ôowl] ‘lip-lock’ ��[lIps]The Pattern:[t]/[k]/[p] can (and must) be aspirated when they are the firstsound in a syllable (onset).Phonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishThe FactsThe RulePhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

The Aspiration RulePhonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsInterim Summary:IntroductionEnglish has rules for the pronunciation of words(phonology)Aspiration inEnglishIEnglish ‘phonology’ has rules for the pronunciation ofindividual phones.Phonemes andAllophonesIOne of those rules states where [t]/[k]/[p] bearaspiration (are ‘aspirated’)IThe Aspiration Rule:[t]/[k]/[p] can (and must) be aspirated when they are thefirst phone in an onset.The FactsThe RuleMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

Sounds in Memory vs. Sounds in SpeechPhonemes andAllophonesKey Fact:The Aspiration Rule forces us to distinguish between:IThe phones that are actually produced when we talkIThe way those phones are represented in our memories.Readings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMemory vs. PronunciationPhoneme vs. AllophoneMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

Sounds in Memory vs. Sounds in SpeechPhonemes andAllophonesKey Fact:The Aspiration Rule forces us to distinguish between:IThe phones that are actually produced when we talkIThe way those phones are represented in our memories.Basic Assumption About Memory:When we learn a word, we store in memory a representation ofhow it is pronouncedA Special Notation:IFor the actual spoken phones, I’ll continue to put them insquare brackets ([.]).II[ænd] the sound produced when we say “and”For the representation of the phones in memory, I’ll putthem in angled brackets (/./)I/ænd/ the representation in our memory of how to say “and”Readings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMemory vs. PronunciationPhoneme vs. AllophoneMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

The Representation in MemoryPhonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsQuestion:When we learn a new word like “torble”, do we store inmemory which sounds are aspirated?Does the representation put into memory look like this:/th Oôbl/ (with aspiration)"I Or, does it look like this: /tOôbl/ (without aspiration)"IIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMemory vs. PronunciationPhoneme vs. AllophoneMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

The Representation in MemoryPhonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsQuestion:When we learn a new word like “torble”, do we store inmemory which sounds are aspirated?Does the representation put into memory look like this:/th Oôbl/ (with aspiration)"I Or, does it look like this: /tOôbl/ (without aspiration)"IIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMemory vs. PronunciationPhoneme vs. AllophoneMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummaryAnswer:The answer appears to be ‘/tOôbl/’ (without aspiration)."ISome experimental evidence (psycholinguistics unit).IIt also makes the most sense, practically speaking.

The Representation in MemoryGeneral Principle of Simplicity in Memory:If the information already follows from a general rule, wedon’t waste time/effort memorizing it.Phonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMemory vs. PronunciationPhoneme vs. AllophoneMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

The Representation in MemoryGeneral Principle of Simplicity in Memory:If the information already follows from a general rule, wedon’t waste time/effort memorizing it.Phonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishA Simple Example: SpellingIWhen the spelling of a word follows general rules.IIIt’s easier to learn the word.Because, you don’t have to memorize the ‘details’.IIIAll that info just follows from the rules.So you don’t have to put it into memory.When the spelling of a word is irregular.IIIt’s harder to learn the word.Because, you do have to memorize the ‘details’(which letters, which order)IIYou do have to put all that info into memory.That takes time and effort.Phonemes andAllophonesMemory vs. PronunciationPhoneme vs. AllophoneMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

Phonemes andAllophonesThe Representation in MemoryGeneral Principle of Simplicity in Memory:If the information already follows from a general rule, wedon’t waste time/effort memorizing it.Readings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishThe Consequences for AspirationSince our Aspiration Rule already says where aspirationcan/must go, we don’t also (redundantly) put that informationinto memory.ITherefore, although we pronounce the words like this:‘top’ [th Ap] ‘cop’ [kh Ap] ‘pop’ [ph Ap]IWe store them in memory like this:‘top’ /tAp/ ‘cop’ /kAp/ ‘pop’/pAp/Phonemes andAllophonesMemory vs. PronunciationPhoneme vs. AllophoneMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

Phonemes andAllophonesA Picture of Speech ProductionReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishStep 1:Step 2:Step 3:Step 4:Access memorized representationApply syllabification ruleApply aspiration rulePronounce word/tejbl/tej.bl"th ej.bl"][th ej.bl"Phonemes andAllophonesMemory vs. PronunciationPhoneme vs. AllophoneMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

