Public Administration: Concepts And Theories

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PGPS S2 01Exam Code: PAPublic Administration: Concepts and TheoriesSEMESTER IIPOLITICAL SCIENCEBLOCK : 1KRISHNA KANTA HANDIQUI STATE OPEN UNIVERSITY

Subject ExpertsDr. Shantanu Chakravorty, Cotton UniversityProfessor Jayanta Krishna Sarmah, Gauhati UniversityDr. Dhruba Pratim Sharma, Gauhati UniversityCourse Co-ordinator: Dr. Abhijit Bhuyan, KKHSOUSLM Preparation TeamUNITSCONTRIBUTORS1, 2 & 3Dronali Talukdar, Research Scholar, Gauhati University4&5Ankita Chetia, Research Scholar, Gauhati University6&7Arpita Das, Department of Political Science, Pragjyotish College, GuwahatiEditorial TeamContent:Dr. Sabyasachi Mahanta, Sibsagar CollegeLanguage:Dr. Abhijit Bhuyan, KKHSOUStructure, Format & Graphics:Dr. Abhijit Bhuyan, KKHSOUJanuary, 2019ISBN : 978-93-87940-87-1This Self Learning Material (SLM) of the Krishna Kanta Handiqui State University ismade available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-ShareAlike4.0 License(International): rinted and published by Registrar on behalf of the Krishna Kanta Handiqui State Open University.Head Office : Patgaon, Rani Gate, Guwahati-781 017;City Office : Housefed Complex, Dispur, Guwahati-781 006; Website: www.kkhsou.inThe University acknowledges with thanks the financial support provided by theDistance Education Bureau, UGC, for the preparation of this study material.

CONTENTSUNIT 1:Public Administration: Nature and ScopePages: 7-32Meaning of Public Administration; Nature of Public Administration; Scope ofPublic Administration; Public Administration is a Science or Arts; Importanceof Public Administration: Causes of Growing Importance of PublicAdministration; Public Administration and Private AdministrationUNIT 2:Evolution of Public AdministrationPages: 33-49Factors that have Contributed to the Growth of Public Administration; Evolutionof Public Administration as a Disciple: Different PhasesUNIT 3:New Public AdministrationPages: 50-68Factors Leading to the Emergence of New Public Administration; Evolutionand Growth of New Public Administration; Limitations and Contributions ofNew Public Administration: Major Goals and Objectives of New PublicAdministrationUNIT 4:New Public ManagementPages: 69-78New Public Management: Meaning and Development; Importance of NewPublic Management: Difference between New Public Management and NewPublic AdministrationUNIT 5:Development AdministrationPages: 79-89Meaning and Origin of Development Administration; Salient Features ofDevelopment Administration: Role of Bureaucracy in DevelopmentAdministration; Difference between Traditional Public Administration andDevelopment AdministrationUNIT 6:OrganizationPages: 90-105Types of Organization: Formal Organization, Informal Organization,Differences between Formal and Informal Organizations; Approaches to theStudy of Organizations; Principles of Organization: Principle of Hierarchy orScaler Principle, Span of Control, Coordination, Supervision, Unity of Command

UNIT 7:Structure and Forms of OrganizationPages: 106-130Line Agency: Meaning of Line Agency, Nature of Line Agency, Types of LineAgencies; Staff Agency: Meaning of Staff Agency, Nature of Staff Agency,Types of Staff Agencies, Relation between Line and Staff Agencies, Distinctionbetween Line and Staff Agencies; Chief Executive: Meaning of Chief Executive,Types of Chief Executive, Functions of Chief Executive; Public Corporations:Meaning of Public Corporations, Nature of Public Corporation, Differencesbetween Government Department and Public Corporation

COURSE INTRODUCTIONThis is the first course of the MA Second Semester Programme of KKHSOU in Political Science.The course is titled “Public Administration: Concepts and Theories”. It is designed to help the learners tohave an understanding of the basic conceptual and theoretical framework with regard to the disciplineof public administration. Accordingly, the course begins with an explanation of the meaning, nature andscope of Public Administration. The course then seeks to trace the evolution of the discipline of publicadministration from the early period to the present. A new era in the field of Public Administration washeralded with the emergence of the concept of New Public Administration which is discussed in detail inthe course. Another very important issue in the field of Public Administration is that of New PublicManagement for ensuring greater effectiveness in the delivery of public services. The course thereforeintroduces the learners to the said concept. A key area in the field of Public Administration is that ofdevelopment administration. The concept focusses on evolving developmental programmes and policiessuitable for developing and developed countries. The concept of development administration is thereforediscussed in detail in the course. The course also discusses concept of organisation and some of thecore principles of organisation such as heirarchy, span of control, etc. Subsequently, the course discussestwo very important concepts in Public Administration including line and staff agencies, chief executiveand public corporations. The course then goes on to discuss certain key theories in the realm of PublicAdministration including Scientific Management theory, Human Relations theory , Bureaucratic theory,Bureaucratic theory, Decision management and Ecological theory. An important concept in PublicAdministration is that of motivation.The course therefore deals with different dimensions relating to theconcept of motivation. Finally, the course ends with the concept of civil service with regard to its meaning,nature, civil service neutrality and commitment and role of civil service in democracy.The course “Public Administration:Concepts and Theories” is divided into two blocks, (Block 1)and (Block 2). While Block 1 consists of seven units (units 1-7), Block 2 consists of eight units (units 815).

