Opportunities For Myanmar’s Vegetable Sector
Opportunities for Myanmar’sVegetable SectorAligning farmers to changing markets and the role of seed industry
ContentsExecutive Summary P.1Background to agriculture in Myanmar P.5Overview of the vegetable sector P.6Challenges towards market integration of smallholder farmersP.7Aligning smallholders to changing marketsP.8The value of a healthy seed sectorP.9The need for knowledge transfer P.12Linking education and industry P.13Opportunities for variety development and seed productionP.14Addressing the challenges P.15Conclusion P.16
ExecutiveSummaryMyanmar’s Vegetable Sector: Opportunities and Challenges for Smallholder Farmers More than any other subsector inagriculture, vegetables bring abundanteconomic and social benefits, includingas the best resource for overcomingmicronutrient deficiencies, providingsmallholder farmers with higher incomes aswell as creating more jobs per hectare thanstaple crops. Vegetables, which are an importantsource of income for up to an estimated750,000 smallholder farmers in Myanmar,create a total value of around USD 1.2billion at farm gate prices. With rising population and increasingwealth domestically, and with closeproximity to potential export markets inChina, India, Bangladesh, and Thailand, itis expected that excellent opportunities willbe created for increased productivity andimproving qualities in order to meet futuremarket demands. However, the poor performance of manysmallholder farmers are a major bottleneckfor growth of the vegetable sector, and canlargely be attributed to the exceptionallylimited access to both technical knowledgeand high quality seed bred for specificmarkets and agronomic conditions. Additionally, though local farmerscurrently supply most of the country’s freshvegetables, liberalization of border tradein the ASEAN Economic Community willlikely result in smallholder farmers facingincreasing competition from abroad asdemand for quality and quantity grows.Large-scale commercial operationsinvesting into Myanmar may also createsignificant competition on the localmarkets.1
ExecutiveSummaryThe Value of a Healthy Seed Sector Hybrid vegetables were first commerciallyintroduced into Asia in the 1980s.Pioneered by East-West Seed, private seedcompanies focused on market-orientedplant breeding, starting in Thailand and thePhilippines, and later in India, Indonesiaand Vietnam. The demand for commercial hybrids andimproved cultivars is growing as farmersachieve significantly higher incomesthrough their cultivation, tripling revenue insome markets due to the superior yield andquality of produce. The increasing demandfor better qualities and out of seasonvegetables is expected to have a significantimpact on seed requirement in Myanmar. However, unlike other agro-inputswhich can be used in a wide range ofenvironments, vegetable varieties needto be adapted to suit the agronomic andmarketing needs of specific areas. The vastmajority of commercial vegetable seedsavailable on the market in Myanmar areimported and as of the moment there is novariety development or country-adaptedbreeding programs taking place within theprivate sector. Private sector expertise and resources areneeded to develop locally-focused breedingprograms which can assure smallholder’sbetter alignment to the changing andspecific needs of Myanmar’s farmers andtheir domestic and export markets. Withyears of experience, companies suchas East-West Seed have accumulated awealth of knowledge on plant breeding,seed production and systems of qualityassurance. Transferring such knowledgeinto Myanmar could act as a benchmarkfor higher quality and innovation in thefuture.2
ExecutiveSummaryThe Need for Knowledge Transfer and Linking Education to Industry In Myanmar a lack of awareness of the benefits of using improved varieties, poor cultivation techniques and weakmarket linkages are all major barriers to the adoption of high quality seed. In such a challenging environment, where themajority of farmers have little or no access to information, private companies can take a lead role promoting the adoptionof improved seed varieties and better farm practices through supporting extension. With markets being the primary driver for agricultural development, there is an urgent need for agricultural educationto embrace closer links to industry. Through enabling practical experience in improved production technologies, EastWest Seed contributes to the development of a dynamic learning environment in Yezin Agricultural University. Bybridging the gap between education and the realities of the markets it is expected that graduates will be more aligned tothe needs of the industry. Knowledge transferred to the public sector within the framework of public-private partnerships can also assure publicinterest in the seed sector; for example traits which have not been recognized for commercialization can be developedthrough public breeding programs.3
