WILTSHIRE BOTANY
WILTSHIRE BOTANYJournal of the Wiltshire Botanical SocietyIssue No. 14, February 2013CONTENTSPageContents1Editorial2A nature trail at Marlborough CollegeSean Dempster and Allison Wells3Fungi at Great Wood, Stanton Fitzwarren: An updateDave Shorten13Abnormalities in plants: recent findsWiltshire Botanical Society20Vascular plants in Wiltshire: Activities and highlights in 2011Sharon Pilkington30Bryophytes in north Wiltshire (vc7): Activities and highlights in 2011Sharon Pilkington32Plant records 201133Wiltshire botany elsewhere38Website: http://www.wiltsbotsoc.co.uk1
Wiltshire Botany 14, 2013, pages 3-12The nature trailA NATURE TRAIL ATMARLBOROUGH COLLEGEThe Marlborough College Nature Reserve was established in 1972. At about the time of the millennialyear, a nature trail was developed there by SeanDempster and Allison Wells of the school BiologyDepartment. It starts just inside the vehicular entranceto the grounds and the route is marked by numberedand arrowed discs on trees and posts. A booklet waswritten to guide visitors round the trail and a thirdedition appeared in 2012.Sean Dempster and Allison WellsThe nature trail is not open to the public, but can bevisited by arrangement with Sean Dempster, on01672-892240 or smdd@marlboroughcollege.org,who will also supply the booklet. It takes about anhour and a half to complete. In winter, walking bootsor Wellingtons and a waterproof coat are advisable.Visitors are asked to stay well away from grazingcattle and sheep, and not to climb fences or pick wildflowers.This article provides a guided tour of the trail and alist of the wild flowers and ferns. The bookletcontains further helpful and interesting information,including the history of the nature reserve and lists ofthe birds and mammals there.Route of the Marlborough College Nature Trail3
Wiltshire Botany 14, 2013, pages 3-126. White Willow (Salix alba)Named according to its silvery grey appearance,which is due to the silky hairs covering both sides ofthe leaf, this species is commonly used for basketry,as the twigs are not as fragile as the Crack Willow’s.It has shorter leaves that usually lack obviousglandular swellings where they join the stalk.A tour of the trail1. Birds & Mammals on large pondSee the display board for identification of commonspecies2. Grey Poplar (Populus x canescens)The tree appears white due to the presence of downadhering to the lower side of the leaves. The greypoplar has grey bark that has deeply pitted, diamondshaped lenticels, and is coarsely cracked at the base.This tree is male, but at the time of year when seedsare released from the capsules of female poplars, it iscommon to see the ground and surroundingvegetation thickly covered in white cotton filamentsthat are attached to the seeds.627. Alder (Alnus glutinosa)The tree’s deep roots help to stabilise river banks andthe nitrogen fixing ability of the bacteria in the rootnodules increase soil fertility. The Alder’s leaves arecovered with hairs that are sticky to touch, and theseeds are produced only when the tree isapproximately twenty years old. The tree had areputation for making the best charcoal forgunpowder mills, and is widely used by woodturners, carvers and cabinetmakers. Additionally, thewood was used to make early water pipes, and thesoles of the Lancashire weavers’ clogs.3. Fish and Invertebrates on small pondSee the display board for identification of commonspecies.4. Crack Willow (Salix fragilis)This tree’s name is due to its brittle twigs that snapoff with ease. It is easily recognised by its smoothshoots and its non-hairy, toothed leaves whichusually have tiny glandular swellings where they jointhe stalk. Commonly found by rivers and in wetwoods, it roots readily in wet mud or water. The driedbark of the Crack Willow contains a drug widelyused in herbal medicine to reduce fever, and in thetreatment of rheumatism, neuralgia and chills. It isclosely related to salicylic acid, from which aspirinwas developed.748. Sallow (Salix caprea)Sometimes referred to as the Goat Willow or PussyWillow, it is the first willow to flower in the spring.The Sallow forms a large bush or small tree and whenin bloom the tree attracts an astonishing collection ofbees and moths due to its abundant pollen and nectar.The tree has oval leaves, with wavy edges and abroadish stalk.5. Dogwood (Cornus sanguinea)This small tree exhibits clusters of white flowerswhich have an unpleasant odour, attracting flies andbeetles. The flowers are succeeded by small greenberries which turn to purple/black in September andare exceedingly bitter. These berries yield oil that isused in France for soap making, and was once burnedin lamps.854