BLOCK INTRODUCTIONThis is the first block of the first course titled “Public Administration: Concepts and Theories” ofthe MA Second Semester Programme in Political Science of KKHSOU. The block contains seven units(units 1-7).The first unit discusses the nature and scope of Public Administration. The second unit discussesthe evolution of Public Administration. The third unit discusses New Public Administration.The fourthunit discusses New Public Management. The fifth unit discusses Development Administration. Thesixth unit discusses orgnisation and the the principles of organisation.The seventh unit the structure andforms of organisation with respect to line and staff agencies . The unit also discusses the concept ofchief executive and public corportations.While going through the units of the course, you will find that each unit is further divided intocertain sections and sub-sections, wherever necessary, for your better understanding. You will noticesome alongside boxes while going through a unit , which have been included to help you know some ofthe difficult, unseen terms. Again, each unit carries certain activities after every section. These“ACTIVITIES” will provide you the opportunity to practically apply your own thoughts based on theknowledge gained from reading the text in a particular section. Besides, in order to give you additionalinformation on certain relevant topics, you will find a category called “LET US KNOW” after the sectionsin each unit. Another category that has been included at the end of each section of a particular unit is“CHECK YOUR PROGRESS”. The purpose of this category is to help you to asses for yourself as tohow thoroughly you have understood a particular section. It will be better if you answer the questions putin these boxes immediately after you go through the sections of the units and then match your answerswith “ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS” given at the end of each unit. Furthermore, a set ofsample questions has been included under the category called “POSSIBLE QUESTIONS” to give you ahint of the pattern of questions you are likely to get in the examination.6Public Administration: Concepts and Theories

UNIT 1: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: NATUREAND SCOPEUNIT STRUCTURE1.1Learning Objectives1.2Introduction1.3Meaning of Public Administration1.4Nature of Public Administration1.5Scope of Public Administration1.6Public Administration is a Science or Arts1.7Importance of Public Administration1.7.1 Causes of Growing Importance of Public Administration1.8Public Administration and Private Administration1.9Let us Sum up1.10 Further Reading1.11 Answers to Check Your Progress1.12 Possible Questions1.1LEARNING OBJECTIVESAfter going through the unit, you will be able to:l explain the meaning of public administrationl explain the nature of public administrationl evaluate whether public administration is a science or artsl elaborate the importance of public administrationl discuss the scope of public administration.1.2INTRODUCTIONPublic administration as an activity can be traced to the earliest periodof human history. It had been in existence since the origin of the concept ofstate. There were instances of administration as found in ancient China,India and Egypt. Great Indian epics like the ‘‘Ramayana’’, the ‘‘Mahabharata’’and Kautilya’s Arthashastra contains instances of administration. However,Public Administration: Concepts and Theories7

Public Administration: Nature and ScopeUnit 1as an academic discipline, Public Administration emerged towards the laterpart of the 19th century and gained popularity as a social science in the20th century in the USA. It is considered the youngest sister-subject ofPolitical Science .With the expansion of the idea of egalitarianism and humanwelfare, public administration has come to play a significant role in themodern state. In the contemporary times, with the growth of the conceptsof Development Administration and e-Governance, the scope of the subjectof public administration has significantly increased in scope. Therefore, Publicadministration has been described as the heart of modern administration.1.3MEANING OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONBefore trying to understand the meaning of public administration, itis necessary to understand the meaning of ‘‘administration’’. ‘‘Administration’’,as E. N. Gladden says, ‘‘is a long and slightly pompous word, but it has ahumble meaning, for it means, to care for or look after people, to manageaffairs is determined action taken in pursuit of a conscious purpose.’’ TheEnglish word ‘‘administer’’ is derived from a combination of two Latin words‘‘ad’’ and ‘‘ministiare’’ meaning ‘‘to serve or manage’’. Literally, the term‘‘administration’’ means management of the affairs of public or privateadministration. Administration refers to mobilization of resources-humanand material, to achieve a set of objectives. Felix A. Nigro stated that‘‘administration’’ is the organization and use of men and materials toaccomplish a purpose’’. Herbert A. Simon says ‘‘in its broadest sense,administration can be defined as the activities of groups cooperating toaccomplish common goals’’. Thus, administration means a cooperative effortof a group of people in pursuit of a common objective. Administration is auniversal process and occurs in diverse institutional settings.Definitions:Following are some of the definitions of administration: PublicAdministration is a part of the wider field of administration. Following aresome of the popular definitions, which would help us to understand the realmeaning of public administration:8Public Administration: Concepts and Theories

