HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
A 20-YEAR INDUSTRY PLAN FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDINGSHIGH-PERFORMANCECOMMERCIALBUILDINGSA TECHNOLOGY ROADMAPDeveloped by:REPRESENTATIVES OF THE COMMERCIAL BUILDING INDUSTRYFacilitated by:OFFICE OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY, STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAMSENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYFOR MORE INFORMATION, VISIT WWW.EREN.DOE.GOV/BUILDINGS/COMMERCIAL ROADMAP
TABLE OF CONTENTSPAGE1EXECUTIVE SUMMARY14STRATEGIES4INTRODUCTION18NEXT STEPS6TRENDS AND Performance Commercial Buildings: A TechnologyRoadmap is sponsored by the U.S. Department ofEnergy in cooperation with the following organizations:Advanced Building Systems IntegrationConsortium, Carnegie Mellon UniversityAir-Conditioning and Refrigeration InstituteThe American Institute of Architects (AIA)The AIA Center for Building Performance andEnvironmentAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning EngineersCalifornia Institute for Energy EfficiencyCarrier CorporationCenter for Building Performance and Diagnostics,Carnegie Mellon UniversityCenter for the Built Environment, University ofCalifornia at BerkeleyEnergy Center of WisconsinIlluminating Engineering Society of North AmericaInstitute for Research in Construction, NationalResearch Council CanadaInternational Facility ManagementAssociationNatural Resources CanadaPacific Gas and Electric CompanyThe Real Estate RoundtableSouthern California EdisonSustainable Buildings Industries CouncilThe Urban Land InstituteU S Green Building CouncilYork International Corporation
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYChallenges for Tomorrow’sCommercial BuildingsThanks to a steady stream of innovations during the 20th century, commercial buildingshave become increasingly comfortable and productive places. We often take these marvels ofarchitecture and engineering for granted, as ifthey were inevitable fixtures of the landscape.Yet there are many reasons to reconsider this landscape. Will our current approaches to commercialbuildings fit the changing nature of U.S. businessesand their workforces? And how can we enjoy thebenefits of flexible, functional workplaces while alsobetter protecting the natural environment?This technology roadmap describes the vision andstrategies for addressing these challenges developedby representatives of the buildings industry. Collaborative research, development, and deployment of newtechnologies, coupled with an integrated "whole-buildings" approach, can shape future generations of commercial environments that are highly resource-efficientand that enhance human creativity, productivity, andquality of life in ways we can only begin to envision.A NEW INITIATIVEThe U.S. Department of Energy’sOffice of Building Technology, Stateand Community Programs (BTS) isfacilitating industry-led initiatives todevelop a series of technologyroadmaps. The roadmaps identifykey goals and strategies for differentareas of the building industry. HighPerformance Commercial Buildings:A Technology Roadmap identifies aplan for integrating research, development, and deployment for thenext generation of commercialbuildings in the U.S.This roadmap initiative is a fundamental component of the BTSstrategic plan and will help to aligngovernment resources with the highpriority needs identified by industry.The roadmap will guide cooperationamong public and private researchers, developers, architects, the manyand varied participants in the commercial building industry, and otherState and Federal offices to help thisindustry achieve its long-term vision.1
WHAT IS THE “WHOLEBUILDINGS” APPROACH?Today’s commercial buildingsemploy complex and diversetechnologies in their construction,operation, and maintenance.Building materials, components,and subsystems traditionally havebeen designed and implementedbased on standardized criteria thatare largely independent of oneanother. For example, water-heatingloads are considered to be solely afunction of building use and are calculated independently of a building’splumbing design. Potential interactions between the two functions —for example, heat recovery fromoutgoing wastewater for pre-heatingthe incoming supply — are usuallyignored.Through a whole-buildings approach— sometimes referred to as "systems engineering" — all of the building components and subsystems areconsidered together, along with theirpotential interactions and impacton occupants, to achieve synergies.The fundamental goal is to optimizethe building’s performance — interms of comfort, functionality,energy efficiency, resource efficiency, economic return, and lifecycle value. The whole-buildingsapproach crosses disciplines —requiring the integration of planning,siting, design, equipment and material selection, financing, construction,commissioning, and long-term operation and maintenance. Implementing a whole-buildings approach hasbeen shown to enhance air quality,lighting, and other key aspects ofthe building indoor environment. Thenatural environment benefits as well— through energy and waste reduction and more effective land use.2EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCHALLENGES FOR TOMORROW’S COMMERCIAL BUILDINGSRETHINKING OURCOMMERCIAL LANDSCAPEThroughout much of human history,work and living spaces