Wiltshire Botany 14, 2013, pages 3-129. Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus)Commonly known as the Great Maple, this tree wasintroduced in the fifteenth century. It has wingedseeds that have enabled it to become widelydistributed. The tree’s sap contains a high concentration of sugar which is extruded through itsleaves. Sycamores are very successful trees as theygrow quickly and are tolerant of extreme conditions.12. Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus)In autumn the leaves turn yellow, then ruddy goldand then a rusty hue. Fruits appear in autumn andhang in a spray from the underside of the branchesthat makes it quite distinctive from other native trees.The Hornbeam’s timber bums brightly, and was usedas ‘Hornbeam torches’ at ancient Roman weddings.The hardness of the timber makes it suitable formaking floors, and the mechanical parts of pianos.91210. River KennetThis famous chalk stream contains fish species suchas brown and rainbow trout, grayling, bullheads,lampreys, eels and sticklebacks. The river rises nearUffcote, and flows east to Reading, where it joins theThames.13. Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata)This species is planted on a small scale as a foresttree. Its light and durable timber makes it easy towork with. It is used for making ladders, rugby goalposts, timber clad houses and roof shingles. Westernred cedar foliage, which smells like pineapple, is soldfor making wreaths.101311. Yew (Taxus baccata)Noted for its longevity, it is often found incemeteries, and some Yews around the country arebelieved to be over one thousand years old. Thescarlet berries that ripen in September are anidentifiable characteristic. Nearly all parts of the treeare poisonous, and increase in toxicity when cut(therefore should never be left on the ground). Theberries are edible only if the seeds are spat out!Before the invention of gunpowder the timber wasvaluable for making bows. It is still used to decorateveneers and make fence and gate posts.14. Mountain Ash / Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia)In the past this was the most common tree planted insuburban gardens. It bears fruit the size of hollyberries which, when ripe, are highly attractive tothrushes and blackbirds. The seeds are coated with acartilaginous wall which protects them from digestivefluids.14115
Wiltshire Botany 14, 2013, pages 3-1215. Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)Exhibits a nut-like seed (conker) that is bitter andeaten by cattle, deer and sheep. Due to the tree’srapid growth, its timber is too soft to be of value.At this point it is worth taking a moment to observethe profusion of mosses, lichen and algae growing onthe ancient headstones in this graveyard.181519. English Elm (Ulmus procera)The once common Elm is a hedgerow tree thatproduces red, tufted flowers. Its leaves are covered inhairs that can cause a minor degree of irritation. Thetree does not produce many fertile seeds, andtherefore reproduces by growing abundant suckersround the base of the bole. The Elm population hasbeen devastated by Dutch Elm Disease which istransmitted by the Elm bark Beetle. The beetle carriesa fungus that blocks the phloem tubes which transportsugar around the tree. Here there is the trunk of adead elm surrounded by saplings which have grownfrom suckers.16. Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus)Typical of this species are large, striking, dark violetto black berries from which it readily multiplies. Thecrushed leaves of the tree give off the volatile Prussicacid (HCN) which is used by entomologists in killingbottles. Because of the acid released from the leaves,woodchippers should not work with the species inconfined spaces.191620. Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa)The tree’s branches and twigs turn in every directionand carry vicious spines, so a close encounter willresult in one becoming scratched and developingsores which often become septic. It is a small nativesuckering shrub that is distinguished by a mass ofwhite flowers in spring. Its fruits (sloes) ripen inOctober and are used to flavour gin, and the stems areused to make walking sticks.17. Silver Birch (Betula pendula)Besides being one of the daintiest trees, the silverbirch is the hardiest of all broadleaves. “Burelles’ oftwigs may appear high in the crown of some trees,looking like old birds’ nests These are called Witch’sBroom, and can be caused in various ways, includinginsects laying their eggs in the tree. Birch has bothmale and female flowers on the same tree.From here one can see the Marlborough White Horse,built in 1804 by pupils from a school in the town.201721. Field Maple (Acer campestre)Also known as the English Maple, the tree istypically bush-like and is commonly found in hedgesthroughout Europe. It is the only maple native toBritain and has rough greyish bark and small deepgreen leaves.2118. Elder (Sambucus nigra)In the past it was believed that this species hadmedicinal powers. The berries can be used formaking a full bodied red wine. If the pith is removedfrom the younger shoots, a tube is available formaking blow pipes, popguns or music pipes. Someconsider the flowers offensive in odour, whereasothers use them to make Elderflower champagne.6
Wiltshire Botany 14, 2013, pages 3-122422. Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)Otherwise referred to as the May or Quickthorn, thistree is commonly found in hedgerows. Spines areproduced on the older branches, and the flowers aregenerally sweet scented. The red berries produced inautumn are eaten by many species of birds.2225. Granham HillAt this point you are leaving the wood and enteringGranham Hill. The land here is being managed undera Countryside Stewardship Scheme, which meansthat the use of inorganic fertilisers and pesticides isprohibited. As a result, the grassland, particularly onthe slope to your right, contains a large variety oftypical chalk down and species, such as Cowslip,Common Spotted Orchid, Primrose, and SaladBurnet.As you gain height and get better views across theKennet valley, you should keep an eye out for thefollowing birds: Buzzard, Kestrel, Sparrow Hawk,Red Kite, Jay, Green, Greater and Lesser SpottedWoodpeckers.If you are walking the trail at dusk, listen out for theshriek of a Tawny Owl, and be prepared for anencounter with Foxes and Badgers as they embarkupon their nightly search for food.23. Hazel (Corylus avellana)This species usually forms the undergrowth in woodsand features zigzag twigs that are covered withreddish brown hairs. The timber of the Hazel is usedwidely for making walking sticks, divining rods andhoops for casks. The tree is managed by cutting themain trunk region, thereby promoting shoots of newgrowth, a practice known as coppicing.232524. Oak (Quercus robur)Noted for being the largest and second longest livedof our native trees, the oak exhibits egg and cupshaped fruit called acorns. The tree, its leaves andfruit, are featured in many ancient myths andtraditions. Ancient tribes worshiped in the Oakgroves, and traditionally couples were married underan Oak tree. In the legends of many countries, theacorn was said to be man’s first food. For centuriesthe hard durable timber of the Oak has been used inbuildings; it was renowned for constructing Men-ofWar fighting ships, with the ‘crooks and knees’ fromthe English Oak being especially prized. The, smallerwood provided firewood and charcoal; extracts fromthe bark were used for tanning and, in the autumn,acorns from the woods and forests provided food forpigs. Today the Oak is the paragon of the modernemphasis on the values