Network Fundamentals: CCNA Exploration Companion Guide

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Network FundamentalsCCNA Exploration Companion GuideMark A. DyeRick McDonaldAntoon W. RufiCisco Press800 East 96th StreetIndianapolis, Indiana 46240 USA

iiNetwork Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion GuideNetwork Fundamentals, CCNA ExplorationCompanion GuideMark A. Dye Rick McDonald Antoon W. RufiCopyright 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc.Cisco Press logo is a trademark of Cisco Systems, Inc.Published by:Cisco Press800 East 96th StreetIndianapolis, IN 46240 USAPublisherPaul BogerAssociate PublisherDave DusthimerCisco RepresentativeAnthony WolfendenCisco PressProgram ManagerJeff BradyExecutive EditorMary Beth RayAll rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in anyform or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission fromthe publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review.Managing EditorPatrick KanousePrinted in the United States of AmericaProject EditorTonya SimpsonDevelopment EditorDayna IsleyTenth Printing February 2011Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataDye, Mark A.Network fundamentals : CCNA exploration companion guide/Mark A. Dye, RickMcDonald, Antoon W. Rufi.Copy EditorWritten Elegance, Inc.Technical EditorsMartin S. Anderson,Gerlinde BradyEditorial AssistantVanessa Evansp. cm.ISBN-13: 978-1-58713-208-7 (hbk. : CD-ROM)ISBN-10: 1-58713-208-7 (hbk. : CD-ROM) 1. Electronic data processing personnel—Certification. 2. Computer networks—Examinations—Study guides. I. McDonald,Rick. II. Rufi, Antoon W. III. Title. IV. Title: CCNA exploration companion guide.QA76.3.D94 2007Book DesignerLouisa AdairCompositionMark ShirarIndexerTim Wright004.6—dc222007038852ISBN-13: 978-1-58713-208-7ISBN-10: 1-58713-208-7Trademark AcknowledgmentsAll terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service markshave been appropriately capitalized. Cisco Press or Cisco Systems, Inc., cannot attestto the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regardedas affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.ProofreaderGill Editorial Services

iiiWarning and DisclaimerThis book is designed to provide information about the Cisco Network Fundamentals CCNA Exploration course.Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitnessis implied.The information is provided on an “as is” basis. The authors, Cisco Press, and Cisco Systems, Inc., shall haveneither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from theinformation contained in this book or from the use of the discs or programs that may accompany it.The opinions expressed in this book belong to the author and are not necessarily those of Cisco Systems, Inc.Corporate and Government SalesThe publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or specialsales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests. For more information, please contact:U.S. Corporate and Government Sales 1-800-382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.comFor sales outside the United States please contact:International Sales international@pearsoned.comFeedback InformationAt Cisco Press, our goal is to create in-depth technical books of the highest quality and value. Each book iscrafted with care and precision, undergoing rigorous development that involves the unique expertise of membersfrom the professional technical community.Readers’ feedback is a natural continuation of this process. If you have any comments regarding how we couldimprove the quality of this book, or otherwise alter it to better suit your needs, you can contact us through emailat feedback@ciscopress.com. Please make sure to include the book title and ISBN in your message.We greatly appreciate your assistance.

ivNetwork Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion GuideAbout the AuthorsMark A. Dye was the technology manager and training manager for the Bevill Center atGadsden State Community College, where he also managed and taught in the CiscoAcademy program. He now works full time as an assessment and curriculum developerwith Cisco. Mark also has maintained a private information technology consulting businesssince 1985. Mark’s 30 -year career has included roles as biomedical instrumentation technician, field service engineer, customer service supervisor, network engineer, and instructor.Rick McDonald teaches computer and networking courses at the University of AlaskaSoutheast in Ketchikan, Alaska. He is developing methods for delivering hands-on trainingvia distance in Alaska using web-conferencing and NETLAB tools. Rick worked in the airline industry for several years before returning to full-time teaching. He taught CCNA andCCNP courses in the Cisco Networking Academy in North Carolina and was a CCNAinstructor trainer.Antoon “Tony” W. Rufi currently is the associate dean of computer and informationscience for all the ECPI College of Technology campuses. He also teaches the CiscoNetworking Academy CCNA, CCNP, Network Security, Fundamentals of Wireless LAN,and IP Telephony curricula. Before becoming an instructor for ECPI, he spent almost 30years in the United States Air Force, working on numerous electronic projects and computerprograms.About the Technical ReviewersMartin S. Anderson is an instructor and program director for computer science technologyat BGSU Firelands. BGSU Firelands, located in Huron, Ohio, is a regional branch collegeof Bowling Green State University. He has more than 30 years of experience in networkcomputers, beginning with his family’s small business in the mid-1970s. He has taught theCCNA curriculum at BGSU Firelands since 2002.Gerlinde Brady has been teaching Cisco CCNA and CCNP courses at Cabrillo College, aCisco Regional Networking Academy, since 1999. She holds a masters degree in educationfrom the University of Hannover, Germany, and a masters degree in translation(English/German) from the Monterey Institute of International Studies. Her IT industryexperience includes LAN design, network administration, technical support, and training.