coexisted.Farmers lived on their land, merchants above their shops, craftspeople next to their forges andlooms. The industrial revolutionchanged all that, as work becameconcentrated in factories andoffices, at first in the vicinity of thelabor force, and later, miles awayalong the trolley line or highway.The separation between commercialand residential spheres grew eversharper during the 20th century.Modern office buildings becamepossible with the advent of fluorescent lighting and air conditioning,epitomized, at mid-century, by thesealed, self-contained InternationalStyle glass box. Today, our dailyroutines often take us from onespecialized, comfort-controlledcommercial facility to another —to work, learn, shop, and play —then home to distinctly residentialcommunities.VISIONBy the year 2020 — Successful public/private partnerships will deliver highly adaptable, sustainable,cost-effective commercial buildings. Advances in building design and operation will provide simple solutions toaddress the complex interactions of systems and equipment. America’s commercial buildings will be valued by occupants, owners, builders,and communities as healthy, productive, and desirable places to learn, work,and play.STRATEGIES Performance metrics. Establish key definitions and metrics for highperformance commercial buildings. Technology development. Develop systems integration, monitoring, and othertechnologies that enable commercial buildings to optimally achieve targetedperformance levels over their life cycles. Process change. Create models of collaborative commercial whole-buildingsdesign and development, and establish the tools and professional educationprograms needed to support these processes. Market transformation. Stimulate market demand for high-performancecommercial buildings by demonstrating and communicating compellingeconomic advantages.
Yet in the past few decades, somehave begun to question how wellcommercial building technologiesand practices serve emergingneeds. Can we afford the environmental consequences of carryingthe 20th century model into thefuture, or can we create commercialspaces that produce less waste,consume less energy, reducereliance on cars, and minimize landuse? Will specialized commercialfacilities remain the norm, or willmixed-use buildings and communities better suit the way we live andwork today? How must commercialbuildings evolve to enhance humanhealth and productivity, and to support the increasingly mobile, digital,and team-based nature of today’sbusinesses?Developers of this technologyroadmap document put these andmany other questions on the tableover the past two years. They alsoevaluated the promise of new technologies and practices in thedesign, planning, siting, construction, and operation of commercialbuildings and environments.MEETING NEW DEMANDSBOLD STEPSTheir conclusion? That commercialbuildings can be dramaticallyreshaped in the coming decades bycombining the results of sound, butseparate, research in such fields asenergy-efficient building shells,equipment, lighting, daylighting,windows, passive and active solar,photovoltaic, fuel cells, advancedsensors and controls, and combinedheating, cooling, and power. Suchtechnologies — together with awhole-buildings approach thatoptimizes interactions among building systems and components — willenable commercial buildings torespond effectively to the changingneeds of today’s businesses, whilealso helping to meet our nationalgoals of environmental protectionand sustainable development.New technologies will be essentialin realizing the vision for highperformance commercial buildings.At the component level, increasedprivate and public investment isneeded in research and development of energy-efficient buildingmaterials and equipment, advancedsensors and controls, on-site powergeneration, and other enablingtechnologies.Specifically, participants craftedtheir vision for the year 2020 (seesidebar), identified barriers to beaddressed, and defined strategiesthat will help make their vision areality. Each strategy, as well asassociated activities and milestones, is discussed in detail inthis document.However, pathways for componenttechnologies are the subject ofother technology roadmappingefforts being facilitated by DOE andare not described in this document.Instead, the roadmap focuses onfour strategic challenges: How the benefits of highperformance buildings can beaccurately defined and measuredand conveyed to the buildingsindustry. How the best existing technologies, as well as future technologies, can be integrated moreeffectively within a whole-buildings (systems) context. How cross-discipline collaboration can become the norm in thesiting, design, construction,commissioning and start-up,and operation and maintenanceof commercial buildings — aprerequisite to a whole-buildingsapproach. How market demand for highperformance commercial buildings can be stimulated.3