The Crucial DistinctionPhonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsImportant Conclusion:There is an important distinction between:IThe sound as produced by the speaker.IThe sound as represented in memory.Illustration:IntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMemory vs. PronunciationPhoneme vs. AllophoneMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummaryIn memory, “table” is represented as ‘/tejbl/’I No aspiration, No syllabificationI When pronounced, “table” is produced as ‘[th ej.bl]’"I Aspiration on [t], Syllabification completeI

Phonemes and AllophonesVocabularyIIPhoneme The sound as represented in memory (/./)Allophone The sound as actually produced by a speaker ([.])Phonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMemory vs. PronunciationPhoneme vs. AllophoneMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionSummary

Phonemes and AllophonesVocabularyIIPhoneme The sound as represented in memory (/./)Allophone The sound as actually produced by a speaker ([.])Phonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMemory vs. PronunciationVocabulary:[X] is an allophone of /Y/ if [X] is one way that speakerspronounce /Y/.Phoneme vs. AllophoneMinimal Pairs / a phoneme of English[th ] an allophone of /t/ in English[t]an allophone of /t/ in English

Phonemes and AllophonesVocabularyIIPhoneme The sound as represented in memory (/./)Allophone The sound as actually produced by a speaker ([.])Phonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMemory vs. PronunciationVocabulary:[X] is an allophone of /Y/ if [X] is one way that speakerspronounce /Y/.Phoneme vs. AllophoneMinimal Pairs / a phoneme of English[th ] an allophone of /t/ in English[t]an allophone of /t/ in EnglishVocabulary:We say that [th ] and [t] are allophones of the samephoneme (namely,/t/).

Allophones Across LanguagesPhonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionKey Fact:Whether or not two phones are allophones of the samephoneme depends on the language in question.IIn one language, [X] and [Y] can be allophones of thesame phoneme.IIn another language, [X] and [Y] can be allophones ofdifferent phonemes.Aspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal PairsComplementary DistributionSummary

Different Languages, Different PhonemesExample: Aspiration in English and ThaiIIn English, [t] and [th ] are allophones of the samephoneme (/t/).IIn Thai, [t] and [th ] are allophones of two differentphonemes (/t/, /th /).Phonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal PairsComplementary DistributionSummary

Different Languages, Different PhonemesExample: Aspiration in English and ThaiIIn English, [t] and [th ] are allophones of the samephoneme (/t/).IIn Thai, [t] and [th ] are allophones of two differentphonemes (/t/, /th /).How Do We Know?IIn Thai, the following are two different words:[tam] ‘to pound’ [th am] ‘to do’Phonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal PairsComplementary DistributionSummary

Different Languages, Different PhonemesExample: Aspiration in English and ThaiIIn English, [t] and [th ] are allophones of the samephoneme (/t/).IIn Thai, [t] and [th ] are allophones of two differentphonemes (/t/, /th /).How Do We Know?IIIn Thai, the following are two different words:[tam] ‘to pound’ [th am] ‘to do’These words look exactly the same, except one has[t] where the other has [th ].Phonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal PairsComplementary DistributionSummary

Different Languages, Different PhonemesExample: Aspiration in English and ThaiIIn English, [t] and [th ] are allophones of the samephoneme (/t/).IIn Thai, [t] and [th ] are allophones of two differentphonemes (/t/, /th /).How Do We Know?IIn Thai, the following are two different words:[tam] ‘to pound’ [th am] ‘to do’IThese words look exactly the same, except one has[t] where the other has [th ].IThis shows that [t] and [th ] must be allophones ofdifferent phonemes.Phonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal PairsComplementary DistributionSummary

Different Languages, Different PhonemesExample: Aspiration in English and ThaiIIn English, [t] and [th ] are allophones of the samephoneme (/t/).IIn Thai, [t] and [th ] are allophones of two differentphonemes (/t/, /th /).How Do We Know?IIn Thai, the following are two different words:[tam] ‘to pound’ [th am] ‘to do’IThese words look exactly the same, except one has[t] where the other has [th ].IThis shows that [t] and [th ] must be allophones ofdifferent phonemes.IWhy?. (here comes the ‘R2’)Phonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal PairsComplementary DistributionSummary