ExecutiveSummaryOpportunities for Variety Development and Seed Production Commercially seed is produced both on intensive company managed farms as well as through contractualarrangements with farmers. East-West Seed for example, produce a large percentage of seed under contractarrangements. More than 12,000 smallholder growers across SE Asia have been trained and receive regular advice fromthe company. In addition to benefiting farmers under contact arrangements, local economies are boosted through highdemand for skilled labour (mainly women) during pollination. With the core of the seed business being R&D and breeding material, conducive investment and intellectualproperty laws are needed to provide the necessary security or incentives for large scale investments into research anddevelopment. The introduction of plant variety protection regulations and investment laws which secure core investmentsinto research and development through full company ownership will be a major factor towards encouraging multinationalseed companies to establish in Myanmar. With long-term commitment needed to enable a transformation to better farm practices and with the unusually highcosts attached to disseminating essentially “public goods” information, private companies clearly needs to collaboratewith government and NGOs who can reduce the investment risks to a more acceptable level and complement activitieswith professional expertise. The establishment of a Myanmar seed association would also facilitate dialogue between the industry, the governmentand international organizations such as AVRDC and APSA, and would encourage both international and domesticcompanies to recognize the significant opportunities within the Myanmar vegetable sector.4
1. Backgroundto agriculture inMyanmarCovering an area of 676,593 sq km, Myanmar is one of the largestdeveloping countries in SE Asia. Agriculture, which provides a living formore than 70 percent of the population, remains the backbone of theeconomy and is estimated to make up nearly 40 percent of the country’sGDP (ADB 2012). Major policy reforms resulted in a 5 percent growthof GDP between 2010 and 2012 (IMF). With continued growth to theeconomy expected, Myanmar is thought to have the potential to tripleper capita income by 2030 (ADB 2012). Being located between Southand South East Asia, its position is considered by many to be strategic fortrade and growth in the region, and with excellent agro-climatic conditionsand potentially better resources than many other countries in the region,Myanmar is ideal for the cultivation of fresh vegetables and seedproduction.PopulationLand areakm²PopulationdensityLanduse inagricultureRenewablewater/capita 130,1701,16070%8,051Source: World Bank and FAO AQUASTAT5
2. Overview ofthe vegetablesectorMain areas of productionSagaing Division52,353Shan State58,992Mandalay Division65,956Magway Division46,274Rakhine State37,109Bago Division32,956Ayeyarwaddy Division 35,820Yangon Division14,703Mon State13,738TOTAL392,322 HaMore than any other subsector in agriculture, vegetables bring abundanteconomic and social benefits. Vegetables are the best resource forovercoming micronutrient deficiencies, providing smallholder farmerswith higher incomes as well as creating more jobs per hectare thanstaple crops. However, despite being an important source of nutrition,and having the potential to generate considerably higher incomes thanfield crops, the significance of vegetables as an engine for economicgrowth in rural areas has long been overshadowed by a predominantfocus on staple field crops. But with potential for growth in domesticand export markets, vegetables can take a major role in improving thelivelihood of Myanmar’s farming families, 26 percent of which still liveunder the poverty line. Nevertheless, profitability for many smallholdervegetable farmers in Myanmar continues to be challenged as a resultof a principally supply-driven approach to production, and withless attention from donors and government, the sector has so farremained relatively undeveloped.Vegetables, which are produced on 400,000 hectares, currentlyoffer an important source of income for up to anestimated 750,000 smallholder farmers in Myanmar.For more than 35 percent of these farmers, vegetablesare thought to represent their primary source of familyincome. Although lacking in accurate data, backyardproduction is assumed to remain an important source ofnutrition and supplementary income for many rural households. Thetotal value of vegetable sales at farm gate level is estimated to be USD1.2 billion.Vegetable cultivation can be divided into three distinct groups: 1)smallholders who are the main suppliers of vegetables to the markets, 2)backyard farmers who are numerous in number, and 3) large commercialfarms which are currently limited to only a few enterprises. Althoughaverage landholdings in Myanmar are in the region of 2.5 ha, the majorityof vegetables are produced on smaller plots only about 0.25 