AN INDUSTRY-LED PROCESSINTRODUCTIONFOUNDATION FORPARTNERSHIPS“With this roadmap, whichrepresents the work of thefinest industry thinkers andpractitioners, commercialbuildings can be transformedinto attractive, affordable,productive workplaces. Weare proud to help turn visionsof high-performing buildingsinto reality.”— Mark GinsbergDeputy Assistant SecretaryBuilding Technology, State andCommunity ProgramsU.S. Department of EnergyWhat demands must commercialbuildings meet in the future? Whatare our "ideals" for future commercial buildings, and how do we getthere? How can we speed technology development and deployment incommercial buildings in the nextdecades? These questions havebeen at the heart of this technologyroadmap process, spearheaded byrepresentatives from many sectorsof the commercial building industry.The Federal government has participated alongside industry in thisprocess. As the largest owner andoperator of commercial facilities inthe Nation, the government has astrong interest in acceleratingresearch, development, and deployment (RD&D) of innovative buildingtechnologies. Facilitation ofroadmap meetings and documentation has been performed by theDepartment of Energy’s Office ofBuilding Technology, State andCommunity Programs (BTS), whichmanages the largest buildingsRD&D program in the Federalgovernment.In a series of four workshops, participants — including architects,engineers, lighting and otherdesigners, equipment manufacturers, researchers, building ownersand developers, facility managers,building trades representatives,utility and energy service company4representatives, and financiers —discussed the current state of theindustry, significant trends andopportunities, and ways to alignpublic and private RD&D with realworld needs. They also identifiedareas of market transformation andeducation where industry participants could cooperate and wherethe Federal government could playan expanded role. In all, more than250 individuals from 150 differentorganizations participated in theworkshops and the roadmapdevelopment.JOINING FORCESBy defining the industry’s long-termvision and strategies, the technology roadmap can help focus bothpublic and private RD&D investments on the industry’s highest priorities. It can also ensure moreeffective partnerships betweenindustry and government, ascertaining that Federal programs enhance,but do not duplicate, industryefforts, and accelerating the transferof research results from Federallaboratories to the private sector.In joining forces to implement thistechnology roadmap, leaders in theindustry will lay the foundation forcommercial buildings that areincreasingly healthy, comfortable,durable, flexible, secure, energyand resource-efficient, cost-effective, and attractive to owners,occupants, and communities.
STEPS IN THE ROADMAP DEVELOPMENT PROCESSEXECUTIVE FORUMWhen and where:Who participated:Challenge:Results:July 27, 1998, Cooper Hewitt National Design Museum, New York, New York36 representatives of the building industry, building-related associations, andinterested parties from government and academiaTo develop a vision statement and strategic goals for commercial buildings inthe year 2020Participants defined the history of a whole-buildings approach, explored the currentcommercial buildings marketplace, and developed a vision statement and strategic goals.BUILDING DELIVERY WORKSHOPWhen and where:Who participated:Challenge:Results:October 22-23, 1998, Cosmos Club, Washington, DC66 designers, developers, and representatives from the building trades, as well asequipment and component manufacturersTo examine the forces driving or impeding whole-buildings approaches to design, siting,construction, and commissioningParticipants developed the information contained in the Trends and Barriers sections ofthis roadmap and explored strategic issues.BUILDING OPERATION WORKSHOPWhen and where:Who participated:Challenge:Results:January 11-12, 1999, The Presidio, San Francisco, California76 representatives of the building industry, related associations, government, and academiaTo define the principal gaps and needs in technology and processes related to thecommissioning, operation, and maintenance of commercial buildings of the futureParticipants created detailed action plans to meet identified strategic needs, such asperformance targets and first/next steps.BUILDING TECHNOLOGY WORKSHOPWhen and where:Who participated:Challenge:Results:April 27, 1999, Morrison-Clark Inn, Washington, DC9 futurists and visionariesTo develop a vision of the technology of the built environment in 2050Participants brainstormed vision of high-performance commercial building technologies50 years into the future.FINAL WORKSHOPWhen and where:Who participated:Challenge:Results:October 25-26, 1999, Washington Plaza Hotel, Washington, DC79 representatives of the building industry, related associations, government, andacademia, many of whom attended previous roadmap workshopsTo develop a prioritized list of activities for joint industry-government work tofurther the whole-buildings approach within the commercial building sectorParticipants prioritized activities and identified key steps to successfulimplementation of the strategies defined in this roadmap.5