of biodiversity. More speciesof insect are associated with Oak than with any othertree, or indeed any other plant, in Britain.The Oakwood that you are now in is an example ofsemi-ancient woodland and contains a variety ofcharacteristic herbs such as Bluebell, Wood Violet,Wood Anemone, Dog’s Mercury, Arum (CuckooPint), Toothwort, Celandine, and Moschatel (TownHall Clock).26, European Larch (Larix decidua)Introduced to England prior to 1629, it is the onlyEuropean conifer to shed all its leaves annually.Larches can either have reddish/purple or yellowflowers. After being pollinated these flowers changeinto egg-shaped cones. The timber is exceedinglydurable and is used for tanning and the production ofturpentine.2627. Beech (Fagus sylvatica)Titled the ‘mother of the forests’ this species ischaracterised by smooth bark and autumn leaveswhich turn orange, and in the sun look like a blazingfire. Very few plants grow beneath a Beech wood,7
Wiltshire Botany 14, 2013, pages 3-12because the trees produce chemicals that inhibit thegrowth of other plants and, in addition, the canopy isso thick that little light gets through to the ground.The tree produces nuts that are rich in oil and areused for pig feeding. An additional characteristic isthe growth of truffles on the roots of beeches.30. Holly (Ilex aquifolium)Cattle are aware of the high quality food produced bythis species and therefore, in self defence, the treeevolved spines to keep its enemies at a distance. Thefemale tree has scarlet, glossy berries which ripen inSeptember and are used for Christmas decorations.The wood produced by the tree is very hard andwhite, and is often a substitute for box wood; whendyed black it is used in lieu of ebony.273028. Norway Spruce (Picea abies)The common Christmas tree is easily recognised byits stiff sharp needles (which leave a distinct peg onthe twig when they fall) and long cylindrical coneswhich hang from its branches. The species has a lifespan of approximately two hundred years and iscommon in forest plantations, game coverts,shelterbelts, farms and gardens.31. Ivy (Hedera helix)A renowned climber of walls and trees, it alsofrequently carpets the ground via tiny rootlets. Ivyblankets its host, but, contrary to common belief,does not cause it direct harm. However, a tree ladenwith Ivy is subject to wind rock and uprooting inwinter gales. It ceases its climbing and flowers oncethe leaves are exposed to full sunlight.283129. Ash (Fraxinus excelsior)This species’ smooth twigs and pyramidal black budsarranged in opposite pairs are its most identifiablefeatures. The Ash fruits have a twist in the wing,causing them to spin steadily and reach the groundseed-end first. The timber produced by the Ash isstrong and elastic and is used for fashioning oars, axeand hammer shafts. Cattle are fond of Ash leaves, butif too much is consumed it degrades the quality of thebutter produced.32. Guelder Rose (Viburnum opulus)Also known as the King’s Crown or the Water Elder,this species’ leaf buds are wrapped in scales. Theinner flowers secrete nectar and the fruits of the roseare round and translucent red. The fruits are nauseousto taste, but are used in Scandinavia to complement amixture of honey and flour.32298
Wiltshire Botany 14, 2013, pages 3-1233. Privet (Ligustrum vulgare)This evergreen species is a tall shrub that reachesheights of about five metres. It is noted for itsleathery, glossy leaves, white flowers (which areheavily scented) and oily, nauseating, black berrieswhich are poisonous to children. It thrives on chalk orlimestone soils.353336. Weeping Willow (Salix x sepulcralis‘Chrysocoma’)This tree, which is also a hybrid, is a popularornament of riverside lawns, and is characterised byits slender hanging branches. Napoleon was fond ofthis species and it increased in popularity when hedied because of the introduction of a young weepingwillow on his grave at St Helena.34. Spindle (Euonymus europaeus)This species is on the borderline between being a treeand a shrub, and is similar in appearance to theBuckthorn and Dogwood. The Spindle exhibits smallclusters of insignificant