ha. Withgrowing markets and limited land requirements, smallholder farmingsystems offer good potential for pro-poor growth and the reduction ofrural poverty in Myanmar. However, with limited knowledge and accessto improved technologies, the profitability for many smallholders remainsunderexploited.Although there are excellent opportunities for exports, the vastmajority of vegetable production is presently geared towardsdomestic markets, which so far has faced little or no competitionfrom imports. It is estimated that approximately 5 million tonnes ofvegetables are produced every year. With post harvest losses inexcess of 30 percent, per capita availability is probably less than60 kg per year, falling well below the WHO recommendation of98 kg per year. With rising population and increasing wealth,excellent opportunities for increasing productivity and improvingqualities are expected in order to meet future market demands.Current exports are presently mainly focused on melon, hot pepperand onion, the value of which is not thought to exceed 50 million USD.However with close proximity to markets in China, India, Bangladesh,and Thailand there are immense opportunities to develop a thriving exportmarket.6
3. Challengestowards marketintegration ofsmallholderfarmersTo benefit from a market-drivenapproach, significant adaptationsare needed to the traditional systemscommonly practiced by manysmallholders in the less developedareas of Myanmar. However, multiplefactors challenge the adoption ofpractices which are needed to bringtheir products in line with consumerrequirements and ensure theircompetitive position on the markets.Alongside institutional and policyconstraints, the poor performanceof many smallholder farmers can belargely attributed to the exceptionallylimited access to both technicalknowledge and high quality seed.With virtually no external source ofadvice, most vegetable farmers inMyanmar depend on their neighboursand inputs dealers for technicalinformation. Although this createspotential opportunities, without objectiveadvice from external sources, farmerto farmer knowledge transfer is oftenperpetuating poor practices. Advicefrom agro-input dealers, acknowledgedby many farmers as the second mostimportant source of information, isgenerally orientated towards maximisedsales and consequently rarely objective.Government policy is predominantlyfocused on rice, and despite beingone of the main employers within theMinistry of Agriculture and Irrigation, with a lack of resources, outreach of public extension in the field of vegetables iswholly inadequate. With a focus on food security, promoting vegetable production as an income generating activity hasnot been high on the agenda of many development agencies, and the few that do support activities tend to focus onhome consumption in marginalized areas.With the greater part of production under traditional practices and the widespread use of farmer saved seed,qualities on the Myanmar’s markets remain relatively poor. Common problems encountered by farmers include, lowgermination, incidence of disease, non-uniformity, poor year round performance as well as poor transportability andstorage. While self-saved seed may be appropriate for home consumption, farmers producing vegetables as theirmain livelihood are expected to face increasing difficulties to compete with the shifting demands on Myanmar’sdeveloping markets. As such the lack of good quality vegetable seeds, bred for specific markets and agronomicconditions, is considered a major bottleneck for growth of the sector.Few farmers have taken the opportunity to organize into groups and the low level of trust between farmers and collectorshinders the flow of market information. This fragmented flow of information results in farmers pushing products ontomarkets with little regard for the actual demands of the consumers. Other major constraints include the lack of formalfinancial services which compels the majority of producers to borrow money from input suppliers and output marketactors, limited access to irrigation and high post harvest losses.7
4. Aligningsmallholdersto changingmarketsAs in other neighbouring countries, rapid changes to the economy are expected to lead to significant shifts towardshigher quality and safer to eat vegetables. Although local farmers currently supply most of the country’s freshvegetables, with liberalization of border trade in the ASEAN Economic Community, smallholders will most probably faceincreasing competition from abroad if they are unable to supply sufficient qualities as demanded by markets. In addition,large scale commercial operations investing into Myanmar may also create significant competition on the local markets.Accordingly, there is an urgent need to upgrade qualities, targeting both existing domestic markets and potentialfuture export markets.With minimal involvement of the private sector, end users have so far not been the foremost consideration for publicsector programs in Myanmar. However, with markets being the primary driver for agricultural development, there is aclear need for both customers and farmers to be at the centre of variety improvement. The private sector, with expertise,resources and commercial incentives, can assure the development of varieties more aligned to the changing demands ofconsumers, as well as the agronomic needs of the farmers.The use of improved varieties alongside better farm practices, which are widely recognized as contributing towardsfood security, reducing poverty and bettering the livelihoods of smallholder farmers are expected to be major factorsin defining the future position of smallholder farmers on Myanmar’s transforming markets.8