RESPONDING TO CHANGING NEEDSTRENDS AND VISIONTHE ENERGY DIMENSIONToday, the 4.6 million commercialbuildings in the United Statesaccount for approximately one-sixthof total national energy consumption, or 16 quadrillion BTU1 and32 percent of total national electricity consumption. Consumption ofelectricity in the commercial buildings sector has doubled in the last18 years, and can be expected toincrease by another 25 percentby 2030 if current growth ratescontinue.THE SHAPE OF COMMERCIALBUILDINGS IN 2020Major social, economic, technological, and environmental trends arechanging the way we work, learn,and play. These changes, in turn,will create new demands on commercial buildings of the future. Hereare some of the most evident trendsand their possible implications inthe coming decades.Making commercial buildings moreenergy- and resource-efficient represents an enormous opportunity tosave money and reduce pollution inevery community across the country.Indeed, with annual energy expenditures in the commercial buildingssector of 100 billion, an efficiencyimprovement of 30 percent wouldyield 30 billion per year in bottomline savings. Benefits to the environment would also be substantial,including reduced emissions ofsulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,and carbon dioxide from fossilfueled power generation.Such a 30 percent improvement inenergy efficiency can be realisticallyachieved in the coming decades byapplying existing technologies. Evenmore dramatic improvements —ranging from 50 to 80 percent —could be achieved with aggressiveimplementation of this technologyroadmap, including a long-termapproach to research and development. Ultimately, the appropriate useof combined heating, cooling, andpower systems, optimized buildingcontrols, solar and other forms ofrenewable energy, and energy-efficient building shells and equipmentcan produce commercial buildingsthat become net electricity generators rather than consumers.6Knowledge-based work. With theongoing growth of the informationbased economy, people will beincreasingly engaged in highly visualand analytical work. Commercialbuildings will be expected to provide reliable, continual, and instantaneous connectivity to informationand electronic communicationsresources. Information technologieswill no longer be captive in desktopcomputers, but will be distributedwithin the commercial environment,integrated into everything from furniture to windows. Demand will growfor personalized control of lighting,temperature, ventilation, and otheraspects of the interior environmentto enhance the productivity ofknowledge workers.1Collaborative, reconfigurableworkplaces. Advanced communications and computing technologieswill enable coworkers to collaborateever more effectively from remotelocations, decreasing the need tospend the workweek in sharedphysical spaces. When colleaguesdo work together, they will moreoften require flexible and reconfigurable space, to accommodateteam-based activities and frequentorganizational and operationalshifts. Education will also becomemore reliant on electronic technologies and team-based activities,redefining the requirements forfuture schools, libraries, and otherlearning facilities.An aging, shifting populationbase. The mean age of the U.S.population continues to trendupward, increasing the need forease of access and mobility withincommercial facilities. Population willcontinue to increase in our desertsand on our seacoasts, two fragileecosystems, requiring increasedattention to resource efficiency,energy efficiency, and sustainablepractices in commercial buildings.Urban rebirth. Another trend havingan effect on commercial building isthe rebirth of urban centers and thecorresponding need to reconfigureexisting buildings for new uses. Tostem over-development in suburbanareas, increasing numbers of communities will enact zoning and create incentives to encourage themovement of businesses and residences back into the city.Source: Energy InformationAdministration estimates.
Construction labor shortages.Demographic and economic shiftswill continue to reduce the pool ofskilled construction workers, necessitating less labor-intensive buildingmethods and technologies in thefuture.Environmental and health issues.Increasing public concern aboutenvironmental issues, coupled withthe potential for more stringentenvironmental regulation, will drivemarket demand for commercialbuildings that minimize resource useand waste in their construction andoperation. Demand for healthier andmore comfortable indoor environments will also grow as environmental awareness encompasses indooras well as outdoor areas.Energy issues. Greater cost-competitiveness of photovoltaics, fuelcells, and combined heat and power— coupled with the purchasing flexibility created by utility restructuring— will make on-site power generation an increasingly viable option forcommercial buildings. Shrinkingcapacity margins in baseload powergeneration, and resulting concernsabout the reliability of power, willfurther fuel this trend. Demand willalso grow for energy-efficient buildings, particularly in areas withrelatively high power costs or reliability concerns. Any future controlson carbon dioxide emissions willaccelerate the demand for "green"power, renewable energy, andenergy efficiency.Insurance and liability issues.Insurers will exert pressure on thecommercial building industry toincrease the safety and longevity ofbuildings. Insurance will be increasingly expensive or unavailable forbuildings constructed "in harm’sway," e.g., in flood plains or seismichot spots. Insurers will increase theirinvolvement in building code development and enforcement. Bothbuilders and building componentmanufacturers will be subject tohigher liabilities for failures. Lawsuitsrelated to indoor air quality andother health issues will becomemore prevalent.CREATING THE VISIONAgainst this backdrop of key trends,developers of the high-performancecommercial buildings technologyroadmap defined their vision for thefuture:By the year 2020 —Successful public/private partnerships will deliver highly adaptable,sustainable, cost-effective commercial buildings.Advances in building design andoperation will provide simplesolutions to address the complexinteractions of systems andequipment.America’s commercial buildings willbe valued by occupants, owners,builders, and communities ashealthy, productive, and desirableplaces to learn, work, and play.The Intelligent Workplace at Carnegie Mellon University,Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaPhoto: Alan Steel7