green flowers known ascymes. By contrast, the fruits are conspicuous: brightpink integuments opening to reveal brilliant orange,shiny seeds. The Spindle’s wood is hard and toughand is used for fashioning the tool that wool is woundon after spinning. Additionally, the young shoots areused to make fine charcoal for artists.363437. Italian Alder (Alnus cordata)The tree grows rapidly (up to two metres a year) andis recognised by its dark green, glossy, heart-shapedleaves, the undersides of which have tufts of paleorange hair giving them a distinctive tinge especiallyduring the summer months.35. Lime (Tilia x europea)The Common Lime is a hybrid of two species and isEurope’s tallest broad-leaved tree, as well as beingthe largest of any of the world’s forty five species ofLime. Larger trees have burred trunks and denselysprouting bases. The tree’s flowers are yellowishgreen and pendulous. During the summer the leavesare often shiny with the honeydew from the aphidsthat swarm the trees. The honeydew drips into thesoil below the tree and feeds nitrogen-fixing bacteriathat provide nitrogen for the tree There are alsointracellular bacteria within the aphids, whichmanufacture amino acids to make proteins for theaphids. This complex symbiosis involves fourorganisms, a little-known wonder of nature comparable to anything in the Amazonian rainforests. Bythe end of summer the foliage can sometimes becomecoated with grime sticking to the honeydew andblackened with sooty fungi. Lime wood is easilyworked and used in wood carving.3738. Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides)This deciduous conifer was thought to be extinct andwas only known as a fossil until being rediscoveredin south-eastern China in 1941. Now common inEngland, the tree is hardy and has a growth rate ofabout a metre per annum. The bark is orange brownin colour and flakes from the main stem. This tree issometimes confused with the Swamp Cypress (seenumber 39), but differs in that its foliage appearsearlier in the year and the leaves and shoots aregenerally arranged opposite one another.9
Wiltshire Botany 14, 2013, pages 3-12Herbaceous Plants, Grasses and some WoodyPlants on the trail38Degree of commoness1 single plant, infrequently seen or intermittent/casual weeds2 occasional3 common or very common, at least on some partsof the trai1 at certain times of the year39. Swamp Cypress (Taxodium distichum)This is a another deciduous conifer that generallyprefers waterside sites, but grows fairly well on mostsoils. This species was introduced in 1640. Its brightgreen leaves, that are arranged alternately on thestem, change colour in autumn becoming fox-red ororange brown during late October. A feature of oldertrees in water or swamps are the woody knees(pneumatophores) which aid in the aeration of theroots.Achillea millefoliumAdoxa moschatellinaAegopodium podagrariaAethusa cynapiumAgrostis stoloniferaAlliaria petiolataAlopecurus pratensisAngelica sylvestrisAnenome nemorosaAnthoxanthum odoratumAnthriscus sylvestrisApium nodiflorumArctium minusArrhenatherum elatius39Arum maculatumAsperula cynanchicaAsplenium scolopendriumAster lanceolatus40. Black Poplar (Populus nigra or hybrid)One of the most characteristic features of the nativesub-species of this tree is its burred bole, but mostBlack Poplars seen, are either of foreign origin orhybrids with North American species These treesexhibit leaves that can vary from triangular ordiamond shapes to almost circular. The BlackPoplar’s buds are slightly sticky and have a faintresinous odour which is much stronger in the BalsamPoplar. Like all Poplars and Willows, the BlackPoplars hybrids are dioecious which means thatindividuals are either male or female.Aster salignusBrachypodiumsylvaticumBriza mediaBromopsis ramosaBryonia dioicaCallitriche stagnalisCalystegia sepium40Campanula glomerataCampanula rotundifoliaCapsella bursa-pastorisCarduus acanthoidesCarex acutiformisCarex flaccaCarex hirtaCarex pendulaCarex ripariaCentaurea nigra sspnemoralisCentaurea debauxiiCongratulations: you have reached the end of thetrail. Rest your weary legs on the bench