5. The value ofa healthy seedsectorThe first hybrid vegetable seeds commercially introduced inSoutheast Asia were imports from Japan, Taiwan and Korea.With a focus on brassicas and chili, there remained a hugevoid in the development of other crops. In the 1980s, EastWest Seed initiated market-oriented breeding programsfor local vegetable varieties, starting in Thailand and thePhilippines, and later in India, Indonesia and Vietnam.Spectacular increases in yield and fruit quality were achievedin cucurbit crops within the first 5-10 years. In Vietnam forexample, with the introduction of hybrid bitter gourd fromEast-West Seed, farmers were able to double their yields.Despite the seed being more expensive, higher prices paid onthe markets for the superior quality assured that farmers wereable to triple their revenue.The value of commercial hybrids and improved cultivars isaffirmed by the increasing demand from a growing numberof farmers who have achieved significantly higher incomesthrough their cultivation. Worldwide, the share of hybridvegetable seed has increased at a rapid pace, contributingto food security as well playing a significant role towardsreducing poverty. Reasons for adoption are generally linked toimproved ability to meet market demands, high productivity,uniformity, resistance or tolerance to pests and diseases,better response to fertilizers as well as improved post harvesthandling and storage qualities.The increasing demand for better quality vegetablesregardless of season is expected to have a significantimpact on seed requirement in Myanmar. Making a widerrange of improved seed available empowers farmers withmore choice and enables them to select varieties accordingto specific markets requirements or family needs. However,unlike other agro-inputs which can be used in a wide rangeof environments, vegetable varieties need to be developed forparticular production areas and specific markets.9
5. The value ofa healthy seedsectorExperience from a public private partnership inCambodiaA study of the vegetable value chain in Siem Reap identified alack of awareness in the benefits of high quality seed as the mainreason for widespread use of self-saved or low quality commercialseed. Common problems which farmers encountered were lowgermination, poor uniformity and unsuitability for year-roundproduction. Local produce could not compete with importedvegetables from Vietnam.The adoption of better seed alongside improved techniques wasa key factor towards substantial increases in farmer income.Peer managed demonstrations were used to educate farmersin the benefits of using better quality seed alongside improvedtechniques. Farmers were quick to recognize the economic benefitsof high quality commercial seed and the need to upgrade theiron-farm practices once success was evident with their peers. Anindependent survey commissioned by GIZ (2012) reports that 70percent of smallholder farmers trained within the project were ableto more than double their income.This shift towards high quality commercial seed and better farmpractices was the result of a joint project between East-West Seedand GIZ. Though East-West Seed was the main driving forcebehind these changes, the resulting increased demand for betterquality seeds created marketing opportunities for competitiveseed companies. Now, improved cultivars and hybrids are widelyavailable and are being used by most smallholder vegetable farmersacross the province. In addition to developing seed markets,practices promoted on demonstration farms have also led agroinput dealers to stock other new products such as trellis netting,plastic mulch, seedling trays as well as better quality and lesshazardous pesticides.Comparing profitability of local and hybrid cucumber in CambodiaLocal cucumberSeed Cost/haHybrid cucumberU 25U 131U 750U 166216,000kg26,000kgU 0.13U 0.163Total gross income/haU 2,080U 4,225Total net profitU 1,225U 2,431Other inputs/haMarketable Yield /haFarm gate price/kg10