vDedicationsTo my wonderful wife of more than 30 years. Frances, your zeal for life and compassion forpeople put a spark in this nerd’s life. To my children, Jacob, Jonathan, Joseph, Jordan,Julianna, and Johannah, who share the many adventures of our lives. Also, to the youngladies that my sons have chosen to be my daughters, Barbie and Morgan. Finally, to mygrandson Jacob Aiden; there truly is a reason why they are called grand. —Mark DyeTo my mother, Fran McDonald, who is an inspirational life-long learner. —Rick McDonaldTo my wife, Linda. Without her understanding and support, I would not have been able tospend the amount of time required to produce something like this. —Tony Rufi

viNetwork Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion GuideAcknowledgmentsFrom Mark Dye:I want to thank Mary Beth Ray and Dayna Isley with Cisco Press, whose unending patiencemade this book possible. I also want to thank the technical editors, Marty Anderson andGerlinde Brady, for their insight. Additionally, I want to thank the other authors, RickMcDonald and Tony Rufi, who quietly and professionally made their portions of the bookcome together.I want to say a special thanks to Telethia Wills with Cisco, who I have worked with for anumber of years. Telethia has guided me through many different projects and allowed me towork with so many wonderful people.From Rick McDonald:I wish to thank my two talented coauthors, Mark and Tony, who were generous with theirtime and knowledge. They were under heavy workloads when the project began and held upthroughout. Mary Beth did me a great kindness in bringing me to the table with you.Gerlinde Brady and Marty Anderson did an excellent job as technical editors for my contributions. I am aware of the time and effort it took to cover so much so thoroughly, and yoursuggestions and corrections have had a direct impact on the quality of the content.Mary Beth Ray has been the calming and guiding force behind the publication of this book.I wish to thank her for her vision and for her encouragement when I lost sight of it. MaryBeth’s ability to guide the project and adapt to the ever-changing needs of students is to beloudly applauded. Mary Beth, thank you for your confidence and patience. You had to useboth quite generously, and I appreciate it.Dayna Isley once again amazed me with her ability to spot errors and clarify the unnecessarily complex sentences I would submit to her. There were times on the phone I was sure Icould hear her eyes rolling, but she kept patiently guiding me through the processes of publishing with humor and kindness.I wish to also thank Sarah Strickling at the University of Alaska Southeast for her helpfulfeedback and suggestions. Thanks also to Chris Lott and Christen Bouffard of the Centerfor Distance Education at the University of Alaska at Fairbanks for helping me understandsome of the many ways imagination and technology are changing the way people think,learn, and work. I have tried to pass some of those ideas on within this book.From Tony Rufi:I would like to thank my coauthors, Mark Dye and Rick McDonald, for helping make writing this book such a joy. I would also like to thank ECPI College of Technology for all thesupport through the years, especially in reference to my quest for Cisco knowledge.

viiContents at a GlanceIntroductionxxChapter 1Living in a Network-Centric World1Chapter 2Communicating over the Network33Chapter 3Application Layer Functionality and ProtocolsChapter 4OSI Transport Layer99Chapter 5OSI Network Layer135Chapter 6Addressing the Network: IPv4Chapter 7OSI Data Link Layer243Chapter 8OSI Physical Layer279Chapter 9Ethernet63171313Chapter 10Planning and Cabling NetworksChapter 11Configuring and Testing Your NetworkAppendixCheck Your Understanding and Challenge QuestionsAnswer KeyGlossaryIndex495515471367409