behind youand admire the wildlife of the Trout Pond.Cerastium fontanum10Yarrow/MifoilMoschatelGround ElderFool’s ParsleyCreeping BentGarlic MustardMeadow FoxtailAngelicaWood AnemoneSweet Vernal GrassCow ParsleyFool’s WatercressLesser BurdockTall (False) OatgrassCuckoo Pint/Lordsand LadiesSquinancywortHart’s Tongue Fern22213323313322Narrow-leavedMichaelmas DaisyCommonMichaelmas DaisyFalse (Wood) Brome1Quaking Grass(Great) Hairy(Wood) BromeWhite BryonyCommon WaterstarwortHedge Bindweed/BellbineClustered BellflowerHarebellShepherd’s PurseWelted ThistleLesser Pond SedgeGlaucous SedgeHairy SedgePendulous SedgeGreater Pond SedgeCommon Knapweed22Rayed (Common)KnapweedCommon Mouse Ear33211213322331121332
Wiltshire Botany 14, 2013, pages 3-12Chamerion angustifoliumCircaea lutetianaCirsium acaulonCirsium arvenseCirsium palustreCirsium vulgareClinopodium vulgareConopodium majusConvolvulus arvensisCornus albaCornus sanguineaCornus sericea(stolonifera)Crepis capillarisCymbalaria muralisDactylis glomerataDactylorhiza fuchsiiDeschampsia cespitosaDipsacus fullonumEpilobium hirsutumEpilobium montanumEpilobium obscurumEpilobium parviflorumEuphrasia officinalisFestuca giganteaFestuca rubraFicaria vernaFilipendula ulmariaFumaria officinalisGalanthus nivalisGaleopsis bifidaGaleopsis tetrahitGalium aparineGalium mollugoGalium palustreGalium uliginosumGalium verumGentianella amarellaGeranium dissectumGeranium pratenseGeranium pyrenaicumGeranium robertianumGeum urbanumGlechoma hederaceaGlyceria maximaHedera helix ssp helixRosebay Willowherb/FireweedEnchanter’sNightshadeStemless ThistleCreeping ThistleMarsh ThistleSpear ThistleWi1d BasilPignutField BindweedWhite Dogwood(originally planted)DogwoodRed Osier (originallyplanted but nowspreading)Smooth HawksbeardIvy-leaved ToadflaxCocksfootCommon SpottedOrchidTufted Hair-grassTeaselGreat wherbHairy Wi1lowherbEyebrightGiant FescueRed FescueLesser CelandineMeadowsweetCommon FumitorySnowdropBifid Hemp-nettleCommon HempnettleCleavers/ GoosegrassHedge BedstrawMarsh BedstrawFen BedstrawLadies’ BedstrawAutumn Gentian/FelwortCut-leaved Crane’sbillMeadow Crane’s-billHedgerow Crane’sbillHerb RobertWood Avens/HerbBennetGround IvyReed SweetgrassIvy2Hedera helix ssphibernicaHeracleum sphondyliumHolcus lanatusHordeum murinumHypericum hirsutumHypericum perforatum233132231Hypericum tetrapterumHypochaeris radicataJuncus articulatusJuncus bufoniusJuncus effususJuncus inflexusLamium albumLamium purpureumLapsana communisLathraea squamariaLathyrus pratensisLeontodon autumnalisLeontodon hispidusLeucanthemum vulgareLinum catharticumLolium x boucheanum(L. perenne x multiflorum)Lolium perenneLotus corniculatusLuzula campestrisLycopus europaeusLysichiton americanus222131313222122321111Matricaria discoideaMedicago lupulinaMentha aquaticaMercurialis perennisMyosotis arvensisMyosotis scorpioidesMysotis sylvaticaNasturtium officinaleNasturtium x sterilis (N.officinale x microphyllum)Odontites vernaOenanthe crocata311121Oxalis actosellaPersicaria maculosaPetasites hybridusPhalaris arundinaceaPhleum bertoliniPhleum pratensePhragmites australisPimpinella saxifragaPlantago lanceolataPlantago majorPlantago media3213333311Atlantic Ivy2HogweedYorkshire FogWall BarleyHairy St John’s WortPerforate St John’sWortSquare-stalked St.John’s WortCat’s-earJointed RushToad RushSoft RushHard RushWhite Dead-nettleRed Dead-nettleNipplewortToothwortMeadow VetchlingAutumn HawkbitRough HawkbitOx-eye DaisyPurging FlaxHybrid Rye Grass33122Rye GrassBirdsfoot TrefoilField Wood-rushGypsywortSkunk Cabbage(originally planted)PineappleweedBlack MedickWater MintDog’s MercuryField Forget-me-notWater Forget-me-notWood Forget-me-notWater CressHybrid Water Cress31111Red BartsiaHemlock WaterDropwortWood sorrelRedshankButterburReed Canary GrassLesser TimothyTimothyCommon/Great ReedBurnet saxifrageRibwort PlantainGreater PlantainHoary Plantain23111113112121122133331223132233322332