Phonemes andAllophonesThe LogicThe Facts: In Thai, these are two different words:[tam]‘to pound’[th am]‘to do’Readings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal PairsComplementary DistributionSummary

Phonemes andAllophonesThe LogicThe Facts: In Thai, these are two different words:[tam]‘to pound’[th am]‘to do’Readings andOther MaterialsIntroductionThe Key Reasoning:IIf [t] / [th ] were allophones of the same phoneme in ThaiAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal PairsComplementary DistributionSummary

Phonemes andAllophonesThe LogicThe Facts: In Thai, these are two different words:[tam]‘to pound’[th am]‘to do’Readings andOther MaterialsIntroductionThe Key Reasoning:IIf [t] / [th ] were allophones of the same phoneme in ThaiIThere would be a rule stating where you use [t] / [th ].Aspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal PairsComplementary DistributionSummary

Phonemes andAllophonesThe LogicThe Facts: In Thai, these are two different words:[tam]‘to pound’[th am]‘to do’Readings andOther MaterialsIntroductionThe Key Reasoning:IIf [t] / [th ] were allophones of the same phoneme in ThaiIIThere would be a rule stating where you use [t] / [th ].Since [th am] is a word, this rule would entail [th ]before [-am].Aspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal PairsComplementary DistributionSummary

Phonemes andAllophonesThe LogicThe Facts: In Thai, these are two different words:[tam]‘to pound’[th am]‘to do’Readings andOther MaterialsIntroductionThe Key Reasoning:IIf [t] / [th ] were allophones of the same phoneme in ThaiIIIThere would be a rule stating where you use [t] / [th ].Since [th am] is a word, this rule would entail [th ]before [-am].But, since [tam] is also a word, this rule would entail[t] before [-am].Aspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal PairsComplementary DistributionSummary

Phonemes andAllophonesThe LogicThe Facts: In Thai, these are two different words:[tam]‘to pound’[th am]‘to do’Readings andOther MaterialsIntroductionThe Key Reasoning:IIf [t] / [th ] were allophones of the same phoneme in ThaiIIIIThere would be a rule stating where you use [t] / [th ].Since [th am] is a word, this rule would entail [th ]before [-am].But, since [tam] is also a word, this rule would entail[t] before [-am].But, one rule couldn’t require both [th ] before [-am]and [t] before [-am].Aspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal PairsComplementary DistributionSummary

Phonemes andAllophonesThe LogicThe Facts: In Thai, these are two different words:[tam]‘to pound’[th am]‘to do’Readings andOther MaterialsIntroductionThe Key Reasoning:IIf [t] / [th ] were allophones of the same phoneme in ThaiIIIIIThere would be a rule stating where you use [t] / [th ].Since [th am] is a word, this rule would entail [th ]before [-am].But, since [tam] is also a word, this rule would entail[t] before [-am].But, one rule couldn’t require both [th ] before [-am]and [t] before [-am].Therefore, there isn’t actually a rule in Thai stating whereyou use [t] and [th ].Aspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal PairsComplementary DistributionSummary

Phonemes andAllophonesThe LogicThe Facts: In Thai, these are two different words:[tam]‘to pound’[th am]‘to do’Readings andOther MaterialsIntroductionThe Key Reasoning:IIf [t] / [th ] were allophones of the same phoneme in ThaiIIIIThere would be a rule stating where you use [t] / [th ].Since [th am] is a word, this rule would entail [th ]before [-am].But, since [tam] is also a word, this rule would entail[t] before [-am].But, one rule couldn’t require both [th ] before [-am]and [t] before [-am].ITherefore, there isn’t actually a rule in Thai stating whereyou use [t] and [th ].IAnd so, [t] and [th ] are allophones of two differentphonemes (/t/, /th /).Aspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal PairsComplementary DistributionSummary

Minimal PairsPhonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionVocabularyMinimal Pairs Two words that sound exactly the same,except one has [X] where the other has [Y].IIf two words are minimal pairs differing only in [X] and [Y],then they are minimal pairs for [X] and [Y].Aspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal PairsContrast and PerceptionThe General Principle:If there are minimal pairs for [X] and [Y], then [X] and [Y] areallophones of different phonemes.An AnalogyComplementary DistributionSummary