viiiNetwork Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion GuideContentsIntroductionChapter 1xxLiving in a Network-Centric WorldObjectives1Key Terms11Communicating in a Network-Centric World2Networks Supporting the Way We Live 2Examples of Today’s Popular Communication ToolsNetworks Supporting the Way We Learn 5Networks Supporting the Way We Work 7Networks Supporting the Way We Play 8Communication: An Essential Part of Our Lives8What Is Communication? 8Quality of Communication 9The Network as a Platform10Communicating over NetworksElements of a Network 10Converged Networks 15The Architecture of the Internet1016The Network Architecture 17Fault-Tolerant Network Architecture 19Scalable Network Architecture 20Providing Quality of Service 21Providing Network Security 23Trends in Networking25Where Is It All Going? 25Networking Career OpportunitiesSummary28Activities and Labs28Check Your Understanding29Challenge Questions and ActivitiesTo Learn MoreChapter 22732Communicating over the NetworkObjectives33Key Terms3332The Platform for Communications3334The Elements of Communication 35Communicating the Messages 35Components of the Network 37End Devices and Their Role on the Network374

ixIntermediary Devices and Their Role on the NetworkNetwork Media 39LANs, WANs, and Internetworks41Local-Area Networks 41Wide-Area Networks 41The Internet: A Network of NetworksNetwork Representations 43Protocols384244Rules That Govern Communications 44Network Protocols 45Protocol Suites and Industry Standards 46Interaction of Protocols 46Technology-Independent Protocols 47Using Layered Models47The Benefits of a Layered Model 48Protocol and Reference Models 48TCP/IP Model 49Communication Process 50Protocol Data Units and Encapsulation 51Sending and Receiving Process 52OSI Model 53Comparing the OSI Model to the TCP/IP ModelNetwork Addressing5455Addressing in the Network 55Getting Data to the End Device 55Getting Data Through the Internetwork 56Getting Data to the Right Application 57Summary58Activities and Labs58Check Your Understanding59Challenge Questions and ActivitiesTo Learn MoreChapter 36162Application Layer Functionality and ProtocolsObjectives63Key Terms63Applications: The Interface Between the Networks6365OSI and TCP/IP Model 66Application Layer Software 69User Applications, Services, and Application Layer ProtocolsApplication Layer Protocol Functions 7170

xNetwork Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion GuideMaking Provisions for Applications and ServicesClient/Server Model 72Servers 72Application Layer Services and Protocols 73Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networking and Applications7174Application Layer Protocols and Services Examples76DNS Services and Protocol 77WWW Service and HTTP 81E-Mail Services and SMTP/POP Protocols 83E-Mail Server Processes: MTA and MDA 84FTP 86DHCP 87File-Sharing Services and SMB Protocol 89P2P Services and Gnutella Protocol 90Telnet Services and Protocol 91Summary93Activities and Labs93Check Your Understanding94Challenge Questions and ActivitiesTo Learn MoreChapter 497OSI Transport LayerObjectives99Key Terms999699Roles of the Transport Layer101Purpose of the Transport Layer 101Supporting Reliable Communication 105TCP and UDP 107Port Addressing 108Segmentation and Reassembly: Divide and ConquerTCP: Communicating with Reliability112114Making Conversations Reliable 114TCP Server Processes 115TCP Connection Establishment and Termination 116TCP Three-Way Handshake 116TCP Session Termination 118TCP Acknowledgment with Windowing 120TCP Retransmission 121TCP Congestion Control: Minimizing Segment Loss 122

xiUDP: Communicating with Low Overhead124UDP: Low Overhead Versus Reliability 124UDP Datagram Reassembly 125UDP Server Processes and Requests 126UDP Client Processes 126SummaryLabs128129Check Your Understanding130Challenge Questions and ActivitiesTo Learn MoreChapter 5OSI Network LayerObjectives135Key Terms135IPv4132133135136Network Layer: Communication from Host to Host 136IPv4: Example Network Layer Protocol 140IPv4 Packet: Packaging the Transport Layer PDU 142IPv4 Packet Header 143Networks: Dividing Hosts into Groups144Creating Common Groups 145Why Separate Hosts into Networks? 148Dividing Networks from Networks 152Routing: How Data Packets Are Handled153Device Parameters: Supporting Communication Outside the Network153IP Packets: Carrying Data End to End 154Gateway: The Way Out of the Network 155Route: A Path to a Network 156Destination Network 160Next Hop: Where the Packet Goes Next 161Packet Forwarding: Moving the Packet Toward Its Destination 162Routing Processes: How Routes Are LearnedStatic Routing 163Dynamic Routing 164Routing Protocols 164SummaryLabs166167Check Your Understanding167Challenge Questions and ActivitiesTo Learn More170170163