TRENDS AND VISIONTHE SHAPE OF COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS IN 2020“ ‘Smart materials’ that canrespond to external conditionsby changing their color, shape,stiffness, or permeability to airor liquids could become thestuff of the future cities whosebuildings are more comfortableand better able to field suddenviolent challenges from earthquakes or terrorist bombs.Smart materials also could leadto cities whose infrastructurecan sense — and even auto–matically compensate for — thewounds of corrosion, metalfatigue, age,and other slingsand arrows of urban decay.”— Ivan AmatoStuff, The Materialsthe World Is Made Of8LOOKING FORWARDHow might these “healthy, productive, and desirable” commercialbuildings look and perform? Tomorrow’s high-performance commercialbuildings are likely to:Incorporate smart, responsivetechnologies. Commercial buildingswill become almost "alive," using"smart" materials and systems thatsense internal and external environments, anticipate changes, andrespond dynamically. Through wireless sensors and controls, energyusing components will monitorwhen and how much they areneeded and will adjust their operation accordingly. Individualized control of lighting, ventilation, andthermal conditioning will becomepossible, and "user profiles" thatspecify personal environmental preferences will follow an individualthrough a building (or group ofbuildings). Uniform protocols willallow control devices to talk to eachother and communicate externally.Buildings will aggregate performance information, self-diagnoseand correct problems, and alertusers to causes of substandardoperation.Reflect sound environmentalpractices. Tomorrow’s commercialbuildings will be highly resourceefficient and will make use of environmentally sustainable (lowembodied energy) materials. Theywill also operate efficiently, using 30to 80 percent less energy than 20thcentury buildings. Some will evenbe net electricity exporters, generating their own power through suchon-site technologies as fuel cellsand photovoltaics, and supplyingexcess power back to the grid. Sunlight will be used increasingly toproduce electricity as well as fordaylighting. Passive solar construction and natural ventilation will beregularly incorporated. Buildings willbe designed for much greater flexibility and adaptability to reuse,resulting in longer life. Componentsand materials will also be designedfor complete recyclability at the endof their lifetimes.Be an integral part of sustainablecommunity development. Commercial buildings will become moreclosely integrated with the surrounding environment. Buildingphilosophy will shift from design ofsingle, stand-alone buildings tocampuses or even communities.Resource management will be optimized across the entire community— through strategies such as distributed power generation. Morebuilding space will perform doubleduty as both commercial and residential space. Fewer but better
A MODEL IN MANHATTANProject: 4 Times Squarebuildings will be constructed as aconsequence. Communities willbenefit from better land andresource use, better quality of life,and lower investments in highwaysand transit, and will structure taxand zoning policies to encouragewhole-building development.Be recognized for their bottomline benefits to businesses anddevelopers. By enhancing occupant productivity, health, and safety— and reducing life-cycle energyand operating costs — highperformance commercial buildingswill make measurable contributionsto the bottom line of tenant businesses. Financiers and insurers willacknowledge high-performancebuildings through favorable lendingand underwriting practices, and willalso market high-performancebuilding modifications as an optionto their customers. Developers willrealize better asset value as a resultof the strong market appeal, adaptability, and long life of highperformance commercial buildings.Be designed for simplicity andsafety. Future buildings will be eversimpler to construct and operate.Design and building techniques willenhance construction safety, reducedevelopment and construction time,and cut labor intensity. Buildingcontrols and subsystems will beintuitive and elegant, requiring minimal technical expertise to operateand maintain.Developer: Durst OrganizationProject Architect:Fox & Fowle Architects, P.C.Construction Manager:Tishman Construction CorporationProject Engineer:Cosentini Associates4 Times Square, at the intersection ofBroadway and 42nd Street, is thefirst Manhattan office tower to incorporate "green" standards — energyefficient design, indoor ecology,sustainable materials, and on-sitepower generation. Highlights of this1.6 million-square-foot, 48-storybuilding include: The ability to generate some of itselectricity with on-site fuel