5. The value ofa healthy seedsectorCompetition between commercial seed companies to supply the most suitable varieties is the key driving forcetowards the development of a more vibrant vegetable sector. Many of the most successful seed sectors haveemerged in countries where local companies have been in healthy competition with multinationals and an exchangeof best practices has taken place. Thailand is a good example where a seed sector has developed with no dominatingmultinational player and still retains more than 60 prospering local companies. Healthy competition on the seed marketassures a wide range of up to date products and enables improved responsiveness to market demands.A study on the role of national seed policy identifies threemajor factors influencing the seed industry.A good balance of these three major factors is necessary tosustain a strong and viable national seed industry.From Michael Turner, “The Role of National Seed Policiesin Re-structuring the Seed Sector in CEEC, CIS and OtherCountries in Transition”At present only an estimated 12 percent of vegetables are produced from hybrid seed and it is likely that more than halfof the total production area is still using farmer saved seeds. The vast majority of commercial vegetable seeds availableon the market are imported and as of the moment there is no private sector variety development or country adaptedbreeding programs taking place. The market for commercial vegetable seed, which is currently estimated at USD 6.5Million, is expected to grow to at least USD 25 Million within the next 5 to 10 years. However, as illustrated in the tablebelow, the investment into commercial vegetable seed by Myanmar farmers is currently lagging far behind regionalpeers.Investment into vegetable seed by country (2012)Population 2012(Million)Production Area(1000ha)Total present valueof commercial seedmarket (million U )Value of vegetableseed used per ha(U )Seed usedper capita (U ndia11
6. The needfor knowledgetransferIn Myanmar, where high rates of ruralpoverty, a lack of awareness of thebenefits of using improved varieties, poorcultivation techniques and weak marketlinkages are all major barriers to theadoption of high quality seed, extensionis without doubt a precondition fordeveloping vibrant vegetable industry. Insuch a challenging environment, wherethe majority of farmers have little or noaccess to information, private companiescan take a lead role promoting theadoption of improved seed varietiesand better farm practices. Throughknowledge transfer, companies are ableto assure that farmers are able to get thefull benefits of their varieties. In doingso, companies create the foundationsfor more effective, sustainable, andinnovative marketing strategies.East-West Seed’s experience inextension, which started 13 years ago inthe Philippines, show that the incomeof farmers and that of the companyare fundamentally linked and can onlyeffectively develop hand-in-hand. Asimilar approach and similar lessonswere learned in Cambodia, where a localteam was capacitated to support farmerswith improved vegetable productiontechniques. Drawing on lessons fromboth countries, these experiences wereintroduced into Myanmar as an integral part of the company’s strategy in 2012.With many smallholders in Myanmar living in marginalized areas with poor connections to the markets, there is anurgent need to identify the most appropriate and sustainable forms of extension. Rather than engaging directly withimplementation, effectiveness of public extension can be improved, where possible, through facilitating market-basedservices from qualified service providers such as East-West Seed. In such cases the governments regulatory functionsassure that services provided remain in public interest. In areas where there is no commercial incentive, or where therisks cannot be sufficiently reduced to justify private sector engagement, there are clear needs for public extension tomake services more accessible to vegetable farmers.With no simple correlation between training and the adoption of new skills, company extension services are not enoughto change the deep-set perceptions of the farming community. Change in practices and higher on-farm profits areas much dependent on improved functioning of value chains as they are on technical innovation. To improve theeffectiveness of extension and foster market development there is a clear need to define the roles of the private sector,the public sector and civil society in Myanmar’s vegetable sector. Pluralistic systems which leverage market-basedservices such as those of East-West Seed are seen as one way of the improving both efficiency and outreachof extension. Private sector inclusion in advisory services has several advantages including; improving financialsustainability, providing incentive for higher quality services through return on investment and assuring alignment ofproducts to market requirements.12