xiiNetwork Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion GuideChapter 6Addressing the Network: IPv4Objectives171Key Terms171IPv4 Addresses171173Anatomy of an IPv4 Address 173Binary-to-Decimal Conversion 174Decimal-to-Binary Conversions 178Addressing Types of Communication: Unicast, Broadcast, Multicast183IPv4 Addresses for Different Purposes188Types of Addresses in an IPv4 Network Range 188Subnet Mask: Defining the Network and Host Portions of the Address190Public and Private Addresses 192Special Unicast IPv4 Addresses 194Legacy IPv4 Addressing 196Assigning Addresses198Planning to Address the Network 198Static or Dynamic Addressing for End-User DevicesSelecting Device Addresses 202Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) 204ISPs 205Calculating Addresses200206Is the Host on My Network? 207Calculating Network, Hosts, and Broadcast Addresses 209Basic Subnetting 211Subnetting: Dividing Networks into Right Sizes 216Subnetting a Subnet 220Testing the Network Layer228Ping 127.0.0.1: Testing the Local Stack 228Ping Gateway: Testing Connectivity to the Local LAN 229Ping Remote Host: Testing Connectivity to Remote LAN 230Traceroute (tracert): Testing the Path 231ICMPv4: The Protocol Supporting Testing and Messaging 232Overview of IPv6SummaryLabs235237237Check Your Understanding238Challenge Questions and ActivitiesTo Learn More241240

xiiiChapter 7OSI Data Link LayerObjectives243Key Terms243243Data Link Layer: Accessing the Media244Supporting and Connecting to Upper-Layer Services 245Controlling Transfer Across Local Media 247Creating a Frame 248Connecting Upper-Layer Services to the Media 249Standards 251MAC Techniques: Placing Data on the MediaMAC for Shared Media 252MAC for Nonshared Media 254Logical Topology Versus Physical TopologyMAC: Addressing and Framing Data252255258Data Link Layer Protocols: The Frame 258Framing: Role of the Header 259Addressing: Where the Frame Goes 260Framing: Role of the Trailer 260Sample Data Link Layer Frames 262Putting It All Together: Following Data Through an Internetwork267SummaryLabs274274Check Your Understanding274Challenge Questions and ActivitiesTo Learn MoreChapter 8276277OSI Physical LayerObjectives279Key Terms279279Physical Layer: Communication SignalsPurpose of the Physical Layer 280Physical Layer Operation 281Physical Layer Standards 282Physical Layer Fundamental Principles280283Physical Signaling and Encoding: Representing BitsSignaling Bits for the Media 285Encoding: Grouping Bits 287Data-Carrying Capacity 290Physical Media: Connecting CommunicationTypes of Physical MediaCopper Media 293Media Connectors 304292292284

xivNetwork Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion GuideSummaryLabs307307Check Your Understanding308Challenge Questions and ActivitiesTo Learn MoreChapter 9Ethernet310311313Objectives313Key Terms313Overview of Ethernet315Ethernet: Standards and Implementation 315Ethernet: Layer 1 and Layer 2 316Logical Link Control: Connecting to the Upper Layers 317MAC: Getting Data to the Media 317Physical Implementations of Ethernet 319Ethernet: Communication Through the LANHistoric Ethernet 320Legacy Ethernet 321Current Ethernet 322Moving to 1 Gbps and BeyondEthernet Frame320323324Frame: Encapsulating the Packet 324Ethernet MAC Address 326Hexadecimal Numbering and Addressing 328Another Layer of Addressing 331Ethernet Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast 331Ethernet MAC334MAC in Ethernet 334CSMA/CD: The Process 334Ethernet Timing 338Interframe Spacing and Backoff 341Ethernet Physical Layer34210- and 100-Mbps Ethernet 3431000-Mbps Ethernet 345Ethernet: Future Options 346Hubs and Switches347Legacy Ethernet: Using Hubs 347Ethernet: Using Switches 349Switches: Selective Forwarding 351Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)355Resolving IPv4 Addresses to MAC AddressesMaintaining a Cache of Mappings 356ARP Broadcast Issues 360355

