The Battle Of The Bulge - National Archives

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The Battle of the BulgeLoomed Large 70 Winters AgoMen of the 83rd Division move toward the front inthe Houffalize sector, Belgium, January 15, 1945.

The Germans called it the“Operation Watch on theRhine.” The French named it the“Battle of the Ardennes.” Andthe Western Allies termed it the“Ardennes Counteroffensive.”But because of the way the map ofWestern Europe looked at the heightof the battle, it became known to history as the “Battle of the Bulge.”It was the winter of 1944–1945,months before the war in EuropeAbove: German infantrymen run across a Belgian road strewn with Allied armor andartillery. Left: The German advance along American lines in Belgium’s Ardenne Forest inwould end.December 1944 created a dangerous “bulge,” as shown in this Army map.Despite the protestations ofhis generals, Adolf Hitler decided on onefinal attempt to turn World War II in favorof his German Third Reich. For this, heordered resources diverted from other battle fronts—including his losing campaignagainst the Russians in the east.The Allies were caught off guard, as Hitlerhad hoped. Thousands of U.S. troops weresurrounded at one point. In the end, the Alliescommitted enough troops that the tired, illequipped German army was overwhelmed.Indeed, the Battle of the Bulge was animportant turning point in the war in theAllies’ favor, but it was not without its cost.The Battle of the Bulge is considered one ofthe bloodiest battles of World War II.JJJFrom D-day on, the Allies had swept quicklyacross Europe—sometimes getting too farahead of their supply line and grinding to ahalt. Nonetheless, they pushed hard towardthe German homeland, liberating Paris andmuch of France along the way.Prologue 39

Above: U.S. troops march behind tanks somewhere in the Ardennes. Below: An American soldier holds his rifleon German prisoners taken in the “Bulge.”40 PrologueBy December 1944, the Allies had pushedinland from the French coast to the Germanlines. They were ready to cross into Germanterritory and move toward Berlin to deliverthe final blow to Hitler’s Third Reich.Although the Canadians and the British anchored the front in the north and theAmericans in the south, in between was onlya thin, weak line of troops. U.S. commanders counted on the Ardennes Forest to helpthem block any German offensive.But the thin line and the forest were nomatch for German troops and tanks. Hitler had brought in troops and weaponryfrom other locations in an attempt to burstthrough the thin Allied lines and create apath to Antwerp, Belgium, an importantharbor for his Third Reich. Along the way,

Nazi troops would disrupt the Allies and commanders, including Supreme Alliedtheir supply lines.Commander Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower.Early on the morning of December 16,J J J1944, the German army began a heavy attackon the Allied troops in the Ardennes—surThe battle was joined. It would last forprising the troops there as well as their more than a month. Americans would readPfc. Gargerum walks through a peaceful forest near BasYoureturnsHad BetterRemoveRecordstogneP.S.:as heto thefrontthelines,December 27, 1944.their newspapers, listen to their radios,and flock to newsreels in movie housesfor the latest reports from the Battle ofthe Bulge, where so many of their cousins,uncles, sons, husbands, and fathers werefighting.Prologue 41

Bomb damage, the result of a 10-day siege of the 101st Airborne Division in Bastogne, Belgium, December 26.42 PrologueWinter 2014

As the fighting wore on, some Alliedunits were pushed back, while others heldtheir ground.Eisenhower met with his top staff. Itincluded his old friend from West Point,Gen. Omar Bradley; British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery; and Lt. Gen.George S. Patton, Jr. Patton had been listedas commander of an imaginary army, created to make the Germans think there weremore Allied troops than there really were.Now, Eisenhower gave him the ThirdArmy, about 230,000 men strong, and now,he ordered it to head for the “Bulge.” Evenbefore Eisenhower unleashed him, Patton,champing at the bit to command an army,was ready for just such an assignment. Hehad already seen to it that the troops wereready to go.One of the places where German andAllied troops clashed was the small Belgiantown of Bastogne. Soon, thousands of Alliedtroops in Bastogne were surrounded by theGermans. Eisenhower sent more troopsto rescue those encircled. He ordered thefamed 101st Airborne Division and otherunits to Bastogne.When the Germans sent a message demanding the surrender of the 101st on December22, they got a one-word response from itscommander, Brig. Gen. Anthony McAuliffe:“Nuts!”This was interpreted by German officers as a more colorful—and negative—response to their demand.(To hear McAuliffe’s account of hisresponse to the German demand for surrender, go to The day after Christmas, units of Patton’srapidly approaching Third Army finallyarrived, broke through the German lines,and rescued the troops.JJJThe fighting would continue for anothermonth, but Hitler’s last chance at stoppingthe Allies advancing from the west was lost.The 26th Division Engineers return to their normal assignments after a brief tour of duty as infantry, January 15, 1945.Battle of the BulgePrologue 43

Left: Brig. Gen. Anthony C. McAuliffe relayed tohis troops his response of “NUTS!” to the German demand for surrender, stating that “[B]y holding Bastogne we assure the success of the Alliedarmies.”Above: Lt. Gen. George S. Patton, Jr. (left), pinsthe Distinguished Service Cross on Brig. GeneralMcAuliffe, commander of the 101st Airborne Division under siege at Bastogne, Belgium.To learn more about. . . How to find out aboutyour or a relative’spersonal participation in World War II,go to pation.pdf. Requesting your military servicerecord, go to /. The real Monuments Men, go er/monuments-men.pdf.44 PrologueBy the end of January 1945, the Allies hadretaken all the territory lost to the Germansand were headed toward Berlin.Meanwhile, the Russians pushed towardBerlin from the east. The war was essentially lost for Hitler, and he committed suicide on April 30. The war in Europe wasofficially over on May 8, 1945.The United States suffered 19,276 fatalities in the Battle of the Bulge, more than inany other battle in the war, such as thosein the Pacific, including Okinawa, Guadal-canal, and Iwo Jima. Overall, the UnitedStates had 75,000 casualties, while the Germans had 80,000 to 100,000 casualties,according to the Army Center of MilitaryHistory.“The Ardennes campaign of 1944–45was only one in a series of difficult engagements in the battle for Europe,” wrote JohnS.D. Eisenhower, son of the supreme alliedcommander, in his 1969 book, The BitterWoods, noting that there were other campaigns in the war against the Nazis thatrequired extraordinary efforts from commanders and their troops.“Nevertheless, it can be said that theArdennes campaign epitomized them all,”he added. “For it was here that Americanand German combat soldiers met in thedecisive struggle that broke the back of theNazi war machine.” PWinter 2014

“Battle of the Ardennes.” And the Western Allies termed it the “Ardennes Counteroffensive.” But because of the way the map of Western Europe looked at the height of the battle, it became known to his - tory as the “Battle of the Bulge.” It was the winter of 1944–1945, months before the war in Europe would end. Despite the .

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The Battle of the Bulge, also called the Ardennes Offensive, was the last major German offensive on the Western Front during World War II - an unsuccessful attempt to push the Allies back from German home territory. The name Battle of the Bulge was appropriated from Winston Churchill’s optimistic description in May 1940 of the resistance that he mistakenly supposed was being offered to the .

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