Wiltshire Botany 14, 2013, pages 3-12Polygonum arenastrumPolygonum avicularePoa annuaPoa pratensisPoa trivialisPolypodium interjectumPolystichum aculeatumPotentilla anserinaPrimula verisPrimula vulgarisPrunella vulgarisRanunculus acrisRanunculus repensRibes rubrumRosa caninaRosa rubiginosaRosa tomentosaRubus caesiusRubus corylifoliusgroupRubus fruticosusRubus idaeusRubus ulmifoliusRumex acetosaRumex conglomeratusRumex crispusRumex obtusifoliusRumex x ruhmeri(R. conglomeratus xsanguineus)Rumex sanguineusSanguisorba minorSanicula europaeaScabiosa columbariaScrophularia auriculataSenecio aquaticusSenecio jacobaeaSenecio vulgarisSolanum dulcamaraSonchus asperSonchus oleraceusStachys sylvaticaSuccisa pratensisSymphytum officinaleTamus communisThymus serpyllumTrifolium dubiumTrifolium micranthumTrifolium pratenseTrifolium repensEqual-leavedKnotgrassKnotgrassAnnual MeadowGrassMeadow GrassRough MeadowGrassIntermediate PolypodyHard Shield FernSilverweedCowslipPrimroseSelf-healMeadow ButtercupCreeping ButtercupRed CurrantDog RoseSweet BriarDowny RoseDewberryDewberryBlackberry hybridsBrambleRaspberryElm-leaved BrambleCommon SorrelClustered DockCurled DockBroad-leaved DockHybrid ClusteredWood Dock1Trisetum flavescens22Urtica dioicaVeronica anagallisaquaticaVeronica beccabungaVeronica chamaedrysWood DockSalad BurnetWood SanicleSmall ScabiousWater FigwortMarsh Prickly Sowthistle/Milk ThistleSmooth Sowthistle/MilkthistleHedge WoundwortDevil’s Bit ScabiousComfreyBlack BryonyWild ThymeLesser (Yellow)TrefoilSlender TrefoilRed CloverWhite Clover321122213232Veronica filiformisVeronica x lackschwewitzii (V. anagallisaquatica x catenata)Veronica serpyllifolia2322233331122Vicia sepiumViola reichenbachianaYellow (Golden)Oat-grassStinging NettleBlue water SpeedwellBrooklimeGermander SpeedwellSlender SpeedwellHybrid WaterSpeedwell1Thyme-leavedSpeedwellBush VetchEarly Dog Violet231232121AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank the following peoplefor their significant contributions:Dr Jack Oliver; Beverley Heath; Sue Mackim, KateVincent and Richard Watson of the WiltshireWildlife Trust; Malcolm Hardstaff; Dr. LindaRichards and the Marlborough College ConservationGroup; Robert Tindall and the Marlborough CollegeGrounds Staff; Mr and Mrs. K Carter, MantonGrange Farm; Tony Hilliar; Mark Saunders at GraphX; Janet Johnston; Diana Vazquez; and, fot the plantlist, Mrs. Sandra Clark, Dr. Jack Oliver, MrsMaureen Ponting and Wi1tshire Botanical Society.32213332Plants on the nature trailMoschatel(Adoxa moschatellina)3332211222312Toothwort(Lathraea squamaria)
Wiltshire Botany 14, 2013, pages 20-29Abnormalities in PlantsABNORMALITIES IN PLANTS:RECENT FINDSAbnormalities in Plants, a 92-page book written byJohn Presland, Jack Oliver and Martin Barber , waspublished in 2009 by Wiltshire Botanical Society. Itgives an account of the range of such phenomena inthe wild and in cultivation, sets this in a historicalbackground, discusses the purposes of this field ofenquiry and looks at causes of particular phenomena.Many photographs and drawings are included.Though illustrated almost entirely by examples fromWiltshire, it is a general exploration of the subject the abnormalities described could have occurredalmost anywhere. It is on sale at Summerfield Books(Tel 017684 84909) at a price in the region of 7plus postage, and members wanting to order online orby telephone or requiring a professionally wrappedcopy should apply there. However, there is a specialoffer for members of Wiltshire Botanical Societywho are happy either to purchase it at societymeetings (by prior arrangement - 01225 865125) at 4 or to send to John Presland (175c Ashley Lane,Winsley, Bradford-on- Avon, Wiltshire BA15 2HR) aself-addressed envelope for A4 papers stamped at therate for large letters weighing 251-500 gm and acheque for 4 made out to Wiltshire BotanicalSociety.Wiltshire Botanical SocietySociety members have reported on a number offurther abnormalities since the book was finalisedand taken photographs of them. This new informationis presented below. To save undue repetition, alldescriptions and photos not otherwise attributed areJohn Presland’s.Double flowersA double flower is one in which the number ofconspicuous flower parts is greatly increased. Theseare popular in gardens. Though this makes themunnatural