xvSummaryLabs362362Check Your Understanding363Challenge Questions and ActivitiesTo Learn MoreChapter 10365365Planning and Cabling NetworksObjectives367Key Terms367367LANs: Making the Physical Connection368Choosing the Appropriate LAN DeviceDevice Selection Factors 370Device Interconnections368374LAN and WAN: Getting ConnectedMaking LAN Connections 380Making WAN Connections 384Developing an Addressing Scheme374388How Many Hosts in the Network? 388How Many Networks? 389Designing the Address Standard for Your InternetworkCalculating the Subnets391Calculating Addresses: Case 1Calculating Addresses: Case 2Device Interconnections391397398Device Interfaces 398Making the Device Management ConnectionSummaryLabs402402Check Your Understanding403Challenge Questions and ActivitiesTo Learn MoreChapter 11400405407Configuring and Testing Your NetworkObjectives409Key Terms409Configuring Cisco Devices: IOS BasicsCisco IOS 410Access Methods 411Configuration Files 413Introducing Cisco IOS Modes 414Basic IOS Command Structure 418Using CLI Help 420IOS Examination Commands 426IOS Configuration Modes 428409410390

xviNetwork Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion GuideApplying a Basic Configuration Using Cisco IOS429Naming Devices 429Limiting Device Access: Configuring Passwords and Banners 431Managing Configuration Files 436Configuring Interfaces 440Verifying Connectivity444Test the Stack 444Testing the Interface 446Testing the Local Network 449Testing Gateway and Remote Connectivity 451Tracing and Interpreting Trace Results 453Monitoring and Documenting Networks458Basic Network Baselines 458Capturing and Interpreting Trace Information 459Learning About the Nodes on the Network 461SummaryLabs464465Check Your Understanding467Challenge Questions and ActivitiesTo Learn MoreAppendixGlossaryIndex468469Check Your Understanding and Challenge QuestionsAnswer Key 471Chapter 1471Chapter 2472Chapter 3473Chapter 4478Chapter 5479Chapter 6481Chapter 7483Chapter 8487Chapter 9488Chapter 10489Chapter 11493495515

xviiIcons Used in This BookDesktopComputerLaptopFirewallattachmentIP PhoneLAN ssRouterIP ediaWANMediaCommand Syntax ConventionsThe conventions used to present command syntax in this book are the same conventionsused in the IOS Command Reference. The Command Reference describes these conventionsas follows: Boldface indicates commands and keywords that are entered literally as shown. Inactual configuration examples and output (not general command syntax), boldface indicates commands that are manually input by the user (such as a show command). Italics indicate arguments for which you supply actual values. Vertical bars ( ) separate alternative, mutually exclusive elements. Square brackets [ ] indicate optional elements. Braces { } indicate a required choice. Braces within brackets [{ }] indicate a required choice within an optional element.

xviiiNetwork Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion GuideIntroductionCisco Networking Academy is a comprehensive e-learning program that delivers information technology skills to students around the world. The Cisco CCNA Exploration curriculum consists of four courses that provide a comprehensive overview of networking, fromfundamentals to advanced applications and services. The curriculum emphasizes theoreticalconcepts and practical application, while providing opportunities for you to gain the skillsand hands-on experience needed to design, install, operate, and maintain networks in smallto medium-size businesses, as well as enterprise and service provider environments. TheNetwork Fundamentals course is the first course in the curriculum and is based on a topdown approach to networking.Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion Guide is the official supplementaltextbook for the first course in v4.x of the CCNA Exploration online curriculum of theNetworking Academy. As a textbook, this book provides a ready reference to explain thesame networking concepts, technologies, protocols, and devices as the online curriculum.This book emphasizes key topics, terms, and activities and provides many alternate explanations and examples as compared with the course. You can use the online curriculum asdirected by your instructor and then use this Companion Guide’s study tools to help solidifyyour understanding of all the topics.Goal of This BookFirst and foremost, by providing a fresh, complementary perspective of the online content,this book helps you learn all the required materials of the first course in the NetworkingAcademy CCNA Exploration curriculum. As a secondary goal, individuals who do notalways have Internet access can use this text as a mobile replacement for the online curriculum. In those cases, you can read the appropriate sections of this book, as directed by yourinstructor, and learn the topics that appear in the online curriculum. Another secondary goalof this book is to serve as your offline study material to help prepare you for the CCNA exam.Audience for This BookThis book’s main audience is anyone taking the first CCNA Exploration course of theNetworking Academy curriculum. Many Networking Academies use this textbook as arequired tool in the course, while other Networking Academies recommend the CompanionGuides as an additional source of study and practice materials.