Some Illustrative ExamplesExample 1:The following are minimal pairs for [l] and [ô] in h iô]‘lap’‘lip’‘peel’[læp][lIp][ph il]Phonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal PairsContrast and PerceptionAn AnalogyComplementary DistributionSummary

Some Illustrative ExamplesExample 1:The following are minimal pairs for [l] and [ô] in h iô]‘lap’‘lip’‘peel’[læp][lIp][ph il]Example 2:The following are minimal pairs for [s] and [S] in EnglishPhonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal Contrast and PerceptionAn AnalogyComplementary DistributionSummary

Some Illustrative ExamplesExample 1:The following are minimal pairs for [l] and [ô] in h iô]‘lap’‘lip’‘peel’[læp][lIp][ph il]Example 2:The following are minimal pairs for [s] and [S] in EnglishPhonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal IThese pairs show that there’s no rule that stateswhether you say [ô]/[l] or [s]/[S]].IThus, they show that these are all allophones ofdifferent phonemes.Contrast and PerceptionAn AnalogyComplementary DistributionSummary

ContrastMore Vocabulary:IIf [X] and [Y] are allophones of different phonemes,then they are said to contrast.IIf [X] and [Y] are allophones of the same phoneme,then they don’t contrast.Phonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal PairsContrast and PerceptionAn AnalogyComplementary DistributionSummary

ContrastMore Vocabulary:IIf [X] and [Y] are allophones of different phonemes,then they are said to contrast.IIf [X] and [Y] are allophones of the same phoneme,then they don’t contrast.Key Fact 1: Contrast Means PerceptionWhen two phones ([X] and [Y]) contrast in a language, thismeans that:Phonemes andAllophonesReadings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal PairsContrast and PerceptionAn AnalogyIThere are minimal pairs for [X] and [Y].ISo, [X] and [Y] distinguish words of the language.ISo, speakers must perceive the difference between [X]and [Y].I(Like [s] vs. [S] in English)Complementary DistributionSummary

ContrastPhonemes andAllophonesMore Vocabulary:IIIf [X] and [Y] are allophones of different phonemes,then they are said to contrast.If [X] and [Y] are allophones of the same phoneme,then they don’t contrast.Key Fact 2: No Contrast Means Maybe No PerceptionWhen two phones ([X] and [Y]) don’t contrast in a language,this means that:Readings andOther MaterialsIntroductionAspiration inEnglishPhonemes andAllophonesMinimal Pairs andComplementaryDistributionDifferent Languages,Different PhonemesMinimal PairsContrast and PerceptionAn AnalogyIThere aren’t any minimal pairs for [X] and [Y].ISo, [X] and [Y] don’t distinguish any words of thelanguage.ISo, speakers don’t necessarily perceive the differencebetween [X] and [Y].I(Like [t] vs. [th ] in English)Complementary DistributionSummary

An Analogy That Might HelpIf [X] and [Y] are allophones of the same phoneme, thelanguage views them as just ‘versions of the same sound’.(They’re the same sound dressed up in different costumes)IThey are represented the same way in memory (/X/)ISpeakers don’t necessarily hear the differencePhoneme

Phoneme vs. Allophone Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution Summary Sounds in Memory vs. Sounds in Speech Key Fact: The Aspiration Rule forces us to distinguish between:

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Sep 10, 2010 · A phoneme can have several allophones. Allophones of a single phoneme are not contrastive with each other. Allophones are in complementary distribution with each other (or som

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Final sounds Medial sounds Initial Phonemes Final Phonemes & Rime 2nd letter of Consonant Blend 3-5 phoneme words with mixed vowel sounds 2nd letter of Consonant Blend Initial Phonemes Final Phonemes & Rime Digraphs R Blends R-controlled Vowels Compound Words Syllables Onset-Rime 2 and 3-phoneme words

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3. Wenger-Clemons, J. (2014). Client system assessment tools for social work practice (Canvas). Group Assignment s . 1. Therapeutic Group Work Assignment 2. Therapeutic Group Work Twitter Feed Individual Assignment 1. M2 Quiz . Module 3: Identity-Based Social Action Group Work . Weeks 5 and 6 . Overview . A. This module reviews a number of topics around how we construct self-concepts and self .