cells —large, natural gas "batteries" thatcreate power through a chemicalreaction. They run cleanly andquietly 24 hours a day. Nocombustion is involved and wasteproducts are hot water and CO2. The use of building-integratedphotovoltaic (PV) panels on limitedareas of the facade. Peak output isabout 15kW, enough electricity torun five suburban homes. The use of DOE-2, state-of-the-artsoftware for analyzing a building’senergy use. It can accuratelymodel and compare potentialenergy savings from a variety oftechnical options. A ventilation system that providestenants with 50 percent more freshair than required by code.Use of whole-building standards hasreduced energy costs at 4 TimesSquare by an estimated 500,000annually compared to expected costsin a traditionally constructed building,resulting in a payback period of fiveyears or less.4 Times Square, New York CityPhoto: Andrew Gordon,Fox & Fowle Architects9
FACING THE KEY ISSUESBARRIERSNEED FOR INNOVATIONRELATED TECHNOLOGYPATHWAYSComponent-level technologies —such as lighting, windows, buildingenvelopes, and heating, ventilation,and air conditioning systems —are the subject of other technologyroadmap efforts under way byindustry experts, with the facilitationof DOE’s Office of Building Technology, State and CommunityPrograms. As these roadmap activities progress, and particularlythroughout the implementationphases to come, High-PerformanceCommercial Buildings: A TechnologyRoadmap will evolve as well, toreflect improvements in capabilitiesand costs at the component level.Similarly, improved technologiesfor on-site power generation —including photovoltaics and fuelcells — will benefit high-performance commercial buildings.While mapping the RD&D pathwaysof these technologies is beyond thescope of this technology roadmap,it is expected that advances incomponent technologies will beclosely monitored and exploitedby high-performance buildingadvocates.By 2020, high-performance commercial buildings can be makingsubstantial contributions to sustainable community development andenvironmental protection, and alsoreturning healthy bottom-line benefits to tenant businesses in theform of energy savings, operationalsavings, and productivity improvements. What will it take to getthere?Overcoming technology barriers willcertainly be vital. Achieving the integrated, "smart" buildings of thefuture, together with higher levels ofenergy- and resource-efficiency, willrequire continued research anddevelopment, with a focus on system integration and monitoring,as well as component optimization.Although technology challenges aresignificant, they are dwarfed by theneed for: Clear performance metricsthat make a compelling economiccase for and help definehigh-performance commercialbuildings, Changing the process by whichbuilding planning, design, construction, and operation andmaintenance are conducted —enabling a collaborative wholebuildings approach, and Market transformation, to overcome the current lack of demandfor high-performance commercialbuildings.10The developers of this technologyroadmap emphasize the need forincreased investment by both theprivate and public sectors toaddress fundamental barriers in allfour areas: performance metrics,technology develo
Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs (BTS) is facilitating industry-led initiatives to develop a series of technology roadmaps. The roadmaps identify key goals and strategies for different areas of the building industry.High-Performance Commercial Buildings: A Technology
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ENERGY STAR Label for Buildings ENERGY STAR identifies the level of a building's energy performance relative to other similar buildings. Buildings achieving a score of 75 (on a 100-point scale) are eligible for the ENERGY STAR Label. Represents the top 25% of buildings Labeling is based on the 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy
A commercial area's identity is defined in large part by its physical design - the overall layout of the streets and sidewalks, the physical placement of buildings and public spaces, and the design of individual commercial buildings. Washington's commercial areas are defined not by rigid consistency but by variations in height,
buildings incur the highest capital cost than the commercial buildings and houses. However, Dwaikat and Ali (2016) found that amongst the office, hospital, library, school, laboratory, house and apartment buildings, the highest green premium (21%) is from the office buildings. Despite, the current study analyses the LCC of green verses .
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Should tall buildings be treated like other buildings? Tall buildings are occupied by hundreds if not thousands of people The consequence of failure of tall buildings is much more severe than an ordinary building Codes provide a “one size fits all” approach to seismic design. Tall buildings as small class of specialized
Steel has provided the market-preferred, most cost-effective framing solution for commercial buildings for almost 40 years. Whatever the state of the commercial buildings market, at all stages of the business cycle, steel provides the most cost-effective framing solution. Multiple reasons for cost-effectiveness Projects such as 71 QueenFile Size: 2MB
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