Public Administration: Nature and ScopeUnit 11) In the words of Woodrow Wilson, ‘‘Public administration is detailed andsystematic execution of public law’’.2) Piffner defines, ‘‘Public administration is coordination of collective effortsto implement public policy’’.3) According to Gladden, ‘‘Public administration is concerned with theadministration of the government’’.4) According to Luther Gullick, ‘‘Public administration is that part of thescience of administration which has to do with government and thusconcern itself primarily with the executive branch where the work of thegovernment is done’’.The above definitions explicitly indicate that the term publicadministration has been used in two distinct senses:1) In the wider sense, it includes all the activities of the government whetherin the sphere of the legislative, executive or judicial branch of thegovernment.2) In the narrow sense, public administration is concerned activities of theexecutive branch only.1.4NATURE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONBasically, there are two different views regarding the nature of publicadministration. They are: (a) Integral view and (b) Managerial view. Boththese views may be discussed as follows:1) Integral view: The integral view is also known as the subject matterview regarding the nature of public administration. According to thisview, public administration is ‘‘sum total of all the activities undertakenin pursuit of and in fulfillment of public policy’’. The activities of integralview include not only managerial and technical but also manual andclerical. Thus, the activities of all persons from top to bottom constitutethe integral view, although they are of varying significance in runningthe administrative machinery. Obviously, the integral view includes theactivities of all the three organs of government, namely, the legislature,executive and judiciary.Public Administration: Concepts and Theories9

Public Administration: Nature and ScopeUnit 1Thinkers like L. D. White, Henry Fayol support this view regardingthe nature of public administration. According to them public administrationconsists of all those operations having for their purpose the fulfillmentor enforcement of public policy. This view covers a multitude of particularoperations in many fields ranging from the delivery of a letter, themanagement of public land, the negotiation of treaty, the award ofcompensation to an injured workman, the remova

Public administration as an activity can be traced to the earliest period of human history . It had been in existence since the origin of the concept of state. There were instances of administration as found in ancient China, India and Egypt. Great Indian epics like the ‘ ‘Ramayana’ ’, the ‘ ‘Mahabharat a’’ and Kautilya’ s Arthashastra cont ains inst ances of administration .

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Rumki Basu, Public Administration: Concepts and Theories, Sterling Publishers, New Delhi, 2009. 20. S.P. Naidu, Public Administration: Concepts and Theories, New Age International, New Delhi, 2015. 21. Abdul Quayum, Nazmo Nasq-e-Amma, Nisab Publishers, Hyderabad 2018. CBCS BA Public Administration 2020 MANUU, Department of Public Administration 4 Course Code Course Title Semester BAPA201CCT .

Sharma, R.D.: Advanced Public Administration Rumki Basu: Public Administration-Concept and Theories Albert Lepawski: Administration Mohit Bhattacharya: Public Administration : Structure, Process and Behaviour PAPER II COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Unit 1 : Comparative Public Administration : Concept, Nature, Scope,

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Basu, Rumki (2008) Public Administration: Concepts and Theories. Sterling Publishers: New Delhi Bhagwan, Vishnoo; Bhushan, Vidhya and Mohla, Vandana (2010) Public Administration. S. Chand: Jalandhar Bhambri, C. P. (2010) Public Administration Theory and Practice(21stEdition). Educational Publishers: Meerut Bhattacharaya, Mohit (2008) New Horizons of Public Administration. Jawahar Publishers .

Chapter 6: Public Administration in the Age of Globalization and Liberalization BOOKS FOR REFERENCE A.Avarthi and S.R.Maheswari - Public Administration Mohit Bhattacharya - Public Administration A.R,Tyagi - Public Administration C.P. Bhambri - Public Administration Dr. Rumki Basu - Public Administration

2 S o c i a l T h e o r i e s Theories can be used to study society—millions of people in a state, country, or even at the world level. When theories are used at this level they are referred to as macro-level theories, theories which best fit the study of massive numbers of people (typically Conflict and Functional theories).