xixBook FeaturesThe educational features of this book focus on supporting topic coverage, readability, andpractice of the course material to facilitate your full understanding of the course material.Topic CoverageThe following features give you a thorough overview of the topics covered in each chapterso that you can make constructive use of your study time:How To Objectives: Listed at the beginning of each chapter, the objectives reference the coreconcepts covered in the chapter. The objectives match the objectives stated in the corresponding chapters of the online curriculum; however, the question format in theCompanion Guide encourages you to think about finding the answers as you read thechapter. “How-to” feature: When this book covers a set of steps that you need to perform forcertain tasks, the text lists the steps as a how-to list. When you are studying, the iconhelps you easily refer to this feature as you skim through the book. Notes, tips, cautions, and warnings: These are short sidebars that point out interestingfacts, timesaving methods, and important safety issues. Chapter summaries: At the end of each chapter is a summary of the chapter’s keyconcepts. It provides a synopsis of the chapter and serves as a study aid.ReadabilityThe authors have compiled, edited, and in some cases rewritten the material so that it has amore conversational tone that follows a consistent and accessible reading level. In addition,the following features have been updated to assist your understanding of the networkingvocabulary: Key terms: Each chapter begins with a list of key terms, along with a page-numberreference from inside the chapter. The terms are listed in the order in which they areexplained in the chapter. This handy reference allows you to find a term, flip to thepage where the term appears, and see the term used in context. The Glossary defines allthe key terms. Glossary: This book contains an all-new Glossary with more than 250 terms.

xxNetwork Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion GuidePracticePractice makes perfect. This new Companion Guide offers you ample opportunities to putwhat you learn to practice. You will find the following features valuable and effective inreinforcing the instruction that you receive:Packet TracerActivity Check Your Understanding questions and answer key: Updated review questions arepresented at the end of each chapter as a self-assessment tool. These questions matchthe style of questions that you see in the online course. Appendix A, “Check YourUnderstanding and Challenge Questions Answer Key,” provides an answer key to allthe questions and includes an explanation of each answer. (NEW) Challenge questions and activities: Additional—and more challenging—review questions and activities are presented at the end of chapters. These questions arepurposefully designed to be similar to the more complex styles of questions you mightsee on the CCNA exam. This section might also include activities to help prepare youfor the exams. Appendix A provides the answers. Packet Tracer activities: Interspersed throughout the chapters you’ll find many activitiesto work with the Cisco Packet Tracer tool. Packet Tracer allows you to create networks,visualize how packets flow in the network, and use basic testing tools to determinewhether the network would work. When you see this icon, you can use Packet Tracerwith the listed file to perform a task suggested in this book. The activity files are available on this book’s CD-ROM; Packet Tracer software, however, is available throughthe Academy Connection website. Ask your instructor for access to Packet Tracer.Labs and Study GuideThe supplementary book Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide,by Cisco Press (ISBN: 1-58713-2036), contains all the labs from the curriculum plus additional challenge labs and study guide material. At the end of each chapter of thisCompanion Guide, icons indicate what hands-on activities, labs, and Packet Tracer activitiesare available in the Labs and Study Guide.Packet TracerCompanion Lab and Activity references: This icon notes the hands-on labs and other activitiescreated for this chapter in the online curriculum. Within Network Fundamentals, CCNAExploration Labs and Study Guide, you will also find additional labs and study guidematerial created by the authors of that book. (NEW) Packet Tracer Companion activities: Many of the hands-on labs includePacket Tracer Companion activities, where you can use Packet Tracer to complete asimulation of the lab. Look for this icon in Network Fundamentals, CCNA ExplorationLabs and Study Guide for hands-on labs that have a Packet Tracer Companion.

xxi Packet TracerChallenge(NEW) Packet Tracer Skills Integration Challenge activities: These activitiesrequire you to pull together several skills learned from the chapter to successfully complete one comprehensive exercise. Look for this icon in Network Fundamentals, CCNAExploration Labs and Study Guide for instructions on how to perform the Packet TracerSkills Integration Challenge for this chapter.A Word About Packet Tracer Software andActivitiesPacket Tracer is a self-paced, visual, interactive teaching and learning tool developed byCisco. Lab activities are an important part of networking education. However, lab equipmentcan be a scarce resource. Packet Tracer provides a visual simulation of equipment and network processes to offset the challenge of limited equipment. Students can spend as much timeas they like completing standard lab exercises through Packet Tracer, and have the option towork from home. Although Packet Tracer is not a substitute for real equipment, it allows students to practice using a command-line interface. This “e-doing” capability is a fundamentalcomponent of learning how to configure routers and switches

computers, beginning with his family’s small business in the mid-1970s. He has taught the . iv Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion Guide. Dedications To my wonderful wife of more than 30 years. Frances, your zeal for life and compassion for people put a spark in this nerd

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