history, they are still interesting. The MarshMarigold (Caltha palustris) at the National Trustgarden called “The Courts” at Holt, is particularlydramatic. It looks as though stamens and carpels havebeen replaced by petals, which are consequently offar greater number than usual.Double Marsh MarigoldA double Japanese Anemone in a garden atFreshford, near Bath, had developed extra petalswithout replacing other parts. A double Sneezewort(Achillea ptarmica) occurred in a public garden inBath.Abnormal colour formsThese are also commonly introduced. Unfortunately,they can’t be illustrated in black and white, so wordswill have to do. Jack Oliver noted a Leyland Cypress(X Cupressorcyperis leylandii) with golden foliage.20
Wiltshire Botany 14, 2013, pages 20-29garden which may have been a Cherry Laurel or itsrelative.Japanese Anemone at FreshfordVariegated Ivy at WinsleySneezewort in public garden in BathVariegated Winter Creeper at WinsleyThere is a range of colour variations of these hybridsof species of Chamaecyparis and Cupressus incultivation, such as forms with yellow leaves ratherthan green. Jack has also reported on Sycamore (Acerpseudoplatanus) variants diversely referred to as var.purpureum, ‘atrop
Wiltshire Botany 14, 2013, pages 3-12 3 A NATURE TRAIL AT MARLBOROUGH COLLEGE Sean Dempster and Allison Wells Route of the Marlborough College Nature Trail The nature trail The Marlborough College Nature Reserve was estab-lished in 1972 At about the time of the . mi
Biological Sciences OSU BI 201 General Botany BOT 1404 Biological Sciences OSU-OKC BI 201 General Botany BIOL 1404 1 Biological Sciences OSUIT-OKM BI 201 General Botany BIOL 1404 Biological Sciences OU BI 201 General Botany PBIO 1114 5 Biological Sciences RCC BI 201 General Botany BOT 1114 1 Biological Sciences RSC BI 201 General Botany BIOL 1215 1
So far, there have been five printed floras of Wiltshire: T. B. Flower’s (yes!) ‘The Flora of Wiltshire’, . Newsletter, Co-Recorder 01793 694680 richard@theaisbitts.co.uk Anne Appleyard 01980 610385 anneappleyard@tiscali.co.uk . wherever possibl
1 Schedule of Personal Data Supplied Wiltshire Police 2 - 4 Data Subjects Information Notice Wiltshire Police 5 - 7 Acronyms commonly found in disclosed documents Wiltshire Police 8 Twitter Screenshots relating to Religion (Occurrence 54190122323) (Redacted) .
Botany for degree students. Bryophytes 8th ed. S. Chand and Co. Ltd. Delhi. Schofield, W.B. 1985. Introduction to Bryology. Macmillan Publishing Co. London. Hussain, F. and I. Ilahi. 2004. A text book of Botany. Department of Botany, University of Peshawar. Journals / Periodicals: Pakistan Journal of Botany, International Journal of Phycology and Phycochemsitry, Bryology, Phycology. Title of .
I Introduction to Botany Introduction to Botany, its branches and scope. A brief history of Botany. Botany in Ancient India. Contributions of Indian Botanists – J. C. Bose, BirbalSahni, P. Maheshwari, B.G.L. Swamy, E. K. JanakiAmmal and M. S. Swaminathan. A brief study of historical developments of Kingdom system of classification.
Optional :- Botany o IFS Botany solved papers by Mamata Singh Paper I 1. Botany for Degree Students by A C Dutta 2. The Embryology of Angiosperms by Bhojwani and Bhatnagar 3. A textbook of Botany, vol- I,II & III --- Pandey and Trivedi / A textbook of Botany by Singh, Pandey and Jain 4. Textbook of Bacteria Fungi & Viruses by H.C. Dubey 5.
BOTANY Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) Theory Syllabus Effective from June 2018 . A Text Book of Botany Vol. 1 & 2. S.N. Pandey, P.S. Trivedi and Mishra., Vikas Publication House Pvt. Ltd. Botany for degree students, Algae, Botany for degree students Fungi, Padey,
Introduction: From Figure to Field There are, in fact, no cities anymore. It goes on like a forest. —Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, 1955 Landscape has recently emerged as model and medium for the contemporary city. This claim has been available since the turn of the twenty-first century in the discourse and practices the term “landscape urbanism” describes. This volume offers the first .