7. Linkingeducation andindustryFor a country where agriculture provides livelihoods for 70percent of the population, the lack of skilled personnel inthe sector is regarded as a major challenge. If insufficientnumbers of trained people are available in Myanmar, scalingup knowledge transfer initiatives will be stopped dead in theirtracks. With markets being the primary driver for agriculturaldevelopment, there is an urgent need for agriculturaleducation to embrace closer links to industry.As well as being pools of future knowledge, universities alsoprovide a potential venue for practical research and outreachprograms. Through enabling practical experience in improvedproduction technologies, East-West Seed is contributing tothe development of a dynamic learning environment in YezinAgricultural University. By bridging the gap between educationand the realities of the markets it is expected that graduateswill be more aligned to the needs of the industry. In the longterm it is hoped that through these activities, as well as practicalinternship/scholarship programs, more skilled graduates willseek opportunities in the vegetable sector. As well as developinga pool of future knowledge, activities which contribute to thelong-term development of a more vibrant vegetable sector willbenefit the companies through a more conducive environmentwhere business operations can be more successful.13
8. Opportunitiesfor varietydevelopmentand seedproductionPrivate sector expertise and resources are needed to develop locally focusedbreeding programs which can assure better alignment of smallholders to thechanging needs of Myanmar’s domestic and export markets. Bringing in thelatest know-how on research and development through seed companies wouldassure the availability of vegetable varieties that are aligned to the specific needsof Myanmar farmers and markets. This wider choice of appropriate varieties wouldcreate new market opportunities, both within the country as well as for export.Private sector investment into seed production and processing facilities wouldassure better seed health through rigorous quality assurance systems andguarantee purity through genotyping labs. Commercial processes assure goodshelf life as well as adding value to seeds through coating technologies. Improvingthe availability of appropriately packaged and priced seed will be critical to enablewidespread benefit of farmers within the growing vegetable sector. Packing seedsin small, appropriately priced pouches, which can also be used by the poorest ofbackyard farmers can have widespread impact on local economic development.Annually East-West Seed sells more than 16 million such pouches to backyardfarmers across SE Asia.With years of experience, companies such as East-West Seed have accumulateda wealth of knowledge on plant breeding, seed production and systems of qualityassurance. Transferring such knowledge could act as a benchmark for higherquality and greater innovation in Myanmar in the future. Knowledge transferredto the public sector within the framework of public private partnerships, assuresthat a public interest is maintained in the development of the seed sector; forexample traits not valued for commercialization can be developed through publicbreeding programs.However, with the core of the seed business being breeding material, conduciveinvestment policies and intellectual property laws are needed to provide thenecessary security and incentives for large scale investments into research anddevelopment. The introduction of Plant Variety Protection into Vietnam (one of thefirst countries in SE Asia to protect breeding rights) resulted in significant interestand investment from foreign multinationals which stimulated further innovation inthe field of research and development.Seed production offers multiple opportunities for the rural economy ofMyanmar, a country with diverse ago-climatic conditions and excellentresources. Vegetable seed produced within the country not only reduces costsfor the end user, it also offers excellent income generation opportunities forsmallholder farmers and has significant potential as an export commodity tosupply the rapidly growing demand from international seed markets.Commercial companies produce seed both on self managed farms as well asthrough contractual arrangements with farmers. East-West Seed for example,produce a large percentage of seed under contract arrangements. More than12,000 smallholder growers across SE Asia have been trained in seedproduction and receive regular advice from the company. As vegetable seedsneed to be produced away from fresh markets, many of the farmers benefitingfrom seed production live in marginalized communities, which otherwise lackviable options for employment. In addition to contact arrangements, localeconomies are also boosted through the high demand for skilled labour (mainlywomen) during pollination.14
9. Addressingthe challenge
Myanmar is ideal for the cultivation of fresh vegetables and seed production. Population Land area km² Population density Land use in agriculture Renewable water/ capita (m³) Myanmar 60.6m 653,290 80 19% 23,972 Thailand 66.8m 510,890 130 41.2% 6,275 Vietnam 88.8m 325,49
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